语法专题突破
专题九 定语从句
考点精讲
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other
fields.
有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。
I have many friends to whom I’m going to send postcards.
我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。
Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight
quickly.
很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.
他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
This is the factory(which/that)we visited last year.
这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
As we know，smoking is harmful to one’s health.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
There are occasions when(＝on which)one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(＝in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(＝for which)he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
特别提示： whose指人或物，作定语。表示“……的”，可以转换
为“of ＋关系代词”，指人时可以用of whom，指物时可以换成of
which。
The prize will go to the writer whose story/of whom the story shows the
most imagination.
所写故事最具想象力的作家将获奖。
There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？
My house，which I bought last year，has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
What’s that which was put in the car?
被放入车内的是什么？
1．关系副词when引导的定语从句
先行词是表示时间的名词，从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，引导
词常用关系副词when，when在从句中充当时间状语，也可用“介词＋
which”结构代替。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
我还记得我第一次来这所学校的那天。
The film brought the hours back to me，when I was taken good care of
in that faraway village.
这部电影把我带回到在那个偏僻的村子我被细心照顾的岁月。
The book was written in 1946，since when the education system has
witnessed great changes.
这本书写于1946年。自那时以来，教育制度已经历了巨大的变化。
2．关系副词where引导的定语从句
(1)先行词是表示地点的名词时，从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，
引导词常用关系副词where，where在从句中充当地点状语。
Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on
display.
简停留在一个柜台前，一些吸引人的领带摆在那儿。
(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词，像activity，business，
career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中
缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves
differently.
把孩子放在一个能使他们从不同角度认识自己的处境中对他们是有
帮助的。
3．关系副词why引导的定语从句
关系副词why引导定语从句时，修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语
从句中作原因状语，可用for which代替，有时也可以省略。
The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked
practice.
因为缺少实践，他没有通过驾驶考试。
1．一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句
子的意思。
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the
country.
我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。
2．表示“整体和部分关系”或所属关系以及同位关系时，常用介
词of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词
或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are the
family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成
员。
3．有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋
which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing
but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。
(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
1．as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，代指整句话(或一部
分)内容，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句
中。
As everybody knows，China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
2．which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时，意为“这，这一
点”。
Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made
one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.
莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想
之一变成现实。
3．as常用在下列习惯用语中。
as (it) often happens，as I remember，as is often the case，as is
expected，as is known to us，as is shown等。
He shouts when he gets angry，as is often the case.
他生气时就大叫，这是常有的情形。
4．“such/so…as…”表“像……这样……”的意思，用来引导定语
从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as
none of us worked out.
上学期我们数学老师出了一道很难的考试题，没有一个人能解出
来。
5．“the same…that…”表同一个人或物，而“the same…as…”表同
种类的东西。
I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.
我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。
I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.
我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。
1．关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先
行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.
给我的那台录音机是国产的。
2．“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在
从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the，the only，
the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
He is one of the students who have made great progress.
他是取得很大进步的学生之一。
难点释疑
难点一 先行词是way时，关系词的选用
先行词是way时，若关系词在从句中充当方式状语，关系词用in
which，that或省略；若关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语时，关系
词用that或which，且作宾语时，关系词可省略。试比较：
It must be the way(that/in which) you write that leads to your ugly
handwriting.
一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的书写。
The way (that/which) you came up with at the meeting yesterday is well
worth trying.
昨天你在会议上提出的方法很值得一试。
难点二 先行词是time时，关系词的选用
先行词是time时，如果time作“次数”讲，应当用关系代词that来引
导定语从句；time作“时刻”“一段时间”讲时，若关系词在从句中作
状语，则用关系副词when或at/in/during which，若关系词在从句中
作主语、宾语等，则用that/which。
This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.
这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。
There was a time when/during which there were no radios or TV sets.
曾经有一段时间既没有收音机也没有电视机。
难点三 定语从句和其他句式的区别
解题策略
策略一 根据从句所缺成分来确定关系词
1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用
who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用
who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom；缺少表
语，限制性定语从句用that；非限制性定语从句用who。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从
句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句中用which；缺少表语，限制性定
语从句用that；非限制性定语从句用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状
语，定语从句中用when/where；如果从句中缺少的是主语或
宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用
whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关
系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
中的关系词用which。
策略二 巧用固定结构选用关系词
当题干中出现such，the same等或行为动词的被动语态时，就可考虑
关系词as的固定结构，如such…as…，the same…as…，as is known，as is
expected。但还要注意看定语从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语，如果不缺
这三种句子成分，则不用as。
【典例】 Those houses are sold at such a low price ____ people
expected.
解析：本空应用关系词引导定语从句并在从句中作expected的宾
语；空处所填词与前面的such构成固定结构such…as…，表示“像……
那样的……”，因此这里用as引导定语从句。
as
易错聚焦
(一)定语从句意识缺失
1．关系代词被普通代词取代
(误)I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favorite.
(正)I have many collections of stamps, some of which are my favorite.
2．关系代词遗漏
(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.
(正)The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows.
第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结
构。
(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句
1．有从无主式
(误)my friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates.
(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.
(正)My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates, has a variety
of hobbies.
第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。
2．画蛇添足式
(误)As can be seen from the picture, that a sad boy stands between his
angry parents.
(误)As can be seen from the picture, a man who is talking happily.
(误)I have many collections of stamps, and some of which are my
favorite.
第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要
连接词的。所以应去掉that。
第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余
的。
第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。
达标检测
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2020·新高考卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,
for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum ____________
opened in 1759.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：例如，汉斯·斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构
成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先
行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词
which/that引导。故填which/that。
which/that
2．(2020·天津卷改编)Dr. Rowan, _______ secretary resigned two
weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现
在只能自己打字。________ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性
定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr.
Rowan’s”，表示“……的”，应用关系代词whose引导该从句。故填
whose。
whose
3．(2020·江苏卷改编)Many lessons are now available online, from
_______ students can choose for free.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学
生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many
lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引
导。故填which。
which
4．(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist _______ paintings
were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩
栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且关系词在从句中作定语，
故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
whose
5．(2019·新课标III卷)They were well trained by their masters _____
had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们
的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人)，且从句
缺主语。故关系词填who。
who
6．(2019·浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth
____________gives off light in the dark.
解析：考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指
物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
that/which
7．(2019·北京卷)The students benefiting most from college are those
_____ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全
投入学术生活的学生。________ are totally engaged(参与)in academic
life．是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人。故
填who。
who
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study
published in 2014 ____________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of
running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，定语从句关
系词在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which。
that/which
9．(2019·江苏卷改编) We have entered into an age ______ dreams
have the best chance of coming true.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个时代，在这个时
代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且从句中缺少
时间状语，所以关系词用when。
when
10．(2019·天津卷改编)Their child is at the stage _______ she can say
individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不
能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full
sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，定语从句中缺少地点状
语，故用关系副词where。
where
11．(2019·新课标II卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a．m. to 5
p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，_______ she opened with her
late husband Les.
解析：考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the
pet shop，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用
which。
which
12．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, _____ has taken part in shows along
with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用who。
who
13．(浙江)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got
swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _______
it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长) through it.
解析：考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的
句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少
地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。
where
14．(全国Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a
TV show in the mid-1980s, ______ I was the first Western TV reporter
permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in
the wild.
解析：先行词是表示时间的the mid-1980s，且从句中缺少状语，故
填关系副词when。
when
15．(全国Ⅲ )Some people think that the great Chinese scholar
Confucius, _____ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the
development of chopsticks.
解析：所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且在从句中作
主语。故填who。
who
Ⅱ．单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1．(2020·新课标卷Ⅱ)Thank you for your letter, what really made me
happy.
what改为which
解析：考查非限制性定语从句。句意：谢谢你的来信，你的信真正
让我开心。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词
your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语
从句。故将what改为which。
2．(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ) Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the
food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.
what改为that
解析：考查定语从句。句意：出于对妈妈好意的理解，我满怀感激
地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这里含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the
food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which，先行词被all所
修饰，只能使用that，不能使用which，且what不能引导定语从句，所以
what改为that。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
which前加in或改为where
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着
鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，后面的定语从句缺少地点状语，故用in
which或where。
4．(新课标全国Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge
between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
that→which
解析：此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词dinner，且关系词在
从句中作主语，应用which而不能用that。
5．(重庆)There, Katia will introduce me to some of her friends, one of
who has been to China several times.
who→whom
解析：因为关系词指人，并且作of的宾语，只能用whom，不能用
who。
6．(2019·全国高考Ⅲ卷)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in
the historical environment that is created for them.
yourselves改为themselves
解析：本句考查代词的用法。customers是句子的主语，故把
yourselves改为 themselves。
7．(全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in this picture are the things they were very
important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.
they→which/that
解析：things是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导
词用that或which。
Ⅲ．语法填空
There was a time 1.______ I was tired of learning English and disliked to
speak English. And this was the reason 2._____ my father forced me to join in
a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When
I first came to the club，3._______ I met many strangers，I missed my
parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.
Fortunately, my guide, 4._______ teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated
with me face to face, from 5._______ I gained some useful instructions. He
also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other.
when
why
where
whose
which
Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other
teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.____________ we did. I should
be grateful to my father and the guide, 7._____ encouraged me to fall in love
with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8._______ I put
my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud. In class I
join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages，
through 9._______ I can memorize a large number of new words. 10.____ our
English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English
every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later．”
that/which
who
which
which As
文章大意：本文为记叙文，叙述了作者参加俱乐部的难忘经历。在
那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。
作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
解析：
1．句意：有一段时间，我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。There
was a time when…“有一段时间……”。故填when。
2．This is/was the reason why…“这就是……的原因”。故填why。
3．先行词是the club，关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
4．先行词是my guide，代入定语从句后为：My guide’s teacher was
Yuminhong. 由此可见，先行词与teacher之间是所属关系。故填whose。
5．先行词为句子“My guide communicated with me face to face”，关
系词在定语从句中作介词from的宾语，且from提前。故填which。
6．先行词是activities，且定语从句中缺宾语。故填关系代词
that/which。
7．先行词为My father and the guide，关系词在定语从句中作主语，
且指“人”，所以用who引导。故填who。
8．先行词为English,关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语，且介词
into已被提前。故填which。
9．句意：每天入睡前我总是回忆学的文章，通过这种方法，我能
记住大量的英语生词。先行词为I recall the passages，关系词在定语从句
中作介词through的宾语，且介词已被提前。故填which。
10．句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语
的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于
句首，后面引号内直接引语的内容为先行词，且关系词在定语从句中作
宾语。故填as引导。
Ⅳ．短文改错
A cave there were over 200 paintings was discovering in Australia eight
years ago. To people’s surprises, the cave was found by chance on a day
where some people were walking in the area. Some of the paintings were at
least 3,000 years old. However, the site of the cave was so very difficult to
reach that it takes a long time before researchers could visit it.
The reason that the exact location of the site is kept secret is that the
cave needs to be protected from being visited by visitors which don’t realize
how easy it is to damage the paintings.
The paintings in that people and animals can still be seen today is
extreme valuable.
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