语法专题突破
专题一 名词和冠词
-3-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅰ.单句填空1.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)Unexpectedly,I’mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingatthetopofherlungs.2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentoverthepast25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.3.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause).4.(2018·浙江卷)MakingChinesedishes(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.5.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)Thistrendhashadsomeunintendedsideeffects(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease.
-4-高考感悟考点归纳6.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)Asaresult,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.7.(2017·全国Ⅱ卷)Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowds(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.8.(2017·全国Ⅱ卷)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.9.(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)Recentstudies(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.10.(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsideforawhile,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.
-5-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)WhenIwaslittle,Friday’snightwasourfamilygamenight.Friday’s→Friday2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Asthekid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchthem,myparentswouldnotletme.the→a3.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.在countryside前加the4.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.chicken→chickens
-6-高考感悟考点归纳考点一名词的数一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化
-7-高考感悟考点归纳
-8-高考感悟考点归纳注意①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s。如:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕。③名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:womandoctor→womendoctors。
-9-高考感悟考点归纳2.不规则变化(1)常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。(2)自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子→childrenman男人→menfoot脚,英尺→feettooth牙齿→teethmedium传播媒介→mediamouse老鼠→micephenomenon现象→phenomena
-10-高考感悟考点归纳3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:havewordswithsb.同某人吵架,inhighspirits情绪高昂,giveone’sregardstosb.向某人问候,inrags衣衫褴褛,havegoodmanners有礼貌
-11-高考感悟考点归纳二、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,wood,English,America等。Wealthstartswithagoalandsavingadollaratatime.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。glass“玻璃”(不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience“经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。
-12-高考感悟考点归纳考点二名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。1.-’s所有格①多用来表示有生命的东西。Manystudents’eyesightisgettingpoorerandpoorer.②用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。Tom’sandJim’srooms(各自的房间)TomandJim’sroom(共同的房间)
-13-高考感悟考点归纳③表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。atthebarber’sattheteacher’s2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所属关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。Fromthetopofthehill,youcangetabird’sviewofthecity.3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of+名词所有格”。aplayofShakespeare’safriendofmywife’s
-14-高考感悟考点归纳考点三不定冠词a/an的用法不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:apen一支笔;anoldman一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。The“ChineseDream”isadreamtoimprovepeople’swell-beingandadreamofharmony,peaceanddevelopment.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。2.表示“一”,相当于one。I’llreturninadayortwo.
-15-高考感悟考点归纳3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。Wehavethreemealsaday.4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于thesame。Thechildrenareofanage.5.表示类指,意为“某类……”。Hewantstobeadoctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫……的人”,或是其作品。AMr.Smithisaskingtoseeyou.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。asuccess一件成功的事/一个成功的人;apity一件遗憾的事;anhonour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。Whataheavyrain!
-16-高考感悟考点归纳9.序数词前使用冠词的情况。“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。Mr.Lihasdecidedtobuyasecondcar.Ihavefailedtwice,butI’lltryathirdtime.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择。“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”;“amost+形容词”表示“一个很/非常……”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”。Tomistheolderofthetwoboys.Thefirstunitisamostdifficultpartbutnotthemostdifficult.
-17-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用含不定冠词的固定搭配allofasudden突然asamatteroffact事实上onceaweek每星期一次ataloss不知所措,茫然beonavisit参观,拜访be/goonadiet节食givesb.alift让某人搭便车haveagiftfor...在……方面有天赋haveagoodtime玩得开心haveawordwith...与……谈话inahurry匆忙地inaway从某种意义上说
-18-高考感悟考点归纳makealiving谋生takeawalk散步takeaninterestin...对……感兴趣take/havearest休息一会儿
-19-高考感悟考点归纳考点四定冠词the一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。Ihaveacar.Thecarisred.Passmethebook,please.2.表示某一类人或物。Thebikeisausefulmeansoftransportation.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。theuniverse;themoon;thePacificOcean4.用于乐器前。playtheviolin;playthepiano
-20-高考感悟考点归纳5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。—CouldyoutellmethewaytotheGreen’s,please?—Sorry,wedon’thaveaGreenhereinthevillage.6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。ThecompasswasinventedinChina.8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指某世纪的某个年代。inthe1990’s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。Ihiredthecarbythehour.(对比Ihiredthecarbytime.)
-21-高考感悟考点归纳10.用于形容词或分词前表示一类人。therich;theliving;thewounded11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。Thesunrisesintheeast.hitsb.onthehead12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。theGreatWall;theWestLake
-22-高考感悟考点归纳13.与比较级和最高级连用。①“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。Themore,thebetter.②表示两者间“较……的一个”,比较级前加the。Whoisthetallerofthetwoboys?③三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Maryisthetallestchildinherfamily.
-23-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用定冠词的固定搭配atthemoment此刻,目前atthesametime同时bytheway顺便说一下onthespot当场makethebest/mostof...充分利用……inthedistance在远处intheend最终inthehabitof有……的习惯theotherday前几天ontheonehand...,ontheotherhand...一方面……,另一方面……tothepoint中肯,切题
-24-高考感悟考点归纳考点五零冠词一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。BeijingisthecapitalofChina.Kindnessisvirtue.Snowdissolvesintowater.
-25-高考感悟考点归纳2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.IhavebeenstudyinginthiscollegesinceJuly,2018.Wehaveaseven-dayholidayonNationalHoliday.Tomenjoysplayingchess.Theboyslikeplayingfootballafterclass.TheycanchooseothersubjectslikeArtandComputerScience.Doyouhavebreakfastathomeoratschool?
-26-高考感悟考点归纳3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词,但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。SamhasbeenappointedmanageroftheengineeringdepartmenttotaketheplaceofGeorge.I’mcaptainoftheclassteamatschool.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。I’drathertravelbybusthanairplane.
-27-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用零冠词的固定搭配infact事实上forexample例如indanger在危险中withpleasure高兴地intime及时infear恐惧地atwork在上班atdinner在吃饭afterschool放学后atfirst起初atlast最终byhand手工做的payattentionto注意setfireto放火takepridein以……为豪takecareof照顾takeoffice就职takepartin参加intown在城里keep...inmind牢记introuble处在麻烦中onfoot步行leaveword留言ontime按时
-28-高考感悟考点归纳catchsightof看见doharmto对……有害loseweight减肥
-29-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅠ.单句填空1.TheillegalhuntingofTibetantelopeusedtobeaseriousprobleminthe1990s.2.Simmonsandherhusbandgrabbedtwoboardsandpaddleddownthehumanchainuntilshereachedtheswimmers(swimmer).Sherescuedthemonebyone.3.Underthedirectionofthesephilosophicaltheories(theory),thiskungfustylegainsgoodeffectsintheboxingandswordskills.4.China’ssilkwasintroducedintowesterncountries(country)throughthisoldtraderoute.5.Theeastsideoftheirstemsgrowsfasterduringtheday,causingthestemstograduallybendfromeasttowest.
-30-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ6.JohnDewey,anAmericanpsychologist,oncesaidthatgainingothers’respectisthedeepesturgeinhumannature.7.Ahundredyearsago,explorers(explorer)atthattimeweretakingatremendousriskinapproachingthecoldwonderlandonthesouthernmosttipoftheplanet.8.Infact,figuringoutwhowillgetthebillisalwaysaheadachefortheChineseatformalmeals.9.AsChineseeconomydevelopsveryfastandplaysanimportantroleintheworld,moreandmoreforeignerslearnMandarininConfuciusInstitutes.10.Chinesepeoplearebecomingricherandmoreinternational.Whathasnotchangedistheirstomachs(stomach).
-31-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅡ.单句改错1.ShehastaughtusalotofEnglishknowledgesandhowtobeagoodcitizen.knowledges→knowledge2.Firstofall,Chinahasmadeagreatprogressinthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentinthepastdecades,andpeoplehavemoretimeandenergytoenjoytheirlife.去掉a3.Infact,allthesesymptomhaveterribleeffectsonourexamsandwearealleagertogetridofthem.symptom→symptoms
-32-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ4.Itwasusefulexperienceforallofus,whichI’llneverforgetfortherestofmylife,andwhichI’llalwaystreasure.useful前加a5.Withnotimeforthebreakfast,Irushedoutofmyhouse.去掉the6.IsuddenlyfoundthatLinLing,oneofmyclassmate,workedlikeawaitressthere.classmate→classmates7.Fromthislesson,wecametoconclusionthatitwasnotsodifficulttolearnEnglishifwecouldfindagoodway.conclusion前加a
-33-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ8.Forexample,businessmenaremorelikelytotravelbyplaneorhigh-speedtraintosavetimewhileofficeworkertendtotakebusesordrivetoworkthemselves.worker→workers9.Lastyear,myfamiliesandIwentcampinginthecountryside.ItwasoneoftheexcitingexperiencesIhadeverhad.families→family10.Ihopemyadvicescanhelpyouimproveyourhealth.advices→advice
-34-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅢ.语篇填空Villagesindevelopingcountriesoftenlackmanythings:books,cleanwater,electricity.Theseshortagesareeasytosee.But1.adifferentkindofshortageisnoteasytosee.Thatis2.theshortageofexperts.Manyvillageshavenodoctors,engineersorscientists.Theyhavenoonewhoknowshowtotreatunusualmedical3.problems(problem)ordesignanewexpertsystem.Thereisawaytoease4.theproblems.Theycandoitwith5.computers(computer).In6.thepastfewyears,computerscientistsaroundtheworldhavedevelopedwhattheycall“expertsystems”.
-35-ⅠⅡⅢⅣAnexpertsystemisaspecialkindofcomputerprogram.Insomesituations,itcantake7.theplaceof8.ahumanexpert.Forexample,anexpertinthemedicalsystemcanhelptotakecareofasickperson.Afteraskingafew9.questions(question)ofthepatient,itcantellwhatmedicineorother10.treatment(treat)isneeded.
-36-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅣ.短文改错Whenwearehappy,wewouldlikeshareourhappinesswithothers,makingthemknowourenjoyment.Whenwearenotinagoodmood,wewantedtogetsomeonewhomcanlistentous.Bealistenerisnoteasy.Peoplealwayscomplainaboutourworries,andagoodlistenershouldlistentothembutlearntocomfortthem.Tobeagoodlistenercanhelpusmakegoodfriendwithothers.Theonewhoalwayslistentootherstendstobeeasy-going.Whenheisinthetrouble,hisfriendswillbewillingtohelphim.Solet’slearntobeagoodlistenerfromthenon.
-37-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ答案:第一句:like后加to第二句:wanted→want;whom→who第三句:Be→Being第四句:our→their;but→and第五句:friend→friends第六句:listen→listens第七句:去掉the第八句:then→now
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