学士学位论文ShandongUniversityBachelor’sThesis论文题目：TheAnalysisofDavidCopperfield’sCharacters
ContentsAbstracti摘要iiIntroduction1I.BriefIntroductiontoCharlesDickens21.1CharlesDickens’MiserableChildhood21.2CharlesDickens’Adulthood3II．GeneralCharacteristicsofDavidCopperfield32.1WeaknessandImmaturityofChildDavidCopperfield42.1.1WeaknessofDavidCopperfield42.1.2ImmaturityofDavidCopperfield52.2KindnessofDavidCopperfield52.3StabilityandMaturityofAdultDavidCopperfield6III.SeveralMainCharacters’impactonDavidCopperfield73.1MurdstoneandSteerforth83.2MissBetseyTrotwoodandPeggotty93.3DoraandAgnes10Conclusion12Bibliography13Acknowledgements14
AbstractDavidCopperfield,anautobiographicalnovel,iswellknownastherepresentativeworkofCharlesDickens,thegreatestnovelistintheVictorianperiod.Writteninthefirstperson,thenoveldepictsabroadpictureofthesocietyofDickens’timeswithhisuncommonlifeexperience.DavidCopperfieldisalsoDickens’ownfavoritework.Inwriting,Dickensthrowsintothisnovelhisthought,deepfeelingsandmuchofhisownexperienceinhischildhood.Meanwhile,Dickensinsomewayretrospectsanddrawsaconclusiontohislifeandexpresseshislifeattitudeandmoralideal.Furthermore,hisnovelalsodisclosesthefaultymaskofcapitalistsocietyanditsstrongdesireandgreedformoney.ItissafetosaythatDavidCopperfieldisoneofthemostexcellentcharacterscreatedbyDickens.ThepaperfirstbrieflyintroducestheauthorDickens,andthenundertakesadetailedstudyofthecharacteristicsofDavidCopperfieldthroughtheanalysisoftheinfluenceofthepeopleonhim.Thepaperintendstomakeapreliminaryexplanationofit.ThepaperbasesitsoutlineonthedevelopmentofDavidCopperfield,i.e.fromhischildhoodtohisadulthood.TheanalysisofthecharacteristicsofDavidCopperfieldwillprovideusachancetoseethefeaturesofthecapitalistsocietyandgiveussomeinspirationaboutlife.Keywords:DavidCopperfield;characteristics;lifeexperience
摘要《大卫•科波菲尔》是英国维多利亚时期最杰出的批判现实主义作家查尔斯•狄更斯的自传体小说。小说中主人公大卫•科波菲尔以第一人称讲述了他不平凡的生活经历，为读者描绘了一幅当时社会的广阔画卷。这部小说是狄更斯自己最钟爱的一部作品，小说中作者投入了大量的亲身经历、体会以及个人情感，使之成为了作者“最溺爱的孩子”。同时，作者从某些方面回顾了自己的人生道路，表达了自己的生活态度、道德理想,并且深度揭示了当时社会的真正面貌及人们对于金钱的强烈欲望与贪婪。完全可以说，大卫•科波菲尔是狄更斯创造的最为出色的一个人物形象之一。本文首先简单介绍了作者狄更斯与其所创作人物大卫•科波菲尔之间的微妙关系，同时对大卫•科波菲尔的周围人物对其性格的影响进行了分析，并对大卫•科波菲尔的性格做了初步的阐述，并从童年、青年直到成年时期的大卫•科波菲尔的变化中发现其成长历程中的特点。对大卫•科波菲尔性格的分析，为我们了解资本主义的特征提供了机会，同时也给了我们人生的启迪。关键词：大卫•科波菲尔；性格；生活经历
IntroductionCharlesDickens（1812—1870）isthemostpopularandfamousEnglishnovelist.BeingthegreatestrepresentativeoftheEnglishcriticalrealism,hegivesusavividpictureoftheeverydaylifeofordinarypeopleinDavidCopperfield.David,theleadingcharacterofthenovel,isapersonwho,fromapoororphan,growsuptobeafamouswriterafteraseriesofhardships,disappointment,trialandaffliction,andatlastbecomesamanofproperty,amanofgraceandamanofindependence.Coincidently,CharlesDickenswasalsosuchaman,amanwithasuccessfullife.Sowecouldsaythatthenovel,DavidCopperfield,isDickens’satisfiedreminiscenceofhislifestyleandliteraturereappearanceofhispersonalexperience.ThisthesisgivesabriefintroductiontotheauthorCharlesDickensinChapterone;andChaptertwoanalysesthegeneralcharacteristicsofDavidCopperfield,theheroofthisnovel,andothers’influencesONhislifeareexploredinChapterthree.Theconclusionisthelastpart.
I.BriefIntroductiontoCharlesDickensCharlesDickensisoneofthemostfamousEnglishwritersinthe19thcentury,andallhislifeandworkskeeppacewiththedevelopmentofhistimes.Onthewhole,hisnovelsaremainlywritteninarealisticway,disclosingthehypocrisy,greed,meannessandcrueltyoftheupper-classandcapitalistsociety.Aswellhealwaystriestoawakenthegeneralpublictostruggleagainsttheoppressionwithagreatsympathyandseriousattitude.Inaddition,hepraisesinhisworksthegoodqualitiesofhumanbeings,suchastruth,kindnessandbeauty.1.1CharlesDickens’MiserableChildhoodCharlesDickenswasbornonFebruary7th,1812.Hisfatherwasaclerk,whowas“irresponsibleandextravagantwiththemoneyheearned,andcastthefamilyintodebtandfinancialcrisistimeandagain,untilheeventuallyendedupinMarshalseaDebtors’Prison”(Champion,2005:11).Becauseofthishewasnotsenttotheschoolandhadtoworktosupporthisfamily.TheworkatWarren’sBlackingFactorywasajobdemeaningandstultifyingtohistalents.Forstereversaidthismiserableexperiencewasthesecretagonyofhissoulandthemiserytotheyoungheart.ThemiserabletimeofyoungDickensandthemistreatmenttochildrenandchild-laborwerecommonsubjectsrecurringfrequentlyinhisnovels.InDavidCopperfield,healsoexpressedthiskindofexperienceinanotherway.“Murdstone&Co.dealtchieflyincheapwines,soitwarehousewasfullofemptybottles.Itwastobemyjobtowashthem…HowIhatedtoworkinsuchadirtyandrottenplace”(Champion,2005:60).ThisperiodofDavid’slifehasmanysimilaritiestothatofDickenswhenheworksatWarren’sBlackingFactory.ThepainfulexperienceofDickensinhischildhoodannealshiswill.Throughthis,heisnotafraidofhardshipsinlifeinthefuture,andgetsmorepositiveandoptimisticwhenfacingthesetbacksanddifficulties.Andalltheexperienceinhislifeanddifficultieshecomesacrossinfluencehimalotinhisliteraturecreating.
1.2CharlesDickens’AdulthoodAfterthemiserablechildhood,Dickens’lifechangeddramatically.HestartedtoworkinEllisandBlackmoreasalawyer,sothispostappearedinhisworkstimeandtimeagain.Afterthat,DickensengagedhimselfintoliteratureandthenbecameanoutstandingcriticalrealisticwriterinEnglishinthe19thcentury.Hisworksinvolvedeveryfieldinthesociety,whichexpressedhisempathytothelower-classwhowereoppressedandexploited.“Dickenscapturedthespiritofhisageinbothaprofoundandentertainingway.Hewrotewithwitandhumor,buthealsowroteabouttheeverydaytragediesoflifehesawaroundhim.HeputtheseallintothecontextofVictoriansociety”(Champion,2005:2).So,themajorityofcharactersinhisworksareordinarypersonindailylife.CharlesDickensusuallycreatesaspecificpersonwithuniquecharacterbydescribinghisbehaviors,gesturesandwords.Andinhisworks,heoftenintroducesusagoodmanyheroes,vitalandlifelike.DavidCopperfieldisanautobiographicalnovelofCharlesDickens.Theauthorexpresseshisownattitudetowardslifeandhisdesire.“DavidCopperfield,aswellasbeingstronglybasedoneventsinDickens’ownlife,isheldasanovelthatmakesafurthershiftinhiswriting”(Champion,2005:92).Readersaremovedbytheherowhoiskind-hearted,up-rightanddauntless.“Dickensusedmanyofthethousandsofexperiencesandencountersfromhisreallifeinhisworksoffiction,alteringthenamesofpeopleandplaces,andsometimesexaggeratingsituationstomakethemmorefunnyandtragic”(Champion,2005:4).OrphansinDickens’worksareunforgettabletoitsreaders.InDickens’works,heshowsseveralkindsofdifferentorphans’fatesaimingatadvocatingtheempathy,careandconcernofthepublic.Hedescribestheirsituationandsufferinginthepurposeofmeetingtheirurgentdemandingandrequirement.Advocatingsocialattentiontothosechildren’sgrowingisjusttherealisticsignificanceofDickens’works.Dickensalsorevealstheuglyofhissocietyinhisworksandpresentstheevil-classbyironicwritingstyle.II．GeneralCharacteristicsofDavidCopperfieldDestinyofanorphaninDickens’novelusuallyconnectswithhisfamilyandthewholesociety.Afamily’sdisintegrationinfluencesachild’sfatedirectly.InDickens’
innerthought,aperfectfamilyconsistsofaup-rightfatherwhosupportsthiswholefamily,alovingmotherdoingallofthehouseworkandbringingherchildup,andahealthy,honestandlovelychild.Ifthereisonepartmissing,thatfamilywillnotbeaperfectone.DavidCopperfieldwaspublishedin1849and1850.“Ofallmybooks,”wroteDickens,“Ilikethisthebest.”Thestoryistoldinthefirstpersonthroughthemouthofitshero,DavidCopperfield.InDavidCopperfield,Dickenshasmadegooduseofhisownlifeexperiencetoexposethesocialevilsoftheday,suchasthemiseriesofchild-labor,thetyrannyinschool,thedebtors’prison,aswellasthecruelty,theimmoralityandthetreacherywhichareprevalentintheEnglishcapitalistsociety.Sothenovelisnotmerelyapersonalrecord,butabroadpictureofthesocietyoftheauthor’sday.2.1WeaknessandImmaturityofChildDavidCopperfieldDavidCopperfieldwasaposthumouschild.HismotherandMr.Murdstonewhowasbothstingyandcruelrecomposedtheirfamily.Fromthattimeon,theirfamilylostitsoriginalcalmandtheirshareofharmonyandhappiness.Soon,hismotheralsodiedofdepressionaftergivingbirthtoadaughter.PeggottywhohadtakengoodcareofDavidwasfiredbyhisstepfather,Mr.Murdstone.Davidspentmostofhisdaysinmiseryalone.WhenDavidwastenyearsold,hewasevictedoutfromhishomeandmovedtowardsthefutureofthevastworld,London,workinginthewarehouseasacoolie.Hecouldnotendureinthecircumstances,andthenescapedtohisuniquerelative,MissBetsey.Davidsuffersalotfromachild,buthealsogetsmanylovesfromhismotherandtheservant,Peggotty.Thatheappearsaspecificperson,weakandimmature,butverykindandaggressive.2.1.1WeaknessofDavidCopperfieldDavid’smotherwasawomansimilartoDorawhoevendidnotknowhowtodohousework.ButherfatewasdifferentfromDora.WhenshecameacrossMurdstonewhotreatedherbadly,herweaknessappeared.Davidgotthischaracterfromhispoormotherbeingachild.WhenhefirstmetSteerforth,hewassuchalittleandpoorboyandDavid
neverwentagainsthim.“Itcertainlyhadnotoccurredtomebefore,butIsaid,Yes”(Dickens,1981:78)tohim.FacingthegracefulandintelligentSteerforth,DavidwassonervousintheirsmallpartywithSteerforthandhisfriends.“Beingalittleembarrassedatfirst,andfeelingmuchtooyoungtopreside,ImadeSteerforthtaketheheadofthetablewhendinnerwasannounced”(Dickens,1981:331).Asheisnomorethanachild,hereallydoesnothavethatpowerorcapabilitytochangewhathesuffersfromMr.andMissMurdstone,twogloomydevilsinDavid’sworld.ItcanbeimaginedwhatadifficultsituationlittleDavidisin.Itisnaturalforhimtoshowweaknessandtimiditywhenfacingthecruelworld.2.1.2ImmaturityofDavidCopperfieldDavidfellinlovewithLittleEmilywhentheycompaniedeachotherinthedaysinYarmouth.David“lovedthatbabyquiteastruly,quiteastenderlywithgreatpuritythancanenterintothebestloveofalatertimeoflife,highandennoblingasitis”(Dickens,1981:34).Thenbecomingayoungman,DavidengagedhimselfinpursuitofDora,abeautifulandlovelygirl,withoutthinkingoftheirfuturelifeaftertheygotmarried.Then,problemsturnedup.DoracouldnotdothesimplehouseworkandsheevendidnotknowwhyDavidworkedforseveralhoursadayandneversparedsometimewithher.ThiskindofwifewasnotwhatDavidneed,andchoosingsucha“childwife”wasduetoyoungDavid’simmaturityandimpulsion.WhenhetalkedaboutSteerforthwithMr.Peggotty,hesaidthatSteerforth“knowsataskifheonlylooksatit.Heisthebeatcricketeryoueversaw”(Dickens,1981:131).ThisunreasonableandblindadmirationtoSteerforthshowsDavid’simmaturity.AllofthesefactsgivethebestexplanationtoDavid’simmaturity.2.2KindnessofDavidCopperfieldAlthoughDavidmeetsinhislifesomanybadpersonslikeMr.andMiss.Murdestone,Mr.CreakleandUriahHeep,healsohasalotofsincerefriendsandhelperswhomak
eDavidstillakind-heartedone.Thatistosay,thoughhehasknownsomebadqualitiesofthepeople,Davidremainswhatheusedtobe.PeggottywastheservantinDavid’sfamily,andshehelpedDavidandhisweakmotheralotwhentheywereoppressedandexploitedbyMr.Murdstone.WhenDavidwassentawayfromhome,Peggottywroteletterstoencouragehim.Davidappreciatedhersomuch,sohepermittedthecarrierBarkistomarryher,consideringPeggotty’shappiness.AgneswasDavid’sgoodfriend,justlikeanoldersisterinhisdeepheart.EverythinghappenedtoherwouldmakeDavidanxious.WhenheknewUriahHeep’sevilthought,heevencouldnotsleepwell.“InevershallforgothowIturnedandtumbled;howIweariedmyselfwiththinkingaboutAgnesandthiscreature;howIconsideredwhatcouldIdo,andwhatoughtItodo”(Dickens,1981:352).ThiskindnessofhimalsoshowedinhisconnectionwithSteerforth.AgnesremindedDavidtobeawayfromSteerforth.But,afterthat,Davidgot“somuchcompunctionforhavingeverwrongedhimevenbyashapelessthought”(Dickens,1981:401).ThatisalsoDavid’skindness.ToDavidCopperfield,kindnessisrootedinhismindevenfromhisbirth.2.3StabilityandMaturityofAdultDavidCopperfieldThroughsomuchdifficultiesandtroubles,Davidbecamesteadyinhisadulthood.Inhisprofession,hisloveandhisfriendship,Davidallfoundhisbestanswers.Helivedwithstabilityandmaturityinhismind.Regardinghiscareer,Davidwentonalongarightroad.Hetooktotheliteratureandhadfuninwhathedid.Davidbecamemoreandmoreconfidentwiththesuccessinhiscareer.Davidknewthathisdreamcametruebyhisyears’hardwork.Andafterhis“childwife”died,DaviddecidedtogivehismostsincerelovetoAgnes,his“goodangel”.However,hewashesitantbeforeAgnes.Hedidnotdaretotellher“Iloveyou”.Becauseheknewwhatthethreewordsmeant,hedidnotwanttohurtAgnes.Heheldthethoughtthat“itwasformetoguardthissisterlyaffectionwithreligiouscare”
(Dickens,1981:457).AndforDavid,Agneswasnodoubthisbestchoice.Agneswasthelightshinedonhisway.Shewasthesourceofeveryworthyaspiration,thecenterofhislifeandtherightpersonhefoundedhisloveonarock.ForalltheeffortsDavidhadtaken,hedeservedtheloveofAgnes.WithAgnes’loveandguide,Davidwouldmakehislifebetterandbecamemorematureandsteadyinhislife.Davidalsofoundthetruefriendshipinhislife.Hisoldclassmate,Tradle,whowasthemerriestandmostmiserableofalltheboysatschool,appearedattheendofthenovelasahelperofDavidCopperfield.Tradlewasstillwhatheusedtobe,andhehelditasasolemndutytostandbyoneanother.ThatwaswhatwecalltruefriendDavidneeded.HowtodescribeDavid’shappyending.ItwillbepropertouseDavid’sownwords,“Iseemyself,withAgnesatmyside,journeyingalongtheroadoflife.Iseeourchildrenandourfriendsaroundus,andIheartheroarofmanyvoices,notindifferenttomeasItravelon”(Dickens,1981:464).III.SeveralMainCharacters’InfluencesonDavidCopperfieldDavid'skind-hearted,coward,aggressiveandnaivenaturesarenotcongenitalbutrelatedtotheactionsofpeoplearoundhim.Dickensusestwowritingstylestocreatetwotypesofdifferentpersoninthisnovel.Oneisthe“evilones”,thatis,thenegativepersoninthenovel,whoholdabsolutelyselfishattitudetowardsothers,suchasMr.MurdstoneandSteerforth.Theauthorrevealstheirwickedbehaviorthroughironicandsharpwords.Similarly,Dickensalsocreatesanotherkindofpeopleinthesociety,kind-heartedperson,throughhisEnglishhumor.Underthecruelrealityofhissociety,therearealsogoodpersonwithdecentandadmirablecharacter,suchasMissBetsey,Peggotty,AgnesWickfield,Doraandsoon.Besidesthethoroughlypraiseandawardtowardsthem,Dickensdescribesdetailsoftheirdailylifeincludinggoodandbadthingswithanotherkindofwritingstyle—humor.Dickensexpresseshiscompassiontotheirsorrowfullife,andgiveshiscritictotheirignorantandnumbnessatthesametime.WorksofDickensreflectshislifephilosophy,whichembodieshisup-right,
generousandbenevolent.Readerswillthinkdeeplyandrealizetheseriousthemeaftertheirlaughingbythehumorouswords.3.1MurdstoneandSteerforthYoungDaviddoesnotcontactwithmanypeople,andMr.andMissMurdstonehavedeeplyimpressedhiminhischildhood.“IfmymothersaidanythingorgaveanyopinionMissMurdstonewouldbegintoopenherbagasiftogivebackthekeys;thenmymotherbecamefrightenedandsilent”(DickensandWang,1986:26).IntheignorantchildhoodofDavid,thesetwoindividualsmakeadeepinfluencetohisyoungheart.ThismakestheyoungDavidafraidoftheworldthatheisfacing,andformshimaratherweakcharacter.Inordertoexposedespicable,greedy,insidiousandcunningnatureofsomeoftheBritishmiddle-class,Dickenshasdepictedanumberofnegativeroleswithamaturedartisticwritingstyle.Theyappearbytheirownnature,inlanguageandpersonality,andtheyarevividimageofirony.DickensrevealsthetragicresultofthemarriageofDavid’smotherthroughdescribingtheeyesofMr.Murdstone.“Mr.Murdstonelookedup,andthatfrightenedmesomuchthatImissedanotherword.MissMurdstonelookedup;Imissedsixorsevenwords”(DickensandWang,1986:28).InMr.Murdstone’smind,David“hasrunawayfromhisfriendsandhisworks.Hecausedusmuchtrouble”(DickensandWang,1986:72).MeanwhileMr.Murdstonealsopresentedhisinsidiousandvicious.Hehadsodeepgreedinpursuingformoney,sohewentagainstDavidandhismotherunscrupulously.TheonlypurposeofMurdstonewastodrivethemoffandseizedtheirproperty.DickensdescribesMurdstone’stortureandpersecutiontoDavidandhismotherwithgriefandindignation.Davidalsoshowedhistrustandrespecttohisfriend,Steerforth,fromthefirsttimetheymet,“asifhewasajudge”(DickensandWang,1986:44).Steerforthgavehimafirstimpression—prettygoodandgraceful.“Hewasheadboy;hewasveryclever,andverygood-looking”(DickensandWang,1986:44).Butasthestorywenton,thefateofDavidchangedandaseriesofincidentsoccurred.DavidgotmoreunderstandingofrealSteerforth.ButhisinfluencetoDavidwasstillgreat.ForSteerforth,Dickensusesadifferentapproachtoshowhischaracterofhypocrisy,arrogance,selfishandcaprice.Theauthordoesnotdirectlywritethecharacter’s
appearance,butdescribeshimwithaveilofdazzlingbeautycoveringhisextremehypocrisy.Steerforthwassmart,beautifulandlookslikeajudge,Davidwasproudofhim.HewontheadmirationofDavidbyhisoutstandingintelligence,graceanddecentappearance.“Hedidnotknowme,butIknewhim,andmyoldloveforhimflowedbackintomyheart”(DickensandWang,1986:96).Thesetwocharactershavesomethingincommon.Theyareallhypercritical,selfishandcold.Theyserveasfoilshavingdirectorindirectinfluencestothemajorcharacters’experiencesanddestinies.Soitisofnecessitytoanalyzetheseminorcharacters.3.2MissBetseyTrotwoodandPeggottyAlthoughbeingexcludedandbulliedbyMr.andMissMurdstone,youngDavidalsoencounteredsomekind-heartedandhonestpeoplewhocaredforandlovehim,MissBetseyandPeggotty.AfterDavidgrewupalittle,hisstepfatherexpelledhimfromhome.HebecamehomelessandhadtogotoMissBetsey,theuniquerelativeofhim.MissBetseyseemedtobestrangeandabnormal,butlovedDavidverymuchinherdeepheart.ShesupportedDavidtogoonhisstudyandthenfoundasuitablejob.MissBetseywasastrangecharacterbutverykind-heartedoldwoman.“Myauntwasverykindtome.SheshortenedmynamefromTrotwoodtoTrot”.(DickensandWang,1986:74).Shewasstrangebecauseofhercontradictivecharacter,notmerelyinherclothing,dressanddemeanor.“Shehadseemedangryonlysoastohideherfeelings”.(DickensandWang,1986:78).Shewasamiableandhadagoodnature.“Beworthyofyourself;dohonortomeandtoMr.Dick,andGodbewithyou.Neverbedishonestinanything;neverbecruel”(DickensandWang,1986:78),MissBetseysaidtoDavid.Becauseofcoercionofthesituation,shehadtoactsevere,rudeandsteelinessbutnotcompletely.Alloftheseresultinhereccentriccharacterandbehavior.ThisisDickens’uniquemethodtodescribecharacters.Underthevigorousappearance,thereisanupright,caringandhelpfulnature.Atthesametime,DickensalsousesslightlyhumoroustonetodepictMissBetseyhighlightingherridiculousandconservativepersonality.Inthenovel,Daviddiscoversherinnerkindnessandup-rightinsideafteralong-termcontact.
“TheearliestmemoriesthatIhavearemymotherwithherprettyhairandyouthfulshape,andPeggotty...”(DickensandWang,1986:7).Apparently,PeggottyplayedaveryimportantroleinDavid’schildhood.“Peggottycametoseemeeveryweek”.“PeggottysawmymotherandMr.Murdstonewalkingupanddownintheroad.Shelookedveryangry”(DickensandWang,1986:10).UnderMr.Murdstone’scrueltreatment,David’smothercouldnotprotectherselfandlittleDavid.ItwastheirservantPeggottywhoprotectedthemfrombeingbullied.LittleDavidcameacrosstrueaffectionsinhischildhoodmainlybecauseofPeggotty’skindness.David'sgoodnatureisgivenfromhisbirth,butalsoaffectedbypeoplearoundhim.Thesevariouspeopleshapearich,variedandvividDavidtous.3.3DoraandAgnesDaviddidnothaveacompletefamily.Hehadnofather,andevenlosthismotherwhenhewasachild.Butinhischildhoodandadulthood,Davidhadmanyfriendsandplaymates,enrichinghislifewithhappinessandsurprise.Aspeopleoftensay,aperson'scharacterisformedfromchildhood,anditisnoteasytochangeafterhegrowsup.ButthesepartnersandgoodfriendsplayedanimportantroleinDavid'slife.David’sfirstwife,Dora,grewupinarichfamily,withoutanyfrustrationordifficulty,beingtheonlychildinherfamily.Shewasabsolutelyspoiledbyherfather.Atthebeginning,DavidwasattractedbyDora’sbeauty,andDorawasalsoconqueredbyDavid’shandsomeappearanceatthesametime.“Ilookedupandsawherandlovedhermadly”(DickensandWang,1986:112).Aftertheygotmarried,theycouldhardlyadjusttoeachother,sothegapbetweenthembecamewiderandwider.Dorawasa“childwife”and“seemedbyalltobetreatedasaprettyplaything”(DickensandWang,1986:150).Shecouldnotmanagetheirhouse,norcouldshesettleanyproblemwithherhusband.WhileDavidneedawifewhocouldsupporthimandapproveofhim.“Dickens,intheend,arrangedforDoratodiefromdisease,sothatDavidcouldmakeasecondchoice”(Yan,2006:3).Agnes,David’ssecondwife,wasnotonlybeautifulandgentle,butalsointelligentandkindhearted.InDavid’smind,“thereisgoodnessandpeaceandtruthwhereverAgnesis”(DickensandWang,1986:80).Agneswashisgoodangel.Herfatherdidnotwanthertogotoschoolalthoughshewaseagertodoso.Shestayedathomeandmanagedthe
housesinceshewasateenager.Agnesbehavedinamatureway,whichwasquiteacontrasttoDora.ShehelpedDavidtosolveproblems,andalwaysbroughthopetohim.“Therewasapeacefulness,acalmnessaboutherwhichIhaveneverforgotten,whichIshallneverforget”(DickensandWang,1986:76).Afterthesetwomarriages,Davidbecamemorestableandmature.
ConclusionThroughtheanalysisofthecharacteristicsofDavidCopperfield,aconclusioncanbedrawnhere.Borninasingled-parentfamily,Davidwasaffectedheavilybyhisweakmother.Hisstep-fathertreatedhimbadlyandDavid’schildhoodwasreallyanightmare.ItwasluckyforDavidtohavePeggottywhohelpedhim.ChildDavidwasinnocentandkind-hearted.TherunawayfromMurdstonemarkstheendofDavid’schildhood.ThelovewithDorashowedhisimmaturityandallofhisyouthfulperiodcanbedefinedasanimmatureone.David’saunt,BetseyTrotwood,playedareallyimportantroleinthechangeofDavid’scharacteristics.ThebankruptcyofhisauntwasasignificantincidenttoDavidCopperfield.Hehadtosaygoodbyetoyesterday,nomorecomfortablelifeandnomorefinancialsupportfromhiswealthyaunt.Thereafterhebegantoworkhardanddidhisownduty.AtlastDickensmadeamatureboyhero,DavidCopperfield.DavidisoneoftheorphansinDickens’works,butheisdifferentfromotherchildrenwhicharealsocreatedbyDickens.Heiscloselyrelatedtohiscreator.SoDavidCopperfieldbecomesDickens’ownfavorite.Thishasgiventhebookacombinationofverisimilitude,senseoffamiliarityandartisticmaturitywhichseldommetwithinhisothernovels.ThatiswhyDavidCopperfieldhasbeenlovedbysomanyreaders.ItisoneofthefewgreatestEnglishnovels.
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AcknowledgementsSincerethanksgotomysupervisorMissJiforherinsightfulguidanceandearnesthelpallthroughthepaper-writingstages.AspecialacknowledgementshouldbeshowntoProfessorWang,fromwhoselecturesIbenefitedgreatly.AndIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈葿螈聿蒄葿袁羁莀蒈羃膇芆蒇蚃羀膂蒆螅膅蒁薅袇羈莇薄罿膄芃薃虿羆艿薃袁节膅薂羄肅蒃薁蚃芀荿薀螆肃芅蕿袈芈膁蚈羀肁蒀蚇蚀袄莆蚇螂肀莂蚆羅袂芈蚅蚄膈膄蚄螇羁蒂蚃衿膆莈蚂羁罿芄螁蚁膄膀螁螃羇葿螀袅膃蒅蝿肈羆莁螈螇芁芇莄袀肄膃莄羂艿蒂莃蚂肂莈蒂螄芈芄蒁袆肀膀蒀罿袃薈羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂袄芈蒇袇螀芇蕿蚀聿芆艿蒃肅芅蒁螈羁芄薃薁袆芃芃螆螂芃莅蕿肁节蒈螅羇莁薀薈袃莀艿螃蝿荿莂薆膈莈薄袁肄莇蚆蚄羀莇莆袀袆羃蒈蚂螂羂薁袈肀肁芀蚁羆肁莃袆袂肀薅虿袈聿蚇蒂膇肈莇螇肃肇葿薀罿肆薂螆袅肅芁薈螁膅莃螄聿膄蒆薇羅膃蚈螂羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肂腿节衿羈腿莄蚂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