专题突破第二部分第一板块 阅读专题一 阅读理解第5讲 结构/意图/态度/来源题
栏目导航02高考例析03追踪练习04课后作业01考点突破
01考点突破
(2019全国卷Ⅲ，D)Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0－25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined－oradded－thesymbolstogetthereward.02高考例析
Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedtheexperiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthescreen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers－17inthisexample.Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.
Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedtounderestimate(低估)asumcomparedwithasinglesymbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue－sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematic:Whenaddingtwonumbers,themonkeysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafraction(小部分)ofthesmallernumbertoit.“Thisindicatesthatthereisacertainwayquantityisrepresentedintheirbrains，”Dr.Livingstonesays.“Butinthisexperimentwhatthey'redoingispayingmoreattentiontothebignumberthanthelittleone.”
()1.Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?A．Theyfedthem.B．Theynamedthem.C．Theytrainedthem.D．Theymeasuredthem.()2.Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment?A．Bydrawingacircle.B．Bytouchingascreen.C．Bywatchingvideos.D．Bymixingtwodrinks.()3.WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?A．Theycouldperformbasicaddition.B．Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.C．Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.D．Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.
()4.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Entertainment.B．Health.C．Education.D．Science.【语篇解读】这是一篇研究报告，文章开头第一段提出研究结论：猴子似乎有数字运算能力。第二、三段描写研究过程；第四、五段写研究发现；第六段重申研究发现。
【思路点拨】1．C细节理解题。由第二段中的“AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeys…asareward.”可知，开始实验前应训练猴子，选项C符合题意。2．B细节理解题。由文章第三段“Ifthemonkeystouched…inthisexample.”可知，猴子通过触碰屏幕来获得奖励。3．A推理判断题。由第四段中的“theywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.”可知猴子能做基本的计算。故选A。4．D材料来源题。本文叙述内容为社会科学实验，因此出现在报纸的科学版面，故选D。
(2018全国卷Ⅱ，B)ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein)．Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质)．TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.
Whencombinedwithberriesofslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”．Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft－serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.
()1.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.()2.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?A．Tomakethemsmellbetter.B．Tokeeptheircolour.C．Tospeeduptheirripening.D．Toimprovetheirnutrition.
()3.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A．Adessert.B．Adrink.C．Acontainer.D．Amachine.()4.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook.B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper.D．Atravelbrochure.【语篇解读】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中介绍了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。
【思路点拨】1．C细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中的“Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares(至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢)？”可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。2．B细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.”可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。
3．D词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow”可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出ajuicer就是一台机器。故选D。4．B材料来源题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的月份，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用ajuicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。故选B。
【温馨提示】做词义猜测题时我们要注意观察，划线单词的构成结构。如本题被划线的单词是juicer，我们都知道“er”是单词的后缀。它既可以表示人，又可以表示物。如：cleaner既可以表示清洁工，又可以表示清洁工具。根据下文中的意思，可以判断出本题中的ajuicer是表示物。
03追踪练习(2019天津卷，D)WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven－knows－whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote(《堂吉诃德》).Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?
We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolearn，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself－pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus－anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.
Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(视……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence－whethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastore—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.
()1.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat________.A．lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB．ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC．miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD．disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess()2.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?A．Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B．Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C．Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D．Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.
()3.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B．Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C．Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D．Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.()4.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5?A．Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B．Awisemancanlivewithoutself－pity.C．Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D．Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.
()5.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A．Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B．Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C．Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D．Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.【语篇解读】本文以Cervantes为例，告诉我们不论多大年纪，都要努力过上有意义的人生。
1．B写作方法题。根据第二段中的“Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？”可知这个故事开头，是为了说明年龄不是实现目标的障碍。故选B。2．D词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“I'mtalkingaboutpeople…comewithpassingyears.”可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，划线部分指的就是“peoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowing”，意为“失去继续学习的兴趣”。故选D。
3．C推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Nothingsurprisesus.”和“ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere”可知应选C。4．D写作意图题。通读第五段可知，我们学习各种东西来应对生活中遇到的事情，所以作者试图告诉我们“一个人应该学习用适当的方式去对付生活”。故选D。5．A写作目的题。从文章第六段得知，作者在告诉读者如何过有意义的生活。故选A。
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