2018版高中语文人教版《中国小说欣赏》学案：第五单元 第9课 《家》——祖孙之间

巴西石油体制改革回顾（AreviewofthereformofpetroleumsysteminBrazil）AreviewofthereformofpetroleumsysteminBrazilInJanuary1998,BrazilunderthenewpetroleumlawestablishedtheNationalPetroleumAgency(ANP),launchedtheoilreform,cancelthemonopolyofthestateoilcompany,forprivateandforeigncapitaltoopentheoilfield.Overthepast10years,theoriginalmonopolycompanyrevitalization,explorationanddevelopmentofthemarketdynamic,Brazil'soilproductionandreservesarealmostdoubled,becomeanetexporterofoilfromanetimporterofoilandattheendof2007.Brazil,apetroleumsystemreformprocessIn90s,theBrazileconomyisinarelativelydifficultperiod.ThisisthetransformationofLatinAmerica'slargesteconomytoenjoyhigheconomicgrowth,withthedecreaseinforeigninvestment,economicimbalanceandotherfactors,economicgrowthrateslowed,inflation.Pressureathomeandabroad,thegovernmentofBraziltofurtherdeepenthereformof,theimplementationofaseriesofnewpoliciestochangethissituation,focusonfinancialreform,economicrestructuringandprivatization,topromotemarketeconomyorientedeconomicpolicy.Itisinthiscontext,thereformofpetroleumsysteminBrazilhasbeenputontheschedule.Before1997,Petrobrasasthenationaloilcompany,istheonlyoneinthepetroleumexplorationanddevelopment,hastheconstitutionaladministrativemonopolyprivileges,Petrobras wasformallyestablishedinMarch1954,accordingtotheoldoillawpromulgatedinOctober1953,PetrobrasonbehalfoftheStateresponsibleforallthepetroleumexplorationanddevelopmentinBrazil,crudeoilandnaturalgasaswellasmanufacturedgoodstransport,includingshippingandpipelinetransport.Inadditiontoalreadyhadtwosmallprivaterefineries,allrefiningbusinesshasbeencollectedinthebagPetrobras.Inthehistoricalbackgroundofthetime,thisisanimportantmeasureofself-relianceinBrazilpetroleumandnaturalgasindustrydevelopment,inthesubsequentdevelopment,PetrobrasactuallycompletedtheBraziloilandgasindustrycomprehensivecontrol.Inthedecadesofexplorationanddevelopment,itshouldbesaidthatPetrobrasachievedgoodresults.In1997,BrazilNissanmillionbarrelsofcrudeoilintotheranksofthecountry,rankedsixteenth,thankstoPetrobras'sperformance.Butinthelongrun,onlybusinessbutalsotoPetrobrassubsequentweakness,Brazilpetroliferousbasinisnumerous,richinresources,buthasbeenhighlydependentonimportedoil,theoilindustryhasbeenplaguedbytheproblemofinsufficientinvestment.Intheabsenceofcompetitionenvironment,thestate'slowefficiencyandhighwastehavebecomeincreasinglyprominent.Inthecontextofeconomicreform,thehighlymonopolizedpetroleumsystemandtheBrazilNewDealadvocatedbymarketeconomyathomeandabroadforopendrawfurtherapart,theoilfieldhasbecomeincreasinglyhigh.Inthetideofeconomicreform,asamonopolycompanybecameatargetforallPetrobras.Backnow,thereformofpetroleumsysteminBrazilismoreof atop-downreform,wasthereformofthepoliticalsystemandeconomicsystemisanimportantpartofthe.Accordingtotheframeworkoftheoriginaldesign,shouldconductathoroughprivatizationofPetrobras,sincethemonopolyharmisself-evident,breakingthemonopolyofthemorethoroughthebetter.Thenewsystemofpropertyrights,clearrulesofatarget.InNovember1995,theBrazilconstitutionof1988editionofanewroundofamendments,including177thontheBraziloilcompanyPetrobrasinthefieldofpetroleummonopolyfromtheangleofconstitutionisterminated.Oilreformkickedoffthis.Withthereformoftheoppositionwavewave,inadditiontothefactorsoflosingmoreisvestedinterest,concernforthenationalinterests.TheoilindustryveteransrecallinsettingupthePetrobrashardandcreatebrillianthistoryofself-relianceinBraziloilindustry,thinkthismonopolyisnecessary,butalsoeffective,lashedoutatthereformasabetrayalofnationalinterests.SomepeopleevenspreadthewesterncountriesinBrazil'spoliticalspokespersontoborrowreformstooccupyBrazil'soilwealth.Manypeopleareveryconcernedaboutthereformofthestatepropertyistransparentandfair,willbecarvedupandsale.Atthattime,Brazilisanetimporterofoil,ThereformthatPetrobrasismorelikeabusiness.InMay2002,Petrobrasestablishedanewstrippingtransportbusiness,calledTranspetrotransportationcompany, responsibleforcrudeoilandnaturalgastransportationbusiness,includingtheoperationofpipelines,portsandotherassets.Accordingtotheprovisionsofthepetroleumlaw,theseassetsfollowthethirdpartyaccessprinciple,othercompaniescanequaluseofthesetransportinfrastructure.Atthesametime,Petrobrasalsosoldsomelandonthemarginalbenefitoftailingsandlowyieldwells,theseinitiativeswillallowPetrobrastofocusmoreonoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentofthemainbusiness.Theenhancementofinternationalcompetitivenessisanimportantgoalofthereform.AfterthereformofPetrobrasintegrationmakesnapinternationalbusiness,internationalbusinesswillberesponsiblefortheBraspetrocompanydirectlyincorporatedintoPetrobrasasdirectlyundertheDepartment,andtheevolutionofanewjointventuremode,namelyforeignenterprisesandPetrobrasworktogethertocarryoutdomesticexplorationanddevelopmentbusinessinBrazil,asalsointheinternationalexchangetojointlydevelopnewbusiness.Brazilseaareaisvast,Petrobrasfurtherstrengthentheexplorationanddevelopmentofdeepseaadvantage.Petrobrashasdevelopedmanyuniqueadvantagesofdeep-seaexplorationtechnology,MarineTechnologyConference2001Petrobrasagainwontheaward,theawardrepresentsthemostoutstandingachievementinthisfield.Thereisanadvertisementmemorable,itisadeepseafish,lookingatadrillpipeautomaticspeaking:livinginthe3000metersbelowthewaterdepth,weonlyknowthehumanisPetrobras.In2003,Petrobrasusheredinthe50thanniversarybirthday, asgoodnews,afterthereformation,injust6years,Petrobrasagainwillyielddoubled,plusdomestictotaloutputabroadreached2millionbarrelsofdailyproductionscale.InApril21,2006,PresidentLulaboardedthePetrobrasintheCamposbasinP-50marinedrillingplatform,productionstartbutton,theofficialannouncementofthenewoilproduction.Themaximumoilyield,whichwillbringabouttheBraziloilself-sufficiency.Atpresent,Petrobrashasbeenin27countriesintheworldtocarryoutthepetroleumexplorationanddevelopmentbusiness,oneoftheworld'sleadingoilcompanieslisted.BasedontheperformanceofPetrobrasin2006,theDowJonesindexistheindexsystemofPetrobrasoftheirincome.Accordingtoreports,Petrobrasin2011beforetheplanfortheexplorationanddevelopmentoffundswillreach$39billion.RecentlyPetrobrashasconfirmedthattheforeignTupioilfieldandmajordiscoveries,preliminarytestsindicatethatthisislocatedinthesouthernwatersofBrazilabout250kilometersofthesaltundertherecoverableoilreserveswillreach50-7billionbarrels,andlightcrudeoil,saiditwillbethelargestoilfieldintheworldinrecentyearsfoundthatthisfindingcanBrazildirectlytotheexistingoilreservescanbeincreasedbyabout50%.InthejustconcludedBrazilhostedbytheNationalPetroleumagency,theninthroundofbiddingblock,Petrobraswillalsotake27blocksasthemostpromising.Asoneoftheworld'smostfamousoilcompany,Petrobrasinthe"oilIntelligenceWeekly"thelatestrankings,rankedthe world'soilcompanieslistfifteenth.Inordertoindicatethatitisnolongerastatemonopolycompany,onthesitePetrobrasstressedthatheistheworld'sseventhlargestpubliclytradedoilcompanypublic.Overthepast10years,incontrasttoPetrobrasandpeoplehadfeared,notonlydidnotdecline,butusheredinmoredevelopment.Three,theexplorationanddevelopmentofopenmarketAstheoilresourcemanagement,BrazilNationalPetroleumagencyhaslauncheda9roundofinternationaloilbiddingactivities,theninthroundofbiddingactivitiesjustended,theinternationaltendertookout271blocksrecord,9basinsoftheseblocksarescatteredintheseaandonland,atotalareaof73thousandsquarekilometers.After10yearsofpractice,BrazilNationalPetroleumagencyisknownfortenderingandbiddingactivities,fromthereleaseofinformation,toresearchandtechnologypromotion,publichearings,everythingingoodorderandwellarranged,ThebiddingactivitiesbeganfrommidJulylastyear,lastedlessthanhalfayearended.AccordingtoBrazil'sNationalPetroleumagencytenderofficialwebsiteinformation,intheninthroundofbidding,theexplorationanddevelopmentblockofBrazilhasbeenauthorizedby505,whichisintheexplorationperiodoftheblockinvolving55domesticandforeigncompaniestoenterthedevelopmentperiodofblockof17company,Brazilengagedin thetotalnumberofpetroleumexplorationanddevelopmentandproductionthecompanyis60.Afterthereformofpetroleum,multinationaloilcompanyofBrazilpetroleuminvestmentsetoffanewupsurge.Thecompetitionbringsvitality,animportantprerequisiteforsuccessfulblockistohaveenoughinvestment.Atthesametime,thedomesticinvestmentintheoilfieldcompanyalsobegandevelopinglikebambooshootsafteraspringrain.Therapidgrowthofoilinvestmentreform,tenyears,thecompanyinBrazilhasinvestedbillionsofdollarsofinvestmentforexploration,theseworklaidthefoundationoflargeoilandgasfields.TheTupiworldclassgiantoildiscoveries,everyoneisthefruitofcooperation.Inthisproject,inadditiontoa65%stakeinPetrobrasBG,and25%ofthesharesofthecompanyandPetrogal10%ofthesharesofthecompany.Inthepastfewyears,theyhaddrilled15wellsinthisarea,atotalinvestmentofmorethan$1billionexploration.Petroleumexplorationanddevelopmentofhighinvestment,hightechnologyandlongperioddeterminesthecakeisnotsoeasytoshare.Atpresent,BrazilhassomegainsmainlysuchasBritishShell,AmericanChevron,Devineandotherlargeinternationalcompanies,alotofnewbusinessinBraziloilcompany,includinglocalcompanies,howmuchisthecooperationwithPetrobras,afterall,Petrobrashasmorethanhalfacenturyofexperience.Butthiscooperationiscompletelyvoluntary,manyprojectsPetrobrashasnotdominantoperator.InAugust2007,Devine'sPolvoprojectthroughtheexploration,evaluation,developmentofthelonghistory,formallyputintoproduction,Nissan50thousandbarrelsofcrudeoil,the projecthasnoPetrobrasfigure.Moreprojectswillbeputintooperationinsuccessioninrecentoneortwoyears.AccordingtotheBrazilpetroleumoilproductionmethod,obtainedafterinvestors,theycanaccordingtotheinternationalcrudeoilpricesinthesaleofBrazil'scrudeoilproduction.Througharoundofbiddingactivityandoilproduction,asnationalpetroleumresourceowners,throughthetaxandresourcefeetoenjoyastableincome.Petroleumsystemreform,inadditiontotheenterpriseincometax,theoriginalregularincome,thegovernmentofBraziltoincreaseinoilrevenuehasfourpieces:signingfeeandmineraltax,especiallytherightofparticipation,thelandusefee.Theoretaxisoutputby10%,butfortheexplorationanddevelopmentsupport,incomplexgeologicalarea,thisratecanbereducedto5%.Forthosewhoexpectedreturnparticularlygoodproject,thegovernmentcanalsothroughthespecialrighttoparticipateinhigherinterests.Oillawspecifiestheseincomedistributioninvariousdepartmentsandlocalgovernment.Intheonshoreexplorationanddevelopmentblock,alsochargethelandusefeepaidto0.5%-1%,theowneroftheland,tobetterensuretheinterestsofallparties.InJune1999,Brazil'sfirstpublictendertogetagoodstart,onlysigneda$140millionfeefor.Thankstothevigorofthestrongermarket,ofcourse,duetothehighoilpricesstimulatedBrazil'soilreservesarerising,accordingtoBPenergystatistics,bytheendof1996,theremainingreservesof6billion700millionbarrelsofoilinBrazil,bytheendof2006,thisfigurereached12billion200millionbarrels,almostdoubled.ThenewoilTupi,willputthe numbertoraisehalfthedaybefore,PresidentLulahassaidpubliclyinthemediatostrengthenexportstoalleviatethecurrentsituationofhighinternationaloilprices,tothepoorinthecountryofimporttothegospel.BrazilisthelargestmarketofrefinedoilinSouthAmerica,theoilreformhasbroughtvitalitytotherefinedoilmarket.Afterthereform,hundredsofwholesalersgotbusinesslicense,atthesametime,Brazilgasstationmorethan3million.Butthe11Brazilatotalof13refineriesbelongtoPetrobras,Inthiscase,theBrazilgovernmentregulationoftheoilpriceisstillrelativelystrict,andmostofthetimetheoilpricewasasamacroeconomicandpoliticalmeans,thegovernmenttoinfluencetherateofrefinedoilpricesbythecomplexityofthetaxsystemandtheinterventionofprofit.Thegovernmenthasrepeatedlystressedthatthemarketwillgraduallyimplementapricing,becauseofworryaboutPetrobraswithamonopolypriceandtheimpositionofintervention,theimplementationofthepolicyalsooftenisinfluctuation.Therearerepeatedandcompromiseisnormalontheroadofreform,thereformhasnotbeenstraighttoachievesuccess.TupioilfieldfoundthatthewholeBrazilinspired,alsobegantohavepeopleclamouringtomodifythepetroleumlaw,notwillingtoletprivateorforeigncapitaltosharegoodpetroleumresources."Thisisagroundlessstatement,wedon'tforgetisthereformtobringBrazil'soilself-sufficiency."OilconsultantPratesinaninterviewwiththeReuterssaid.ThatBrazilNationalPetroleumdirectorHaroldoLimaexplainedinaSenateCommittee:wewillcarefullyexaminethe environmentchanges,butwewillnotconsideramendingthelaw.