子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦说乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?孔子说:学习了知识并且时常加以研习,不是一件很愉快的事吗?有朋友从远方来,不也是很令人高兴吗?不为他人所了解也不恼怒,这样的人不也是个君子吗?TheMastersaid,“Isn’titapleasuretolearnandconstantlypracticewhatislearnt/acquired?Isn’titdelightfultohavefriendscomingafar?Isn’theagentlemanwhoisnotannoyedfornotbeingunderstood(byothers)?“Tolearnandconstantlypracticewhatislearntisapleasure,isitnot?Tohavefriendscomingafarisdelightful,isitnot?Hewhoisnotannoyedfornothavingbeenunderstood(byothers)isagentleman,ishenot?”askedtheMaster.(2)学而篇第一有子曰:“礼之用,和为贵。先王之道,斯为美。大小由之,有所不行。之和而和,不以礼节之,亦不可行也。”
有子说:礼的应用,贵在追求和谐。古代君主的治国方法,好就好在这里。但不论大事小事只顾按和谐的办法去做,有时就行不通。为和谐而和谐,不以礼来加以节制,也是不可行的。”Youzisaid,“Incarryingouttherulesofpropriety,harmonyisamostvaluedpursuit.Itisnicethattheancientsagekingsgovernedinthisway.Butapplyingharmonytoanything,trivialorgreat/importantorunimportant,issometimesinapplicable/cannotdo.Harmonyforharmony’ssakewithoutregulatingtherulesofproprietywillnotdo,either.”(3)为政篇第二子曰:“道之以政,齐之以刑,民免而无耻;道之以德,齐之以礼,有耻且格。”A.孔子说:“用政令来治理百姓,用刑法来约束他们,老百姓只求免于犯罪受惩罚,却无法养成羞耻感;用道德教化引导百姓,用礼来约束他们,老百姓就会有羞耻感,而且会守规矩。”B.孔子说:“用政令来治理百姓,用刑法来整顿他们,老百姓只求能免于犯罪受惩罚,却失去了廉耻之心;用道德引导百
姓,用礼制去同化他们,百姓不仅会有羞耻之心,而且有归服之心。”C.孔子说:“用政法来诱导他们,使用刑罚来整顿他们,人民只是暂时地免于罪过,却没有廉耻之心。如果用道德来诱导他们,使用礼教来整顿他们,人民不但有廉耻之心,而且人心归服。”Themastersaid,“Ifthepeopleareruledbyinjunctionsandrestrictedbypenalty,theymaytrytoevadethepunishmentwithoutdevelopingthesenseofshame.Iftheyareguidedbymoralprinciplesandregulatedbytherulesofpropriety,theywillhavethesenseofshameandbecomedisciplined.(4)为政篇第二子曰:“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。”孔子说:“只读书学习而不思考问题,就会困惑无知;只思考而不读书学习,那就危险了。”TheMastersaid,“Learningwithoutthinkingleadstopuzzlement;thinkingwithoutlearningisperilous.”(4)为政篇第二子曰:“温故而知新,可以为师也。”孔子说:“复习所学的知识,从中获得新的领悟,努力吸收新知,就有资格当老师
了。”TheMastersaid,“Reviewwhatyouhavelearnedtoperceivewhatisnew,andyoucanbeateacher.”(6)八佾[(yi),古代乐舞的行列]篇第三子曰:“人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如乐何?”A.孔子说:“一个人没有仁德,礼对他来说有什么意义呢?一个人没有仁德,音乐对他来说有什么意义呢?”B.孔子说:“一个人没有仁德,他怎么能实行礼呢?一个人没有仁德,他怎么运用乐呢?”TheMastersaid,“Ifamanisvirtueless,whatdoesetiquettemeantohim?Ifamanisvirtueless,whatdoesmusicmeantohim?”(7)孔子曰:“不知命,无以为君子也;不知礼,无以立也;不知言,无以知人也。”孔子说:“不懂得天命,就不能做君子;不知道礼仪,就不能立身处世;不善于分辨别人的话语,就不能真正了解他。”TheMastersaid,“Hewhoknowsnotdestinycannotbeasuperiorman.Hewhoknowsnotproprietiesgetsnofooting.Hewhofailstoapprehendaword(utteredbyothersor
someoneelse)understandsnotitsspeaker.”颜渊篇第十二颜渊问仁。子曰:“克己复礼为仁。一日克己复礼,天下归仁焉。为仁由己,而由人哉?颜渊问怎样做才是仁。孔子说:“克制自己,一切都照着礼的要求去做,这就是仁。一旦这样做了,天下的一切就都归于仁了。实行仁德,完全在于自己,难道还能在于别人吗?”WhenYanYuanaskedwhatbenevolencewas,theMastersaid,“Toexerciseself-restraintandresumetherulesofproprietywillmeanbenevolence.Onceeverybodyhasbecomeself-restrainedandobservedtherulesofproprietyagain,benevolencewillprevailinthewholekingdom.Youcanonlystrivetobebenevolentthroughyourownefforts.Canyoucountonanyoneelsetodoitinyourstead?颜渊篇第十二樊迟问仁。子曰:“爱人。”问知。子曰:“知人。”樊迟未达。子曰:“举直错诸枉,能使枉直也。”樊迟退,见子夏曰:“乡(justnow)也吾见夫子而问知,子曰‘举直错诸枉,能使
枉者直’,何谓也?”子夏曰:“富哉言乎!舜有天下,选于众,举皋陶,不仁者远矣。汤有天下,选于众,举伊尹,不仁者远矣。”樊迟问什么是仁,孔子说:“爱人。”樊迟问什么是智,孔子说:“了解人。”樊迟还不明白。孔子说:“选拔正直的人,使他们的地位在邪恶的人之上,这样就能使邪恶的人正直起来。”樊迟退了出来,见到子夏说:“刚才我见到老师,问他什么是智。他说‘选拔正直的人,使他们的地位在邪恶的人之上,这就能使邪恶的人正直起来’。这是什么意思?”子夏说,“这话说得多么深刻呀!舜有天下,在众人中挑选人才,把皋陶选拔出来,不仁的人就远离他了。汤有了天下,在众人中挑选人才,把伊尹选拔出来,不仁的人就远离他了。”WhenFanChiaskedwhatbenevolencewas,theMasterreplied,“It’sloveofmen.”Againheaskedaboutwisdomandtheanswerwas“It’saninsightintomen.”SeeingthatFanChistilldidnotunderstand,theMasteradded,“Placingtheuprightofficialsabove
thecrookedonescanmakethecrookedupright.”WhenFanChiwentoutandsawZixia,hesaid,“JustnowIvisitedtheMasterandaskedhimaboutwisdomandhesaidtome,‘Placingtheuprightofficialsabovethecrookedonescanmakethecrookedupright.’Doyouknowwhatitmeans?”“Whatprofoundwords(theyare)!”exclaimedZixia.“WhenShunruledthecountry,hechoseGaoTaofromamongthepeopleandplacedhiminahighposition.Thushestayedawayfromthevirtueless.WhenTangruledthecountry,hechoseYiYinfromamongthepeopleandplacedhiminahighposition.Thushestayedawayfromthevirtueless.”子曰:“夫仁者,己欲达而达人。能近取譬,可谓仁之方也已。”孔子说:“仁德之人,自己想站得住首先使别人也能站得住,自己做到通达事理首先要使别人也通达事理。凡事能就近以自己作比,而推己及人,可以说就是实行仁的方法了。”TheMaster/Confucius
said/remarked,“Amanofvirtuemuststandrightlybeforehewishesotherstostandrightly.Hemustbesensibleorreasonableifhehopesotherstobesensibleorreasonable.Hemustself-introspectwhenthinkingaboutsomething,andthentriestobeconsiderateforothers.Inthiswaycanwesaythathepracticesbenevolence.”子曰:“知者不惑,仁者不忧,勇者不惧。”孔子说:“聪明人不会迷惑,有仁德的人不会忧愁,勇敢的人不会畏惧。”TheMastersaid,“Thewisewillneverbebewildered;thevirtuouswillneverfeelsadandthebravewillneverbefrightened.”子曰:“知者乐水,仁者乐山。知者动,仁者静。知者乐,仁者寿。”孔子说:“聪明的人喜欢水,仁德的人喜欢山。聪明的人好动,仁德的人恬静。聪明的人快乐,仁德的人长寿。”TheMastersaid,“Thewisefindpleasureinwaterswhilethevirtuoustakedelightinmountains.Thewiseareactive,thevirtuoustranquil.Thewisearehappy,thevirtuous
longevous.”子曰:“志士仁人,无求生而害仁,有杀生以成仁。”孔子说:“志士仁人,没有贪生怕死而损害仁的,只有牺牲自己的性命来成全仁的。”TheMastersaid,“Amanofidealandmoralintegritywillnotseektosurviveattheexpenseofmorality,butwouldsacrificehislifeforajustcause.”子贡问为仁。子曰:“工欲善其事,必先利其器。居是邦也,事其大夫之贤者,友其士之仁者。”子贡问怎样实行仁德。孔子说:“工匠想把活儿做好,必须首先使他的工具锋利。住在这个国家,就要侍奉大夫中的那些贤者,与士人中的仁者交朋友。”WhenZigongaskedhowtopracticebenevolence,theMastersaid,“Acraftsmanwhowishestoperformhisjobwellmustfirstsharpenhistools.Sowhenyouliveinastate,trytoservethevirtuoushighfriends,andmakefriendswiththevirtuousscholars.
子曰:“唯女子与小人为难养也,近之则不孙(逊),远之则怨。”(吴译:子张篇,19.9P510)孔子说“女子和小人最难相处了。亲近了,他们就会放肆;疏远了,他们就会不满。”TheMastersaid,“Womenandinferiormenaredifficulttogetalongwith.Shownintimacy,theywilllosehumility.Keptalone,theywillcomplain.”子夏曰:“君子有三变:望之俨然,即之也温,听其言也厉。”(吴译:子张篇,19.9P534)子夏说:“君子在不同的场合给人以不同的观感:远看觉得他样子威严,接近他会感到他温和可亲,听他说话又觉得他严肃不苟(言笑)。”Zixiasaid,“Asuperiormanpresentsdifferentlooksontheseoccasions:whenviewedfromafar,heappearsstern;whenapproached,helooksmild;whenheardtospeak,hesoundsserious.”子夏曰:“仕而优则学,学而优则仕。”(吴译:子张篇,19.9P538)
子夏说:“做官还有余力的人,就可以去学习;学习有余力的人就可以去做官。”Zixiasaid:“Anofficialmaydevotehisspareenergytolearning,whileascholarwithspareenergymayseektobeanofficial.”Zixiasaid:“Anofficialgoodenoughatadministration(whoadministrateswell)maydevotehissparetimetopracticinglearning;amaninversedinlearningcanfindajobrelevanttoadministrativebusiness.”吾十有五而志乎学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十知天命,六十而顺耳,七十而从心所欲不逾矩。ArthurWaley’sversion:TheMastersaid,AtfifteenIsetmyheartuponlearning.Atthirty,Ihadplantedmyfeetfirmupontheground.Atforty,Inolongersufferedfromperplexities.Atfifty,IknewwhatwerethebiddingsofHeaven.Atsixty,Iheardthemwithdocileears.Atseventy,Icouldfollowthedictatesofownheart;forwhatIdesirednolongeroverstepped
theboundariesofright.Mr.GuHongming’sversion:Confuciusremarked,“AtfifteenIhadmadeupmymindtogivemyselfuptostudies.AtthirtyIhadformedmyopinionsandjudgment.AtfortyIhadnomoredoubts.AtfiftyIunderstoodthetruthofreligion.AtsixtyIcouldunderstandwhateverIheardwithoutexertion.AtseventyIcouldfollowwhatevermyheartdesiredwithouttransgressingthelaw.”QiuShiKunzhong’sversion:TheMastersaid,“AtfifteenIresolvedtostudyseriously.AtthirtyIbecameestablished.AtfortyIwasfreeofdoubts.AtfortyIknewDestiny.Atsixtytheearsfunctionedsmoothly.AtseventyIcouldfollowmyheart’sdesireandnotstepout-of-bounds.”子曰:“其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不行。”孔子说:“本身品行端正,即使不发布命令,(部下)该行动就去行动;本身品行不端,即使发布命令,(部下)也不会服从。”
Confuciussaid,“Hewhostandsrightlyhimselfwillinspireanactionevenbeforehegivestheorder;hewhodoesnotstandrightlyhimselfwillnothaveanorderobeyedevenwhenhegivesone.”子曰:“君子和而不同,小人同而不和。”孔子说:“君子和谐相处而不盲目附和,小人盲目附和而不和谐相处。”Confuciussaid,“Thesuperiormenharmonizewithoutdemandingconformity;thebasemendemandconformitybutnotharmonize.”子曰:“三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。”Confuciussaid,“InapartyofthreetheremustbeonewhomIcanlearnfrom.Iwillpickhismeritstoemulatethem,andfindhisdemeritstoamendmine.”子以四教:文、行、忠、信。孔子从四个方面教育他的学生:文化知识、行为实践、忠心诚实和讲究信用。Confuciusworkedasateacherwhoimpartedfouraspectsofknowledgerelevanttoculture,conducts,
faithfulnessandcreditability.子曰:“盖有不知而作之者,我无是也。多闻,择其善者而从之,多见而识之,知之次也。”孔子说:“有这样一种人,可能他什么都不懂却在那里凭空创造,我却没有这样做过。多听,选择其中好的来学习;多看,然后记在心里,这是次一等的认知。”Confuciussaid,“Theremaybeignorantpeoplewhowanttocreatesomething,butIamnotoneofthem.Ilistentodifferentviewsandchoosewhatisgoodtofollow.Iobservedifferentthingsandkeeptheminmymind.Suchisthesecondbestwayoflearning.”子曰:“君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚。”孔子说:“君子开朗而心胸宽广,小人经常忧虑哀伤。”Confuciussaid,“Agentlemanisopenandbroad-minded;abasemanisalwaysworriedorsorrowed.子曰:“奢则不孙,俭则固。与其不孙也,宁固。”孔子说:“奢侈了就会倨傲,节俭了就会寒酸。与其倨傲,宁可寒酸。”
Confuciussaid,“Luxurymayleadtoarrogance,whilethrift,tohumbleness。Itisbettertobehumblethantobearrogant.”子曰:“恭而无礼则劳。慎而无礼则葸(xi),勇而无礼则乱,直而无礼则绞。君子笃于亲,则民兴与仁,故旧不遗,则民不偷。“孔子说:“谦恭而不以礼节制,就会徒添辛劳;谨慎而不以礼节制,就会拘谨畏缩;勇猛而不以礼节制,就会兴风作乱;直率而不以礼节制,就会尖刻刺人。居上位者如果厚待自己的亲族,仁风就会在百姓中盛行;如果不遗弃老朋友,百姓就不会冷漠。”TheMastersaid,“Withouttheregulationoftherulesofpropriety,reverenceturnsouttobefatigue,cautiousnessleadstotimidity,boldnessresultsinturbulenceandstraightforwardnesscausesoffence.Ifthesuperiorearnestlyfavortheirclansmen,benevolencewillprevailamongthepeople.Iftheyforgetnottheiroldfriends,thepeoplewillnotbeindifferenttoothers.”子张曰:“执德不弘,信道不笃,焉能为有?焉能为亡?”
子张说:“如果一个人守住德却不能发扬光大,信仰道却不能坚定不移,这样的人有又怎么样?没有又怎么样?Zizhangsaid,“Ifamanmerelyholdstomoralitywithoutcarryingitforward,orbelievesinthetruthwithoutfirmlyadheringtoit,whatdifferencedoesitmakewhetherthereissuchamanornot?孔子曰:“君子有三畏:畏天命,畏大人,畏圣人之言。小人不知天命而不畏也,狎大人,侮圣人之言。”孔子说:“君子有三件敬畏的事情:敬畏天命,敬畏地位高贵的人,敬畏圣人的话。小人不懂天命,因而也不敬畏,不尊重地位高贵的人,蔑视圣人所说的话。”Confuciussaid,“Amanofvirtueholdsthesethreethingsinawe:destiny,thesuperiorandthewordsofsages.Abasemanknowsnothingaboutdestinysohedoesnotfearit.Hedespisesthesuperioranddisdainsthewordsofsages.”子曰:“君子有九思:视思明,听思聪,色思温,貌思恭,言思忠,事思敬,疑思问,忿思难,见得思义。”
孔子说:“君子在九种情况下要认真想想:看的时候,是否看清楚;听的时候,是否听清楚;示人脸色,是否温和;展示体貌,是否谦恭;跟人说话,是否忠实;办事的时候,是否认真严肃;遇到疑问,是否应该请教他人;发泄怒火,是否有后患;获取财利时,是否正当。”Confuciussaid,“Inninecasesavirtuousmanshouldstoptothinkfirst:Heshouldthinkifheseesclearlywhenlooking,thinkifhehearsclearlywhenlistening,thinkifhelooksmildwhenshowingfacialexpression,thinkifheiscourteouswhenpresentinghisappearance,thinkifheisfaithfulwhenconversing,thinkifheisearnestwhenworking,thinkifconsultingotherswhenindoubt;thinkifbadconsequencewhenventingirritation,andthinkifitisrighteousforhimtotakesomething/getsomethingfromothers.”