冲刺2022年高考英语阅读理解 环境保护类常考热点（解析版）

时事热点冲刺2022年高考英语阅读理解环境保护类（解析版）(2019·浙江6月卷·C)话题:大树数量骤减　词数:314难度:★★★★Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatest英语第14页（共14页） watershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了加利福尼亚大树数量骤减,气候的变化似乎是主要的原因。27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.【解析】选A。主旨大意题。根据第二段首句可知研究发现,加利福尼亚的大树数量下降了百分之五十。后面列举数目,主要说明数量急剧下降。可知大树数量急剧下降的严峻形势。故选A。28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.英语第14页（共14页） D.Firecontrolmeasures.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources可知声势浩大的对野火的控制,使得加利福尼亚的森林,长满了一些小树,它们和(大树)竞争资源。故对大树有坏处。故选D项。29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt.　　B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据最后一段中thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures可知这个州缺水的一个最大的因素就是气温的升高。故选C项。30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMclntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【解析】选A。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了加利福尼亚大树数量的急剧减少,并介绍了其中的一个主要原因。故选A项。【难句剖析】ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfrom英语第14页（共14页） woodcuttingordevelopment.分析:incomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010作状语,句子的主语是Mclntyreandhiscolleagues,谓语是documented,awidespreaddeath是宾语。that引导的是定语从句,修饰death。翻译:但是把20世纪20年代和30年代对加利福尼亚森林的研究和2001年至2010年的研究结果比较,Mclntyre和他的同事发现甚至在野外受到保护,免受砍伐和开发的大树也大范围地死亡。(2019•北京卷•D)话题:气候变暖与海洋　词数:274W难度:★★★★　　Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.　　Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.　　Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskey英语第14页（共14页） characteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.　　StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”　　Andwhydoesthatmatter?Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,Dutkiewiczsaid,“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.　　Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It’llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange,”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”【文章大意】本文是一篇科普文。一份研究表明,到本世纪末,全球气候变暖会导致海洋更蓝更绿,并分析了原因。42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?英语第14页（共14页） A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.【解析】选B。主旨大意题。文章第一段主要说明了研究的结论;第二段具体分析了原因,故选B。43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive.B.Beneficial.C.Significant.D.Unnoticeable.【解析】选A。词义猜测题。由下句可知气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特征,影响浮游生物的生长,因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳才能生长,而且需要养分,可知本句主要是说浮游生物对气候的变化很敏感。beneficial“有益的”;significant“非同一般的”;unnoticeable“不被注意的;忽略的”,根据语境可知选A。44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz’smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.【解析】选D。推理判断题。由第四段可知在一些海域变暖会使浮游生物的生存条件更加成熟,而这些地区将变得更绿。故选D。45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.英语第14页（共14页） B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.【解析】选C。目的意图题。本文主要说全球气候变暖会使海洋更蓝更绿并分析了原因,故选C。(2019•天津6月卷•C)话题:生态系统　　词数:402　　难度:★★★★　　Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.　　Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.　　Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,where英语第14页（共14页） smallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.　　Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.　　Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssay,becauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.【文章大意】本文主要向我们说明了生态系统以及保护生态系统的重要性。46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefound英语第14页（共14页） outsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知,利用这种模式,科学家们已经发现了在食物网中的一些关键的规则。故选B。47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator　　　. A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的Whenapredatoralwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知,如果一种掠食动物一直大量吃单一的动物种类,它们就是紧密相连的。故选C。48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段的Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.可知,当顶层的掠食动物稍微有变化时,整个生态系统就会有很大的影响。由此可知,如果顶层掠食动物的数量减少,其他物种的数量也会有出乎意料的变化。故选D。49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.英语第14页（共14页） B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.【解析】选A。推理判断题。第四段例子旨在阐明,人类的没有计划的活动会在很大程度上影响生态系统的平衡。故选A。50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段的Preventioniskey可知,预防是关键,一旦生态系统超出了临界点恢复是很难的。故选D。【难句剖析】Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreybecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.分析:if引导的条件状语从句中有一个定语从句thatiseasiertofind,并且还有一个时间状语从句whenapreybecomesrare。翻译:当猎物稀缺时,如果掠食动物会转向更容易找到的另一种物种,那么这种转变会使最初的那种猎物恢复。(2019·江苏高考·B)话题:火山历史　　词数:357　　难度:★★★★☆Inthe1960s,whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark,Bob英语第14页（共14页） Christiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat,oddly,hadnottroubledanyonebefore:hecouldn’tfindthepark’svolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that’swhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn’tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(岩浆)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis,however,asecondless-knowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn’tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn’tfindthecalderaanywhere.JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors’centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark—2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacross—muchtoohugetobeseen英语第14页（共14页） fromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.【文章大意】本文为记叙文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代BobChristiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时,奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子,原来,这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子,而是一个巨大的洞,这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句ButChristiansencouldn’tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.可知,他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。59.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.【解析】选A。主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山,一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体,还有一种极具爆发力的火山,它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂,留下一个巨大的洞,故选A。60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blow-up”inthelastparagraphmostprobably英语第14页（共14页） mean?A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird’sview.【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据第三段JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors’centers.可知,美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门,认为他们可能会将其放大以供其中一个游客中心展示。故可知,此处意为将照片放大,选C。【难句剖析】Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.分析:该句子中theyburstopeninasinglebigcrack为so...that...引导的结果状语从句;leavingbehindavasthole为现在分词短语作伴随状语;thecaldera作avasthole的同位语。翻译:这些火山爆炸性极强,它们在一个大裂缝中爆裂,留下一个巨大的洞,即火山口。英语第14页（共14页） 英语第14页（共14页）