基于语料库的莎士比亚戏剧汉译本中使字句的应用研究

SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY申请硕士学位论文论文题目：基于语料库的莎士比亚戏剧汉译本中“使”字句的应用研究学生姓名:崔薇学生学号:1111409002专业:英语语言文学指导教师:胡开宝学院(系):外国语学院[Typetext]万方数据 M.A.ThesisACorpus-BasedStudyoftheUseofSHIConstructionintheChineseTranslationsofShakespeare‟sPlaysByCuiWeiUndertheSupervisionofProfessorHuKaibaoAThesisSubmittedtotheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofMasterofArtsNovember,2013[Typetext]万方数据 [Typetext]万方数据 [Typetext]万方数据 摘要“使”字句是“使役”语义类型的典型句式，作为一种重要的汉语语法现象，“使”字句的研究一直是热点话题，主要集中在两大方向：1）从语法角度单独研究英语或汉语使役句类型、成句条件、语义关系和句法结构等；2）从英汉对比角度分析汉英使役句语义、形态、功能等方面的差异。纵观以往研究发现，对于“使”字句的研究大多集中于原创文本，且多半属于定性研究；对翻译文本“使”字句的分析却鲜有涉及，且理论佐证事例的数量存在一定局限。据此，本文基于上海交通大学翻译与词典学研究中心的莎士比亚戏剧英汉平行语料库及汉语原创戏剧语料库，利用ParaConc软件，采用定量描述和定性分析相结合的方法，考察了“使”字句在梁实秋、朱生豪和方平三莎剧汉译本中的应用，并分别与汉语原创戏剧文本及三译本之间展开对比研究。结果发现，三译本中“使”字句的应用均显著高于汉语原创戏剧文本，且与源语文本中的六大句型结构对应。但各译本“使”字句的使用频率呈现差异，对应各源语句型结构的比例也不尽相同。对汉译本中“使”字句应用表现出的共性及差异特征，本文从认知及翻译目的的角度分别做出阐释。关键词:“使”字句，使役，语料库，莎士比亚戏剧，动因i万方数据 AbstractSHIconstructionisatypicalChinesecausativeconstructionwithalonghistory.AsanimportantChinesegrammaticalphenomenon,SHIconstructionhasbeenahotissuewithintheacademicfield.Bynow,studiesonSHIconstructionconvergemainlyontwoaspects:1)thestudyoftypology,formulationcondition,semanticrolesandsyntacticalstructuresfrompuregrammaticalperspective;and2)comparativestudiesbetweenChineseandEnglishintermsofthesemantic,morphologicalandfunctionaldifferencesofcausativeconstruction.Albeitthepreviousstudiespresentextensivecoverage,theywerebasedprimarilyonoriginaltextsandlargelyrestrictedtopurequalitativeanalyses;attemptsintheuseofSHIconstructionintranslatedtextsarerareandthesupportiveexamplesareratherlimitedandusuallyfalltopersonalpreference.ThisthesiscomplementsthepreviousstudiesbyfocusingontheuseofSHIconstructionintranslatedtextsundertheguidanceofcorpusmethodology.Bycontextualizingalinguisticphenomenonintranslationpractice,thethesiscarriesoutaqualitativeresearchwithobjectiveguaranteeofconsiderablenumberofexamplesasquantitativebasis.AssistedbytheEnglish-ChineseParallelCorpusofShakespeare‟sPlays(ECPCSP)andtheCorpusofChineseOriginalPlays(CCOP),thethesisconductsaquantitativeandqualitativestudyinthreeChinesetranslationsofShakespeare‟splaysbyLiangShiqiu,ZhuShenghaoandFangPingrespectivelywithanaimtoinvestigatethepatternsandregularitiesintheuseofSHIconstructionintranslationsofShakespeare‟splays.Throughaseparatecomparisonbetweentranslatedtextsandoriginalplaysaswellascomparativeanalysesbetweenthethreetranslations,thethesismanagestodiscoversomeintriguingfeatures:theSHIconstructionhasbeenusedquitefrequentlyinthetranslatedtextsthanintheoriginaltexts,andunanimouslycorrespondstosixsentencestructuresinthesourcetextinallthreetranslations;yeteachtranslationdiffersfromeachotherinthefrequentuseofSHIconstructionandtheproportionalrelevancetoeachsourcesentencestructure.Regardingtheseidentifiedsimilaritiesanddifference,thethesisgivesatentativeanalysisofthemotivationsfortheuseoftheconstruction.Keywords:SHIconstruction,causative,corpus,Shakespeare‟splays,motivationii万方数据 AcknowledgementsIncompletingthisthesis,Ihavereceivedtremendoushelpandsupportfrommyteachersandfamilies.Iowemythankstomanypeopleandwouldliketosendmysinceregratitudetothosewhohavehelpedmeduringwritingofthethesis.Firstly,IwanttoextendmyheartfeltthankstomydearestProfessorHuKaibao,whohasalwaysbeenanincrediblyinspiringandsupportivementorduringmygraduatestudy.Fromtheselectionoftheresearchsubjecttotheconceptionofthestructure,ProfessorHuhasgenerouslyofferedmemanyvaluablesuggestions.Hewaspatientenoughtoreadthrougheverydetailofmydraftandmakecriticalcommentsforfurtherimprovement,withoutwhichIcouldnothavefinishedthisthesis.ItwasunderhisilluminatingguidanceandinstructionsthatIbegantodevelopmyinterestincorpustranslationstudiesandgraduallyacquaintedmyselfwiththebasicknowledgeandmethodologyofthisacademicfield.IalsooweaparticulardebttotheteachersandtutorsofSchoolofForeignLanguages,whoseinspiringlecturesandremarkshavemademygraduatestudiesanenormouslyrewardingprocess.Theirinstructionshaveleftaprofoundinfluenceonmeandwillremaintobevaluableassetsformyfuturedevelopment.Lastbutnotleast,Iamdeeplygratefultomybelovedfamiliesandfriends.Theircontinuousencouragementandsupporthavewalkedmethroughachallengingyetworthwhilegraduateexperience.Thankstotheirunselfishloveandwarmcaring,I‟vefinallymanagedtocompletethisthesis.iii万方数据 Contents摘要……………………......................................................................................................iAbstract………………..........................................................................................................iiAcknowledgements..............................................................................................................iiiChapter1Introduction...........................................................................................................11.1ResearchBackground.............................................................................................11.2ResearchQuestions................................................................................................31.3ThesisStructure......................................................................................................3Chapter2LiteratureReview.................................................................................................52.1StudiesoftheChineseTranslationsofShakespeare‟sPlays..................................52.2StudiesofSHIConstruction...................................................................................72.2.1StudiesofCausativeConstruction.............................................................72.2.2ClassificationofCausativeConstruction...................................................92.2.3StudiesofSHIConstruction.....................................................................11Chapter3ResearchDesign.................................................................................................133.1CorpusesUsedintheResearch—ECPCSC&CCOP..........................................133.2ResearchTools.....................................................................................................143.3ResearchProcedures.............................................................................................14Chapter4StudiesoftheUseofSHIConstruction..............................................................164.1ResearchontheUseofSHIconstruction..............................................................164.1.1TheUseofSHIConstructionintheTranslatedTexts.............................164.1.2TheUseofSHIConstructionintheChineseOriginalPlays...................164.1.3ComparisonoftheUseofSHIConstructionintheTwoKindsofTexts.184.2TheUseofSHIConstructionintheThreeTranslations......................................194.2.1TheUseofSHIConstructioninLiang‟sTranslation...............................234.2.2TheUseofSHIConstructioninZhu‟sTranslation..................................24iv万方数据 4.2.3TheUseofSHIConstructioninFang‟sTranslation................................264.2.4ComparisonoftheUseofSHIConstructionbetweentheThreeTranslations...............................................................................................284.3Summary...............................................................................................................30Chapter5MotivationAnalysesontheUseofSHIConstruction........................................315.1CognitionandUseofSHIConstruction...............................................................315.1.1SchematicFactors.....................................................................................325.1.2SyntacticFactors......................................................................................355.1.3PragmaticFactors.....................................................................................365.2TranslationPurposeandtheUseofSHIConstruction.........................................37Chapter6Conclusion..........................................................................................................43Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………45v万方数据 Chapter1IntroductionTranslation,generallydefinedasthereproductivecreationofwhatissaidorwritteninthesourcetextintothetargettext,isahumanactivitythatencompassestheparticipationofthewriter,thetranslator,theaudience,andmulti-dimensionalelementsinbothlanguagesystems.Inthiscomplexprocess,translators,asthesubjectoftranslationactivity,areinfluencedbyavarietyoffactorsincludingcognitivestructure,syntacticalnorms,translationpurposesetc.,inordertoachieveequivalentcommunicationonsemantic,pragmaticandcontextuallevelswhiledisplaytheirowntranslationstyle.Intheearly1990s,MonaBakerenvisagedtheestablishmentofcorporaofbothsourceandtargettexts,andputforwardtheideaoftranslationstudythroughcorpus.Sincethen,corpus-basedtranslationstudyundergoesdevelopmentandbecomesaparadigmaticdiscipline.Byovercomingthelimitationoftraditionalprescriptivetranslation,corpus-basedtranslationstudyprovidesabrand-newsystematicmethodologythatenablesobjectivestudyoftranslationphenomenononthebasisofabundantandreliabledataresources.Theresultsacquiredfromanalysisofauthenticlanguagematerialsstandamorepersuasivegroundthantraditionaltranslationstudieswhichrelytoalargeextentonthetranslator‟sintuitionandexperience.Thisthesisadoptsthecorpus-basedapproachtoexploretheuseofcausativestructureintranslatedversionsofShakespeare‟sPlays.AssistedbytheEnglish-ChineseCorpusofShakespeare‟sPlays(ECPCSP),theauthormakesanempiricalinvestigationofthemosttypicalChinesecausativestructurebyextracting“SHIconstruction”astheresearchobject,andconductsaquantitativeandqualitativestudyofitsapplicationintheChinesetranslationbyLiangshiQiu,ZhuShenghao,FangPingrespectively.Thischapterwillbrieflyintroducetheresearchbackground,researchquestionsandstructureofthethesis.1.1ResearchBackgroundForalongtime,prescriptiveresearchhastakenadominantpositionintranslationstudies.Earliertranslationstudiesprimarilyfocusonsettinguprulesandstandardsfortranslatorstoabidebyintranslationpractice;regardlessofhowintuitiveorsubjectivetheymightbewhenproposed.Nevertheless,withtranslationstudiesmarchingin-depthandnewquestionsincreasinglyemerging,prescriptivetranslationstudiesdisplayanumberoflimitationsinitsincompetencetoaccountforaseriesoftranslationphenomenonsuchastranslationvariation,translationeditingandtranslationomission.Thebeginningoflastcenturymarksanewphaseoftranslationstudies,whenotherdisciplineswereinstilledthatprojectrefreshingperspectivesandtheories.Especiallyintherecent50years,translationstudiesbecomeallthemoreabsorbinganddiversifiedandgraduallydevelopintoamultidisciplinaryresearchsubjectcloselyintertwinedwithlinguistics,philosophy,culturalstudies,literarystudiesandaesthetics.1万方数据 Corpustranslationstudies(CTS)cameintobeingatthetimewhenempiricalresearchstudywasdevelopinginfullswing.Retracingitsacademicorigins,thebirthofCTSderivesfromtwotheoreticalpillars,CorpuslinguisticsandDescriptivetranslationstudies(DTS).Before1990s,studiesontranslationswerebroadlyofprescriptivenature.DescriptivetranslationstudiesinitiatedwiththepublicationofJ.McFarlane‟spaper―ModelsofTranslationin1953,andwerefirstformallyproposedbyJ.HolmesinTheNameandNatureofTranslationStudiesin1972.FollowedbyaseriesofsubsequentdiscoveriesbyS.Bassnett,T.Hermans,M.Snell-HornbyandA.Lefevere,descriptivetranslationstudiescontinuedtogainmomentumandwasfavorablyupheldforshacklingthefetterofequivalencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext,andcastingtranslationphenomenonintoanextendedenvironmentwheretranslationcoulddrawuponvariouspolitical,ideological,economic,andsocioculturaltraitsofacertainperiod,andultimatelycominginshapewithdistinctculturalstampsofthetargetlanguage(HuKaibao,2011:3-7).Corpuslinguisticsbeganduringthe1950‟s,withHarisastheleadingpioneerswhoregardslanguagematerialastheonlyresearchobjectoflinguisticsundertheinfluenceofempiricism.ThoughsubduedduringtheprevailingperiodofChomsky‟stransformationalgenerativegrammar,itrejuvenatesin1980s.Sincethen,corpusiswidelyappliedinlinguisticstudies.Thebeginningof1990sushersinabrand-newageoftranslationstudieswiththeemergenceofanovelbranchoftranslationstudies.Benefitingfromtheoreticalguidanceofdescriptivetranslationstudiesandthemethodologyofcorpuslinguistics,corpustranslationstudieshavereceivedworld-widerecognitionsincethepublicationofMonaBaker‟spaperentitledCorpusLinguisticsandTranslationStudies:ImplicationsandApplications.Withincreasingavailabilityofcomparableandparallelcorporaindifferentlanguages,CTShasmergeddescriptivetranslationstudieswithempiricalexplorationofpragmatics,cognitivelinguistics,culturalandotherfeaturesoftranslatedtexts.Meanwhile,thegradualrefinementindesignandapplicationalsoenablecorporatobemoreappropriateincapacitytofitagivenstudy,andmorefrequentlyappliedintranslationstudiestogeneratereliableandobjectivefindings.Byfar,studiesonCTShaveyieldedremarkableachievements,amongwhichliesthestudyofChinesetranslationsofShakespeare‟splays.TheemergenceofthefirsttranslationofHamlet,renderedbyTianHaninChinesevernacularin1922,wasthefirsttimetointroducethespectacularworksofthisliteraturegeniustoChina.ThankstonumbersofnotablescholarsandtranslatorssuchasLiuShu,SunDayu,LiangshiQiu,ZhuShenghaoandFangPing,Shakespeare‟splaysgraduallywinfavorsandrecognitionamongChineseaudience.AlongwiththerisingofvariedtranslationsofShakespeare‟sworkswasthestudyofthesetranslations,includingthetheoreticalprobeoftranslationprocess,comparisonoftranslationstylesandinvestigationoftranslationpracticeinthisfield.Earlystudiesonthesesubjectswerelargelyprescriptive,relyingoneitherintuitionorsporadicexamples,yettheintroductionofCTSinstillednewbloodtothembyshiftingthestudyfocusfromprescribingstandardstodescribingfeaturesoftranslationsinanattempttorevealthetranslationnatureandcorrelationbetweentranslators,cultureandsociety.Andlargesampleof2万方数据 authenticmaterialsextractedfromcorporaalsoprovidereadilyobservableexamplestoscholarsasobjectivebasesforfurtheranalyses.DrawingonthebenefitsofCTS,thispaperlaunchesaquantitativeandqualitativestudyoftheSHIconstructionintheChinesetranslationsofShakespeare‟splaysbythreetranslators,namelyZhuShenghao,LiangShiqiu,FangPing,fromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguisticsandtranslationpurposes,toexplorethemotivationforthesimilaritiesanddifferencesrevealedinthesetranslator‟suseofSHIconstruction.1.2ResearchQuestionsAcorpus-basedmethodisemployedinthisthesistoinvestigatetheuseofSHI-constructioninthethreetranslatedversionsofShakespeare‟splaysbyLiangShiqiu,ZhuShenghao,FangPingbasedontheEnglish-ChineseParallelCorpusofShakespeare‟sPlays(ECPCSP).Throughdetailedcomparisonandanalysesofresearchfindings,thethesisattemptstoaddressthefollowingquestions.1.ArethereanydifferencesintheuseofSHI-constructionbetweenoriginalChinesetheatricaltextsandtranslatedChinesetheatricaltexts?2.HowSHI-constructionisusedinthethreetranslatedversionsofShakespeare‟splays,andwhatareitscorrespondentstructuresintheEnglishoriginaltexts.3.ArethereanysimilaritiesordifferencesintheuseofSHIconstructionbetweenthethreetranslatedversionsofShakespeare‟splays?Ifso,whataccountsforsuchsimilaritiesordifferences?1.3ThesisStructureThisthesisiscomposedofsixchapters.ChapterOnegivesageneralintroductiontotheentirethesis.Itbeginswithanoverviewoftheresearchbackgroundoftranslationstudies,inparticular,corpustranslationstudies,followedbythreequestionstobeaddressedinthisthesis.Finallythestructureofthethesisisintroduced.ChapterTwoisliteraturereview,mainlyfocusingonthestudiesofShakespeare‟splays,andpreviousresearchfindingsaswellasrelativetheoreticalconceptsofSHI-constructionathomeandabroad.ChapterThreeisademonstrationofresearchdesignandmethodologybyintroducingthecorporainuse,theSHI-constructiontobeinvestigated,andtheresearchmaterialsandtools.ChapterFourpresentsastatisticalinvestigationofsignificantfeaturesofSHI-constructionintranslatedtext.CorrespondingstructuresofSHIconstructioninoriginaltextswillbeclassifiedbytheiroccurrenceandfrequencyamongthreetranslatedversionsbeingdemonstrated.Thendetailedanalyseswillbecarriedoutbasedonthecomparisonsbetween1)theoriginaltextandthetranslationtext;2)thethreetranslatedversionsofShakespeare‟splays.3万方数据 ChapterFivediscussesthemotivationsthataccountforthesignificantfeaturesofSHI-constructionfromtheperspectivesofcognitivelinguisticsandtranslationpurposes.Thelastchapterdrawsaconclusionbasedontheforegoingfindings,discussesthelimitationsandproposessuggestions.4万方数据 Chapter2LiteratureReviewThischapterprovidesageneraloverviewofstudiesoncausativeconstructionintermsoflexicalmeaningandclassification,focusingonrelatedresearchandsignificantconceptsofSHIconstruction,andpreviousstudiesontheChinesetranslationsofShakespeare‟splayswillalsobeintroduced.2.1StudiesoftheChineseTranslationsofShakespeare’sPlaysShakespeare‟splayshavebeenpublishedandtranslatedintovariousdifferentlanguageseversincethebirthofhisfirstplayin1623.Nearly400yearshaspassed,theenduringcharmofhismasterpiecestilllingers.Asanunraveledmasteroflanguage,Shakespeareproduced38plays,154sonnetsandtwolongnarrativepoemsduringhislifetime.Hiswordsofwisdomandsupremetalentsleavetheworldreadershipapreciousliterarylegacyandwonhimthetitleof“FirstUniversalAuthor”.Shakespeareiswell-renownedforhisvibrantdepictionofdramaticcontrast,character‟semotionsandcomplexrelationshipwithindifferentsocialstrata,whichalltogethercreatebountyresourcesforscholars,linguists,translators,literarycritics,evenphilosopherstocarryoutresearchesfrombroadperspectives.Overthepastcenturies,Shakespeare‟screationshavebeentranslatedandretranslatedintovariouslanguages,andthishasalsoboostedcorrespondingtranslationstudiesofhisworks,especiallyhissonnetsandplaysfrommultipletheoreticalperspectives.ThefirstintroductionofShakespeare‟sworkscanbedatedbackto1903,whenShanghaiDawenPresspublishedEnglishShakespeare:LegendsFromOverseasinclassicalChinese.In1924,TianHantranslatedHamletintovernacularChinese,signifyingthebeginningoftheChinesetranslationofShakespeare‟sworks.FollowinghimHuShiputforwardtheplanoftranslatingthefullsetofShakespeare‟splays.Fromthenon,aseriesofprominentscholarsandtranslatorsengagedintranslatingShakespeare‟splaysandmanagedtoproduceconsecutivepiecesoffinetranslations.ThemostrepresentativeincludesLiangShiqiu,GuZhongyi,CaoYu,ZhuShenghao,FangPing,ZhuDayu,YuErchang,BianZhilin.AmongthemthetranslationworksofLiangShiqiu,ZhuShenghaoandFangPingarethemostinfluentialinChina.LiangShiqiu,astheforerunneroftranslatingShakespeare‟sworks,spentthirty-sevenyearsendeavoringtoreproducethelanguageandverveofShakespeare‟sworkstoChineseaudience.AllhistranslationswerepublishedbyFarEastPublishingHouseinTaiwan.ZhuShenghaocompletedtranslationofthirty-oneplaysintotal,whichconstitutesthemajorcomponentofTheCompleteWorksofShakespeare’sPlays,themostpopularChineseversionpublishedbyPeople‟sLiteraturePublishingHousein1978.Duringthe1990s,FangPingaccomplishedhistranslationinversestyle,whichsethimapartfromprevioustranslatorswhoseversionsweremostlyintheformofprose.ThislatesttranslationwaslatercompiledinTheNewVersionofShakespeare’sCollectedWorksreleasedbyHebeiEducationPress.5万方数据 Despitetheon-goingtrendoftranslatingShakespeare‟sworks,studiesonthesetranslationsalsoproceeded.AccordingtoLiWeimin,morethan150academicpapersthhadbeenpublishedsincethemid-20century.(LiWeimin,2004:47)Meanwhile,basedonstatisticspresentedbyFengHongandWangHua,duringthetimespanfrom1980to2010,atotalof41papersonthetranslationofShakespeare‟sworkswereembodiedinCNKIand167onWanfangDatabase(FengHong&WangHua,2011:93-97).Inretrospect,alargeproportionoftheearlystudiesaregenerallyintendedtosummarizetranslationstrategiesbasedonthecritics‟owntranslationexperience,focusingonaddressingsuchissuesaswhetherthetranslationhaveauthenticallyreflectedfeaturesandstylesofShakespeare‟slanguageandconveyedinfidelitythethemesandemotionsexpressedintheoriginalartisticcreations.Thoughilluminatingontranslationpractice,thesestudiesfailedtorespondtothedevelopmentofmodernlinguisticsandtranslationtheories,andweremoreorlesssubjectiveinnature.Subsequentstudiesshiftedfocustomoremacrolevel,withconcernsontheculturaldifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishbackground,theinfluentialfactorsthatshapedistinctivestylesoftranslators,andtheeffectoftransmittingthephilosophicalconcernfromoriginalplaystotranslations.Morelatelystudiesarecarriedoutwithcloserelevancetolinguistics,andsignificantdiscoveriesaremadefromtheperspectiveofdeconstructionism,intertexcuality,metaphoricexpression,aswellaspragmaticfunctionoftypicalwordsandphrasesinboththeoriginalandtranslatedtexts.ThoughprevioustranslationstudiesofShakespeare‟splayswerequitediversified,theseresearcheswerepredominantlynarrowinscopeasmanyofthemfocusonjustseveralplayssuchasHamlet,orRomeoandJuliet,HenryIV,andMacbethorevenoneplay,andwerelargelyqualitativeinnature.Besides,explanationsrelatedtolinguisticswereusuallyillustratedwithlimited,sporadicexamples,withoutsufficientandcomprehensivestatisticstodemonstratetheauthentictrendofcertainlanguagephenomenon.WiththeadvancementofDTSduring1990s,corpus,asadistinctiveresearchmethodologymakessignificantinroadsintothestudyoftranslation,especiallythestudyofliterarytranslation.MergingtheadvantageofcorpuslinguisticsandDTS,CTSiswidelyadoptedtosystematicallydescribethenatureoftranslationbystudyingtargettextsthroughstatisticalanalysesandtheoreticalillustration.Itanalyzescomputer-readablematerialstoinvestigatepatternsandcommonfeaturesoftranslationinobjectivemanner.Itsultimategoalistoprobelawsandinherentmotivesoftranslationlanguageandtodiscoverfactorsthatinfluencethegenerationoffeaturesoftranslatedtexts(HuKaibao,2011:7).Observableachievementmadeinthisareaincludesstudiesofconstructionofcorpusforthepurposeoftranslationstudies,corpus-basedstudyoftranslationuniversalsandtranslationnorms,corpus-basedstudyoflinguisticfeaturesoftranslatedtexts,andcorpus-basedstudyoftranslator‟sstyles.Withinnateadvantageofauthenticmaterialextraction,automaticgenerationofstatistics,andbilingualconcurrence,CTSalsopromotesothertranslationstudieslikethecognitiveprocessoftranslation,thereproductionofinterpersonalmeaningintranslatedtextandculturalcontrastofChineseandEnglishfrombrand-newperspectives.Inaddition,thisempiricalapproachisincreasingly6万方数据 appliedinstudyingtranslationsofShakespeare‟splayswithrelevancetotheapplicationofCooperativePrinciple,theSpeechActTheory,BrownandLevinson‟stheoryonface-savingetc.Inresponsetothesestudies,thispapercarriesoutacorpus-basedstudiesofLiangShiqiu‟s,ZhuShenghao‟sandFangPing‟stranslationsofTheCompleteWorksofShakespeare’sPlays,23playsintotal,withthefocusontheiruseofSHIconstructionfromcognitiveandpragmaticperspectives.2.2StudiesofSHIConstruction2.2.1StudiesofCausativeConstructionWhatiscausative?Asauniversalsemanticconceptofhumanlanguage,“causative”hasbeenahotdebateforcenturiesanditsearliestorigincanbedatedtothephilosophicalcontroversiesincitedbythemetaphysicalandepistemologicaldivergenceamongphilosophersinwesternhistory.Asacrucialfocusinmetaphysicdimension,causativeisbestmanifestedbyKant‟sTheory,whoconstruescausativeasapriori,andputtheconnectionbetweencauseandeffectinsuchawayas“everythingthathappens,thatis,beginstobe,presupposessomethinguponwhichitfollowsaccordingtoarule”(Walsh,1975:135-136).Inepistemologicaldimension,however,causativefallstoasubcategoryofepistemology.Lockcharacterizesitasaconnectionbetweensensationandsensedobject.Goingontotwentiethcentury,modernphilosophersstrivestillforfurtherdiscoveries.DavisonandLewisregardcausesandeffectsasobjects,anddeemedbothnothinginidenticalwithoneandtheother(Owens,1992:96-101).Davisoncontendthatcausationisarelationbetweeneventandobjects,renderedbythetwo-placepredicate„casuse‟,andshouldbedistinguishedfromanyexplanatoryconnectionwithinthetruesentence(Ducasse,1951:121-127).ForLewis,thebuiltupofcausativerelationisbetteranalyzedintermsofnecessitycondition,namely,hadthecausenotoccurred,theeffectwouldnothaveoccurred(Lewis,1973:12).Apparently,aconsensusondefiningcausativeinphilosophicalfieldisproveddifficult.Apossibleway-outistherebyproposedbyWilsonandKeil,whosemainargumentistoadoptanempiricalaccountthatlinkcausativewithprobability,andthenevaluatethealgorithmstobejustifiedonthebasisoftheaccount.Thisproposalliterallysetadefiningtoneforfollowingstudiesoncausativefromlinguisticandcognitiveperspectives(ibid.:16).thDuringthesecondhalfofthe20century,linguisticstudiesonthenatureofcausativeandcausativeconstructionusheredinaboomingera.Withtherisingdevelopmentofcomponentialsemanticsandgenerativesemantics,linguiststendtodefinecausativethroughinterpretingthesemanticmeaningandfunctionofcausativeverbs.Lyonsregardscausativesinasafemanner,asaclassoftwo-placeverbsthatappearintransitiveconstructions,whoseoriginscanbetracedfrom“eitherone-placeintransitives,ormorehistorically,fromcorrespondingintransitiveverbsorintransitive„adjectival‟verbsthroughaseriesofproductivemorphologicalprocesses(Lyons,1977:359-60).Heproposesthatcausativeverblike„kill‟in„AkilledB‟,iflookedfromanotherpointofview,canbeconceivedasacausativeverb,toindicate7万方数据 aneventorprocesswherebyacauseproducesaneffectorresult(Lyons,1977:491).Forthesimilarcase,“kill”underthetraditionalframeworkofcomponentialsemantics,isdecomposedinto“causetodie”and“causetobecomedead”,untiltheultimatecomponentialstructure“causetobecomenotalive”isachievedtosignifythesharedsemanticcharacteristicsidentifiedintheforgoingcomponentialstructures(LiangXiaobo,2007:46).Moreno(1995),inasimilarmanner,exploresawaytodefinecausativebydecipheringtheoriginalsemanticcomponentswithinacausativeconstruction.Hecontendsthatacausativeconstructionissupposedtocontainthreesemanticfeatures：purpose,transitionandforce,amongwhich“purpose”isregardedasexplicitfactors,thusoptionalinagivencausativeconstruction;incontrastto“transition”and“force”,whichareimplicitandrequiredfactors.Simultaneously,generativelinguistsareendeavoringtoanalyzecausativeinlightoftransformativeprocess(Moreno,1995:155-164).Lakoff(1987)speciallycreates“+CAUSATIVE”asthesemanticidentifierforcausativeconstruction.Inhisview,causativeverbcomesinshapefromtherisingof“inchoativeverb”,whichisderivedfromacorresponding“stateadjective”,wherebythecausativetransformationisachieved（Lakoff,1987:77-83）.Toillustrate,threesentencesarepresentedasfollows:1)Thelightsaredim.2)Thelightdimed.3)Theydimmedthelights.Inabovecases,causativeverb“dimmed”inthethirdsentencerisesfrominchoativeverb“dimed”inthesecondsentence,whichinitiallyevolvesfromthestateadjective”dim”inthefirstsentence.Theframeworkofgenerativesemanticsexposestheevolvingmechanismofcausativeconceptbyuncoveringitssemanticgenerationandcontractualtransformation.Itwithoutdoubtadvancestheinvestigationofcausativeconstructionprofoundly,butfallsshortinitsunilateralemphasisonsemanticanalysiswithouttakingintoaccountitscognitiverelevance.Cognitivelinguistsbroadenthevisionofstudiesoncausative,andcontinuetomakeprogressinthisfield.Acknowledgingtheprofoundconceptualarchetypeimbeddedincausative,LeonardTammyin1981putforwardForce-Dynamicssystemtoanalyzethecognitiveinherenceofcausativeconstruction.ByplacingForceDynamicsintoabroadercontextofcognitivesemantics,Tammytreatedcausativeastherelationbetweenaprecipitatingeventandaresultantevent.Twoforce-exertingentitiesarepresentedinthissystem,respectivelyassignedtheroleofAgonistandAntagonist,eithertowardsanactionortowardsrest.TheoutcomeofForce-Dynamicscenariodependsontheintrinsictendencyandthebalancebetweenthetwoforces.Sucharelationischaracterizedbythenatureofthesharedinformationandthewaythattheentitiescarryoutthecausativeevents(Frawley,1992:161).Apartfromdecipheringitsschematicbasis,Tammyalsomadeadistinctionbetweenfundamentalcausativeeventandcomplexcausativeevent,meanwhileinvestigatestheclassification,featuresandthegradingofcausativesequenceofcausativewithintheForce-Dynamicframework.Similarexplorationshavealsobeenconductedbyseveralothercognitivelinguists.Haiman(1991)discussedcausativeinrelationtoiconicitybyinvestigatingaseriesofsemanticandformalparameters.Helinkedcausativeconstructiontolanguagesformsascoordinationandsubordinationtoillustratethenatureofdistanceiconicitycontainedincausativeconcept.WhereasFauconnier&8万方数据 Turner(1996)redefinedcausativeagainstthetheoreticalbackdropofConceptualIntegrationTheory,uponwhich,theconceptofcausativeisgeneratedinINPUT3(blendingspace)bytheintegrationofsharedmappingfactorsprojectedfromINPUT1(grammaticalspace)andINPUT2(conceptualspace).Thediversitiesofresearchmethodologiesandtheoreticalframeworksrelieduponrevealthecomplexityofcausativeinnatureanditsmultiplepossibilitiesofpotentialstudies.Itcanbeperceivedthatpreviousresearchersdiffervastlyinthedefinitionofthisspecificnotion,thereforeaconciseandwidely-acceptedunderstandingofcausativeisdrawnuponheretomakewayforfollowingstudiesofthisthesis:causativereferstothenecessaryrelationbetweentwoevents,i.e.,thecausingeventandthecausedevent.Inthisrelation,theagentmakesforceuponthepatient,renderingachangeofstateormovementofthelatter.The“necessaryrelation”isinterpretedinsuchthattheoccurrenceofthecausedeventisexclusivelydependentontheoccurrenceofcausingevent,andinnoscenariowouldithavetakenplaceinanothertimeorspaceshouldthecausingeventnothavehappened.Acausativeconstruction,inlinguistics,isaconstructionthatexpressessuchrelation,withacausativeverbwithintheconstructionasagrammaticaldenotationofforceimposedbyagenttothepatient.Asaresultofthemorphologicalevolvement,causativeconstructionhastakenonvariousforms,andtheclassificationofcausativeconstructionnaturallyjumpedintothestudyfocusoftypologicallinguists,aspresentedinthefollowing.2.2.2ClassificationofCausativeConstructionAsabasicsyntacticcategoryinallhumanlanguage,causativeconstructionhaspresenceindifferentlanguageswithdifferentvestofforms.Inadvancingthestudiesofcausativeintermsoftypology,ComrieandShibataniareamongthemostinfluential.Bothoftheirtypologicalstandardsareestablishedbasedoncausativeverbs,andarehighlysystematicandmostwidely-acknowledged.Comrie(1981)seestheevolvementofcausativeconstructionasatransitiveprogressfromsynthesistoanalyses.Hecategorizescausativesintothreetypes:morphologicalcausatives,lexicalcausativesandanalyticcausatives(Comrie,1981:22).Morphologicalcausative,alsoknownassyntheticcausatives,istheresultofaffixation.Insuchconstructionthecausingeventandcausedeventareencodedinasingleverbalcomplexviacausativemorphology.Inreality,differenttypesoflanguagemayassumedifferentfeaturesinthisrespect.InEnglish,causativeverbsinsuchconstructionconsistofalargenumberof“thoseregularorweakverbswhichcanbeparaphrasedas„tocausethat‟”(Bussmann,1996:68).TheseverbsareprimarilyfoundinOldEnglishandhaveevolvedintomanymodernvocabularies.Intheinstanceof“toset(tomakesit)”,thecausativeverb“set”originatedfromoldEnglish“settan”,whichinturnevolvedfromGothic“satjan”.Itisobservedinthisscenariothatthesuffix“-tan”and“-jan”asmorphologicalindicatorsassumingthesemanticfunctionofcausative.Besides,thecausativeverbsalsorefertothosethatarederivedfromadjectives.Typicalexamplesareaffixeslike“-en/en-”,“-ize”,“-ate”,whichare9万方数据 commonlyusedtogeneratecausativeverbsoutoftheircorrespondingadjectives.SimilarexampleinChineseisdiscoveredintheexpressionof“-化”,whichisalsowidelyemployedtocreatecausativeverbsornouns.Chinesephrases“美化”and“现代化”aretypicalexamplesthatapply“化”afteradjectivestoexpressthesenseofcausative.Lexicalcausativemakesupthelargestproportionofcausativeconstructionyetareimplicitinform.Insuchconstruction,thetwoeventsareexpressedinasinglelexicalitem,asbestillustratedinthecaseofEnglishword“kill”,whichcomprisesthesyntheticmeaningofboththecausationandtheresultedeffectofthepatient.Itisoftenthecasethatwithoutmakingreferencetotheirmeaning,onecanhardlydiscernthecausativenatureentailedintheexpressionsthemselves.Casesinpointare“change”,“move”,and“turn”.BasedonBussmann‟sremark,“suchareverbsthatcanbeusedinbothtransitiveandintransitivemanner,ofwhichthetransitiveonedenotecausation”(Bussmann,1996:69).Twoexamplesarelistedasfollowsforthesakeofclarity.1)Autumnturnstheleavesyellow.2)Theleavesareturningyellow.Theanalyticcausativesrefertoconstructionscomposedofaseparatepredicatethatexpressesthenotionofcausation.Theseparatepredicateispresentedinformofanauxiliarylightverb,whichissemanticallybleachedandonlyleftwithasyntacticfunction.Thisalsograntsitselfthenameofauxiliarycausativesorperiphrasticcausative.Theconstructionstandsforascenarioinwhichthecausingeventandcausedeventareencodedinseparateclause,withtheconceptofcausationandresultpresentedinindependentpredicativeforms.Suchcategoryisoftenrealizedbytypicalcausativeverbsas“cause”,“make”,“have”inEnglish,inChineseitisusuallyfoundincausativeconstructionledby„使‟,„让‟,„叫‟,whileinFrenchby“faire”,“laisser”etc.Itisworthnotingthattheboundarybetweenthethreecategoriesisnotclear-cutbutsomethingofacontinuum.(Comrie,1981:162)Circumstanceexistswhereinsomelanguagesthecausativeconstructionmayoverlaptwocategories.SuchlinguisticphenomenonusuallyappearsinJapaneseandsomeoftheEuropeanlanguages.AsthisthesismainlydealswithSHIconstructionanditsEnglishcorrespondenceinoriginalplays,suchoverlappingcategoryisnotincludedinthescopeofourdiscussion.Shibatani‟s(1976)classificationofcausativeconstructionisstipulatedintermsofthethematicroleofthecausee.Hedividescausativeintotwocategories:lexicalcausativeandproductivecausative.ThisclassificationechoeswiththatofComrieinawaythatitintegratesmorphologicalcausativeandlexicalcausativeintoonetype,thelexicalcausative;thustheproductivecausativeiscorrespondenttotheanalyticcausativeproposedbyComrie.Distinguishingthethematicroleofcausee,itcanbefoundthatthecauseeinlexicalcausativeispatientivewhilewithproductivecausativeitisagentive.Puttingbothtoacomparisonofsituations,forlexicalcausative,theexecutionofthecausedsituationiswhollydependentonthecausingsituation,whichinmostcasesentailsaspatio-temporalcoincidenceofbothsituationsthatleadstotheconceptualizationoftheentirecausativesituationasonesinglesituation;whereasforproductivecausative,thecauseeispossessedwithacertaindegreeofautonomous10万方数据 volition,thusthecausingandcausedsituationdonotneedtooverlapspatio-temporallyandnaturallynotberegardedasonesituation(Shibatani,1976:82-87).Tomanifestthecausativerelationbetweenthecauserandcauseinamoreintuitiveway,Shibatanialsotermslexicalcausativeasdirectcausativeandproductivecausativeasindirectcausative(Shibatani,1976:23).InChinese,themorphologicalcausativesdoexistinoldChinese,typicallypresentwithanintonationmarkerontopofthecausativepredicatetoindicatethecausativemeaning.Nevertheless,evolvementofChinesehasgonethroughalongwayandsuchcausativeconstructionrarelyfindstraceinvernacularandmodernChinese.Shibatani‟sclassificationofcausativeconstructionisthusemployedinthisthesistoaccommodatetheChinesevernacularlanguageinthechosencorpus,andtheSHIconstructiontobestudiedshallthusbecategorizedasproductivecausative,followingthetypologicalarchetypeproposedbyShibatani.2.2.3StudiesofSHIConstructionSHIconstructionisabasiccausativeconstructionofChinese.Typologically,itfallstothecategoryofproductivecausativewiththeChinesecharacter“使”presentsasanexplicitmakerassumingtheroleofcausativepredicate.PreviousstudiesonSHIconstructionhavebeenextensivelycarriedoutandmainlyfocusonthreeaspects.FirstistheSemanticandsyntacticalstudiesonSHIconstruction.XingFuyi(1979)fromtheperspectiveofcompoundsentences,exploresthesyntacticalfunctionofcauserinSHIconstruction,whichhedeemedas“potential”inmostcases,specificallyexplainedasnotrepresentingagrammaticalsubject,andhaslargeextentofvaguenessandflexibility.LiDazhong(1996)makesaninvestigationoftheconstructionof“NP1+SHI+NP2+VP”,andcomprehensivelydiscussesitfromsemanticconnotationstosyntacticalstructures.ShiWenzhi(2001)classifiesSHIconstructionintermsofthesemanticconceptof“SHI”inChinese,namely,thosewhere“SHI”expressesthemeaningof“tosend”and“toemploy”;ormoreabstract,“tomake”and“tocause”.YuanShulin(2002)analyzestheabsenceofcontextanditsrelationtoitssyntacticalellipsis,specificallythepersonalpronounincludedinthecausativeconstructionthatfunctionsasthesubject;andhefurtherarguesthepossibilityofitsvariedforms.GuoShuhui(2004)investigatestheconditionoftheformationofSHIconstructionthatdisplayinthebasicformof“A+SHI+B+C”.Hecontendsthattorealizesuchcondition,“SHI”shouldindicatesthesolemeaningof“tocause”,andAperformsboththegrammaticalroleofsubjectandsemanticroleofcauserwithCbeingcompetentenoughtoreasonablyaccountfortheultimateresultorstateofB.StudiesofSHIconstructionincomparisonwithothersyntacticstructuresalsoprovedtobeanacademicconcernofscholars.ŌtaTatsuo(1987)makesandistinctionbetweentypicalcausativeverbs“SHI”,“SHIDE”and“RANG”withrespectstotheirhistoricalevolvement,geographicaldistributionandsemanticdifferences.HuYunwan(2002)distinguishes“SHIconstruction”from“LINGconstruction”intermsofsemanticconcept,syntacticstructureandstyle,attemptingtosearchfortheinherenthistoricalreasonsthatleadtosuchdifferences.LiuZhonghua(2005)points11万方数据 outtheaspectsthatset“SHIconstruction”apartfromotherconventionaltelescopicconstructions,whicharemainlyreflectedintheirdisparatesyntacticalrequirements,semanticstructureandfeatures.YaoXiaoying(2000)employsDixon‟ssystemof9scalarparameterstotestthelevelofcausingeffectinChinese“SHIconstruction”,“RANGconstruction”and“JIAOconstruction”.Asprovenbytheresearchresult,thecausingeffectofSHIconstructioniscomparativelystrongerthanthatoftheothertwoconstructions.Apartfromtheabovefields,SHIconstructionwasalsoastudyinterestofcognitivelinguists.ChengQilong(2011)contendsthatthesemanticstructureofcausationisconstructedviadifferentmannersbythreetypesofpredications,thespatialrelation,theprogressrelationandthecausativerelation.Basedonthishefurtheranalyzesthelocational,genitiveandpropertyaspectofcausativeconstructions.XiangKaixi(2002)putforwarda“Dual-forcedsemanticstructure”byseparatingNP1andNP2inChinesetelescopicconstructionasdirectcauserandindirectcauser,withasubsequentdiscussionofthesemanticandfunctionaldisparitiesbetweenthetelescopicconstruction,serialverbconstructionandverbcomplementconstructionrespectively,fromtheaspectoftheforcedynamics.HuangJinzhang(2004)investigatesthecontinuumandcompactnessofthepresentformsofChinesecausativeconstructionsbyselecting“formaldistance”and“productivity”asparameterstoexamthelevelofcompactnessindifferentformsofChinesecausativeconstructions,forwhichheattributesiconicitytothedifferencesofcompactnessrevealedinsemanticmeaningsandforms.ZhouHong(2005)reframesthecategoryofcausationinlightofimageschema,semanticstructureandgrammaticalstructureofcausativeconstruction;meanwhileheputforwardseveralprinciplestoidentifytheentailedconditionsofcausativesentencewhereSHIconstructioncanbepossiblyinducedfrom.Inretrospect,previousstudiesonSHIconstructiondemonstrateawidecoverageoftopicsandperspectiveswherecontroversialopinionsclash,convergeanddevelop.OnethingworthtobenoticedistheseemingabsenceofSHIconstructionintranslatedtext.Albeitwehavestudiesoninter-languagetranslationofcausativeconstruction,yetmostoftheiracademicconcernisthetranslationofcausativeconstructionfromEnglishtoChinese,theotherwayaroundbeingrarelyfocused.OrelsetheresearchisconductedbasedsolelyonoriginaltextwritteninChinese.ForthosethatdotouchuponSHIconstructioninChinesetranslatedmaterials,examplescitedareeithersporadicorshortinquantities,renderingtheconclusionhighlysusceptibletovastscopeofapplications.Thisthesisadvocatesaconcernforthisvacantrealm,byadoptingthemethodologyofcorpustoguaranteeampleandreliabledateresourcestobereliedupon,makesaninvestigationofSHIconstructioninChinesetranslatedtext,thedramatexttobespecific,inthehopeofbroadeningtheangleofviewingthisChineseconstructionandenrichingthestudiesofChinesetranslationsofShakespeare‟splays.12万方数据 Chapter3ResearchDesign3.1CorpusesUsedintheResearch—ECPCSC&CCOPTworesearchmaterialsareemployedinthisthesis:theEnglishChineseParallelCorpusofShakespeare‟splays(ECPSCE)andCorpusofChineseOriginalPlays(CCOP).BothwerecompiledbytheCenterforTranslationStudiesandLexicographyofShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity.ECPSCEconsistsofthreeChinesetranslationsof23Shakespeare‟splays,translatedbyLiangShiqiu,ZhuShenghao,andFangPingrespectively.BasedonstatisticsshownonParaConc,thiscorpusholdsacapacityof528,774Englishwordsand4,272,854Chinesecharacters,amongwhichLiang‟stranslationcontributesto1,314,258characters,Zhu‟stranslation1,389,195charactersandFang„stranslation1,411,342characters.The23playsembodiedinECPCSCcoverShakespeare‟smostwell-knowntragedies,comedies,legendaryplays,andhistoricalplays,specificallypresentedasfollows:All’sWellThatEndsWell,AntonyandCleopatra,Cymbeline,HenryIVPartI,HenryIVPartII,JuliusCaesar,KingJohn,Pericles,PrinceofTyre,RichardII,TheComedyofErrors,TheMerchantofVenice,TheMerryWivesofWindsor,TheTempest,MuchAdoAboutNothing,Othello,TheWinter’sTale,TimonofAthens,TitusAbdronicus,TwelfthNight,TwoGentlemenofVerona,MeasureforMeasure,AsYouLikeItandCoriolanus.TheEnglishoriginaltextusedinthiscorpusistheOxfordeditionofTheCompleteWorksofWilliamShakespearepublishedbyOxfordUniversityPressin1914.FortheChinesetranslations,LiangShiqiu‟sversionwasthe2011editionpublishedbyChinaRadioandTelevision&TheFarEastBookCo.,Ltd.ZhuShenghao‟sversionwasthe1994editionpublishedbythePeople‟sLiteratureHouse,andFangPing‟sthe2000editionpublishedbyHebeiEducationPress.Asobservedfromtheoriginaltexts,ECPSCEisquitecomprehensiveandmeaningfullybalanced,andtheembodimentofthreecorrespondingtranslationsalsomakespossiblethecomparisonbetweendifferenttranslatorsforprospectivestudiesoftranslationstyles,featuresandtranslationnormsetc.CCOPisadoptedinthisthesisasasubsidiaryinstrumenttoinvestigatehowtheuseofSHIconstructionintranslatedtextsmaydifferfromthatoftheChineseoriginalplays.Thecorpuscontainsacapacityofapproximately110,000characters,andembodies23ChineseoriginalplayscreatedbyfourrenownedChineseplaywrights,i.e.,CaoYu,Laoshe,GuoMoruoandTianHan.The23playscollectedinthiscorpusare《雷雨》,《日出》,《原野》,《北京人》,《王昭君》,《艳阳天》,《胆剑篇》,《明朗的天》,《正在想》writtenbyCaoYu;《茶馆》,《残雾》,《龙须沟》,《西望长安》,《神拳》,《方珍珠》,《春华秋实》,《归去来兮》,《全家福》,《大地龙蛇》writtenbyLaoShe;《屈原》、《蔡文姬》、《武则天》writtenbyGuoMoruo;and《关汉卿》writtenbyTianHan.ItisworthmentioningthatthecreationperiodsoftheseembodiedoriginalplayssynchronizeswiththatofthetranslationworksofShakespeare‟splayinECPSCE(bothoccurduringthefirsthalfofthetwentieth13万方数据 century),thustheconclusiveresultsgeneratedonbasisofthetwocorpusescanbedeemedtheoreticallycomparablewithreferentialvalues.3.2ResearchToolsAccompanyingthedevelopmentofCorpus-basedtranslationstudiesistheadvanceofsoftware/programsdesignedtofacilitateresearches‟studies.Someofthemareusedforcorpusconstructionwhileothersfordataminingandanalysis.GiventhefactthatECPCSCandCCOPhavebothbeenaccomplished;thecorpus-constructingsoftwarewouldbeexcludedfromdiscussion.Fordataretrievingandanalysis,asthestudyinvolvestwocorpuses,onebeingbilingual,theothermonolingual,differentsoftwaresareadoptedforsearchingandprocessinginformation.TheinvestigationoftheuseofSHIconstructioninECPCSCwilluseParaconc,apracticalresearchtooldevelopedbyMichaelBarlowin1995withversatilefunctionsofmulti-languagealignment,frequencystatistics,hotwordsearchetc.Bytypingin“使”,theexplicitmarkerof“SHIconstruction”inthesearchentry,theParaconcwindowwilldisplayaseriesofpotentialSHIconstructioncontaining“使”intranslationtextwithEnglishconcordancesimultaneouslylinedupascomparablereferenceontheright.Besides,thefrequencyfunctioncandisplayimmediatelyobservablefrequenciesofallthewordsandcharactersoccurredintheloadedfile,renderinganreadilyavailableaccesstothefrequencyof“使”ineachtranslatedversioninthiscase.ToexploretheuseofSHIconstructioninCOPC,Wordsmithisappliedforthismonolingualcorpus.SimilarwithParaconc,itisalsopossessesthedualfunctionsofmaterialresearchandautomaticcalculationoffrequencies,thusinstancesandfrequencyofSHIconstructioninChineseplayscanalsobeobtained.UponreceivingtheusefulinstancesandfrequenciesofSHIconstruction,thesignificanceofdifferencesbetweenthethreetranslatedversionsinECPCSCandChineseoriginalplaysareinplacetobevalued.A“Chi-squareCalculator”softwareisusedtoidentifywhetherthespotteddifferenceissignificantenoughtodenotethedistinctionofthecomparedsubjects.ThissoftwareisdevelopedbyProfessorLiangMaochengfromShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityforcomparingwordfrequenciesthroughtwoparameters:Chi-square(valuedby2χ)andsignificance(valuedbyp).ItisidealfortheinvestigationofSHIconstructionforanotherreasonthatittakesthedisparityinthecapacityofdifferentcorpusesintoaccount,whichissuitabletoapplytothecomparisonoftheuseofSHIconstructionbetweentranslatedtextsandChineseoriginalplaysgiventhetwocorpusesaredifferentinsize.Fornotification,thebifurcationofthep‟svalueis0.05.Tobespecific,ifthevalueofp