unit4 body language- Grammar学案导学

unit4 body language- Grammar学案导学Learning aim: Grasp the usages of -ing form used as the attributive and the adverbialI. Preparation for the grammar by oneself before class.[自学探究] （SB P29 Discovering useful structures）II. Students work toghter to make a thorough inquiry during class.[合作学习］STEP1.现在分词作定语现在分词及其短语可以在句子中作定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。其动作和谓语动词同时发生，与其修饰词之间是主动关系，也就是说现在分词的动作就是它修饰的那个词的动作。1．现在分词作定语时的位置（1）现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词之前；分词短语用于它所修饰词的后面。例如：He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。They lived a room facing the north thirty years ago.三十年前，他住在一个朝北的房间里。（2）如现在分词修饰由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those时，分词在这些被修饰词的后面。例如：Anyone swimming will be punished.正在游泳的任何人都将受到惩罚。重点把握：动词-ing形式中的动名词也可用作定语，它表示用作…的，而现在分词作定语通常相当于一个定语从句。如：a writing table = a table used for writing ；a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping2、现在分词作定语时与谓语动词的时间关系 现在分词表进行意味和主动意味，因此，用现在分词作定语时，其表示的动作是与谓语动词同时发生的,或是正在发生的动作。例如：    There were no soldiers drilling.= There were no soldiers who were drilling.没有士兵在操练。The man running over there is our chairman.= The man who is running over there is our chairman.   正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们主席。重点把握：having done(现在分词的完成时态)表示该动作先于另一个动作，现在分词的完成时态永远不能作定语。3、如果一个及物动词作定语，既要表达进行意味，又要表达被动意味时，可用现在分词的被动语态。例如：The meeting being held is very important.正召开的会议很重要。The skyscraper being built is still higher than that built the year before last.正在建的那幢摩天大楼比前年建的那幢还高。STEP2. 现在分词作状语现在分词及其短语可在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子。用来表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、或伴随情况等。例如：Climbing to the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful view.爬上山顶后我看到了一幅美丽的景象。Being sick I stayed at home.我因病呆在家里。重点把握：如指将来的动作就可用不定式的被动语态，如：a meeting to be held 将要召开的会议如表过去可用过去分词a meeting held 开过的会议1、现在分词作状语与谓语动词时间关系（1）现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生分词用一般形式。例如：Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.因为没听出这个人的声音，他没把自己的地址给他。It rained heavily, causing great damage.大雨滂沱，造成了很大损害。He ran up to her breathing heavily.他气喘吁吁的跑到她面前。【重点把握】分词作作状语时必须注意分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。但是，有几个常用词组不符合这种语法限制。如：generally speaking, considering, judging from,  talking from ，supposing（为连词意思为假如）,（2）现在分词表示的动作和谓语表示动作（或状态）是同时发生或几乎同时发生的。否则现在分词需用完成形式。例如：Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. 这电影他已看过两遍，他不想去看了。Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.因为没收到他父亲的信，他决定打个电话给他父亲。思维拓展过去分词状语时，其表示的动作时句子主语承受的动作。他们之间的关系是被动关系。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树更关心一些，他们本来会长的更好。2、现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作。因此，句子主语与现在分词之间是主动关系。例如：I run out of the house shouting.我喊叫着跑出屋来。I got home, feeling very tired.我疲惫的回到家里3、有些现在分词作状语时，其前可用after, before, since, when, while, whenever, once, until, on, as等词。例如：After talking to you, I always fell better.和你谈过话后我总感觉好一些。When telephoning London numbers from abroad, dial 1, not 01.从国外往伦敦打电话，请拨1，不是01。Step2. Summary by themselves，find out difficult points..