Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars
Step1诵读经典·渗透文化意识Ⅰ.细品味经典文章(2020·全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D)Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.
OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation—nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.
Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”
In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“Itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.
Ⅱ.按要求完成任务写出文章中有关人类与环境的单词和短语。__________________________________________________________________________________________evolution,adaptedto,adaptation,madealiving,underwater,naturalselection,physicalcharacteristics
Step2固本强基·锻造语言能力Ⅰ.重点词汇1.harmfuladj.有害的【教材原句】Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.(P26)许多科学家认为水的持续存在让地球将有害的气体和酸溶解到海洋中去。
【词块必记】(1)beharmfultosb./sth.对某人/某物有害
【语境速测】单句语法填空①Asweallknow,abadeatinghabitis________(harm)toone’shealth.②AsfarasI’mconcerned,thereisnoharm__makinganapologytohimfirst.一句多译众所周知,吃太多垃圾食品对你的健康有害。③Weallknowthateatingtoomuchjunkfood______________________.④Itisknowntousthateatingtoomuchjunkfood______________________.句式升级(用what引导的主语从句改写上面的句子)⑤__________________isthateatingtoomuchjunkfoodisharmfultoourhealth.harmfulinisharmfultoyourhealthdoesharmtoyourhealthWhatisknowntous
2.existvi.存在;生存【典型例句】Theproblemonlyexistsinyourhead,Jane.简,这个问题不过是你的想象。
【词块必记】(1)existin存在于……之中existon靠……为生thereexist(s)...某地有……;存在……(2)existencen.存在;生存comeintoexistence产生;成立;开始存在(3)existingadj.现存的;现行的
【语境速测】单句语法填空①Hefindsithardtoexist___themoneyhe’searning.②Scientistshavemanytheoriesabouthowtheuniversefirstcameinto________(exist).一句多译农业也存在着一些问题。③_________________inagriculture.④There_________________inagriculture.⑤Thereare___________________inagriculture.onexistenceProblemsalsoexistalsoexistproblemsalsoexistingproblems
3.puzzlevt.使迷惑;使为难n.谜;难题【典型例句】Theirreasonfordoingitisstillapuzzletome.他们为什么干那件事仍然让我费解。
【词块必记】(1)puzzleabout/over冥思苦想;苦苦思索(2)apuzzletosb.一件让某人感到困惑的事情(3)puzzledadj.迷惑不解的;困惑的bepuzzledabout对……迷惑不解(4)puzzlingadj.令人困惑的
熟词生义Whiledoingextensivereading,youdon’thavetopuzzleovereverysinglewordorphraseinthepassage.在进行泛读时,不用仔细琢磨文中的每个单词或短语。()v.琢磨
【语境速测】单句语法填空①Shelostheartsinceshefailedtheexam,becauseherfuturewas________(puzzle).②Peoplehavelongpuzzled__________howtheEgyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks.句式升级Youarepuzzledover/aboutit.ItisapuzzletomanyparentsinChina.(用what构成复合句)③______________________________________________________.puzzlingover/aboutWhatpuzzlesyouisactuallyapuzzletomanyparentsinChina
【写作金句】Thismorning,whenIwaswalkingonthestreet,Isawthattwotravelerswerereadingamap,lookingpuzzled.今天早上,当我走在街上,我看到两位游客正在看地图,看起来很困惑。
Ⅱ.核心短语4.inone’sturn轮到某人【教材原句】Thustheyhave,intheirturn,becomethemostimportantanimalsontheplanet.(P26)这样,轮到他们,成为这个星球上最重要的动物。
【词块必记】inturn依次;轮流;反过来byturns轮流;交替地taketurnstodosth.轮流做某事Itisone’sturntodosth.轮到某人做某事Itturns/turnedoutthat...结果……
【语境速测】单句语法填空①Atthemeetingtheytookturns______(put)forwardanumberofsuggestionsaimingtopromotethereformofeducationsystem.②Thetwodaughterslookedaftertheirsickmother___turns.完成句子③I,__________,becameembarrassedandtoldhertotakethemoneyback.这下轮到我尴尬了,我告诉她把钱拿回去。toputbyinmyturn
Ⅲ.经典句式5.ButwhenItriedtostepforward,IfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.但当我试着向前迈步的时候,我发觉我被送出去很远。步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远,因此我摔倒了。
【句型公式】(1)倍数+as+many/much+n.+as(2)倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as(3)倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than(4)倍数+thesize/length/height/depth/width+of
【名师点津】(1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词+times”表达。(2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数,half等其他程度状语来表达。
【语境速测】完成句子①Thereare______________________inourlibrary__inyours.我们图书馆里的书是你们图书馆里的五倍。②Myschoolhasexpandedintoabigone,whichis__________________thepreviousone.我的学校已扩展成一所大学校,是之前的三倍大。③Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasing____________________traditionalgarbageasawhole.电子垃圾的增长速度是传统垃圾的三倍。fivetimesasmanybooksasthreetimesasbigasthreetimesfasterthan
【备选要点】1.pulln.&vt.拉(力);拖;牵引力【典型例句】Wethoughttheremightbesomethingwecoulddo,sowequicklypulledovertohelp.我们认为或许可以做些事情,因此我们快速地把车停在路边去帮忙。
【词块必记】pullout驶出;拔出;抽出;取出pulldown摧毁;拉下来pullin进站;吸入pullover把……开到路边;靠岸pullthrough康复;渡过难关pullup慢慢停(车)
【语境速测】单句语法填空①Idecidedtopull___behindthecarandfindoutwhatwasgoingon.②ThetrainfromShanghaiwillpull__atnoon.③Ashewashopelesslywanderingaroundthestation,thetrainpulled___ofthestation.④Luckily,Tomwasnotseriouslyinjured.Hepulled_______afterstayinginbedfortwoweeks.upinoutthrough
2.intime及时;终于【典型例句】Asaproverbgoes,“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”Oureffortswillpayoffintime.常言道:“有志者事竟成”。我们的努力迟早会有所回报。
【词块必记】innotime立刻;马上atnotime决不(放在句首时,句子用部分倒装)atatime每次;一次atonetime曾经;一度atthesametime同时
【语境速测】单句语法填空①___onetime,Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn’tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbefreefromthem.②Luckily,Iadaptedtothenewsurroundingsandeverythingreturnedtonormal__notime.③WereachedonthetopofMountTai,just__timetoenjoytherisingsun.Atinin
句式升级Inmyview,youshouldatnotimeloseheartwheneveryouareintrouble.④→Inmyview,____________________________wheneveryouareintrouble.(倒装句)atnotimeshouldyouloseheart
3.cheerup(使)高兴;(使)振奋;感到高兴;感到振奋【典型例句】WhenI’mfeelingdepressed,mymothertellsmefunnystoriestocheermeup.当我情绪低落的时候,妈妈就会给我讲有趣的故事逗我开心。
【词块必记】(1)cheersb.up使某人振作起来cheersb.on(比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励;为某人加油cheerfor为……而欢呼(2)Cheers干杯!
【语境速测】单句语法填空①Theygatheredroundtheswimmingpoolandcheeredher___.②Let’sgotothefootballgameandcheer___ourfavoriteteam.完成句子③Idohope_______________andacceptthechallengeoflifebravely!我真心希望她能振作起来,勇敢地接受生活的挑战!onforshecancheerup
4.Thisproducedachainreaction,whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.这就产生了连锁反应,使生命的发展成为可能。【句型公式】(1)makeit+adj./n.+forsb.todosth.(2)make+it+adj./n.+that从句(3)make+it+adj./n.+todo不定式(4)make+it+nogood/nouse/novalue...+doingsth.常用于这种句型的动词还有:think,consider,find,feel等。
【语境速测】单句语法填空①IhaveagoodcommandofEnglish,whichmakesiteasierforme______(find)agoodjob.②Heisstubborn,whichmakesitnouse__________(quarrel)withhimaboutit.③Iexplainedeverystepoftheprocessindetail,whichmade__possibleforthemtounderstandhowtomaketea.tofindquarrellingit
Step3强化检测·提升学习能力Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetect________(harm)chemicalsingroundwater.2.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Asthesmallboatmoved______(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.harmfulgently
3.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Andcontraryto_______(exist)researchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Thepopularityoftheseplatformsisspreading_______(globe).5.(2020·江苏高考)AndtensofmillionsinAfricaandAsiacanseebecauseofthecommitmentWilsonmadetopreventingthe___________(prevent).existinggloballypreventable
Ⅱ.完成句子1.Whatisknowntousisthatdrinkingtoomuch_____________________.众所周知,过量饮酒对我们的健康有害。(harmful)2.Nomatterwhereheis,he___________________________beforebreakfast.无论他在哪里,早饭前散散步成为他的习惯(makeit+n.+todo...)3.LiMing’smobilephonelookedjustthesameasZhangHua’s,butthepricewas_______________ZhangHua’s.李明的手机看起来和张华的一样,但价格却是他的两倍。(倍数表达法)isharmfultoourhealthmakesitaruletogoforawalktwiceasmuchas
4.Thetyphoon________________itdestroyedmanycars,treesandevenhouses.这次台风太猛烈了以至于破坏了许多小汽车、树木甚至房子。(violent)5.___________whethertheyareabletoarriveatanagreementthroughcommunicationornot.他们是否能够通过沟通达成协议还不清楚。wassoviolentthatIt’snotclear
Ⅲ.语法填空(黑体词为本单元重点词汇)Unlikeotherstarsinspace,themoonisasatelliteofourplanet—theearth,1.___onlyonesuitableforlifeinthesolarsystem.Fromancienttime,people2.______(wish)tobeabletofloatintheairortraveltothemoon.Theyevenimaginedtheunbelievablelifeonthemoon.However,itisimpossibleforpeople3.______(live)onthemoon,forthereisnoexistenceofatmosphere,4._________(especial)nooxygenandtheclimateisviolent.Nowthatwecan’tliveonthemoon,whydo5.________(scientist)sparenoeffortstodoresearchintoit?Thatisbecausescientistsaremakinguse6.__thespecialgravity,whichisone-sixthofthewishedtoliveespeciallyscientistsof
7.____ontheearth,toimprovethegrowingofcrops.Itisalsousedfor8.______(globe)communication.Butsomeevilonesusespaceformilitarypurpose.Now,itis9.__________(recognize)thatthepeacefuluseofspaceisafundamentalprinciple.Mostcountrieshavesignedagreementstopreventanycountryfrom10._________(produce)spaceweapons.thatglobalrecognizedproducing
Step4直击高考·培养思维品质
Ⅰ.话题与阅读理解(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解C)Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.
Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.
ThisisaquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessandwarmth,butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand,MrBisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders,whileonhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.InFerghana,heattendsamountainfuneral(葬礼)followedbyastrangedrinkingparty.AndinKarakalpakstan,heissaddenedbytheduststorms,diseasesandfishingboatsstuckmilesfromthesea.
MrBissellskillfullyorganizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences,makinghistaleawell-roundedpictureofUzbekistan,seenfromWesterneyes.HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican,aswellashisdelicatestomach.Astheauthorexplains,thisisneitheratravelnorahistorybook,orevenapieceofreportage.Whateveritis,theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestofCentralAsiantraditions.【文章大意】本文是对TomBissell的书的介绍与评论。
1.WhatmadeMrBissellreturntoUzbekistan?A.Hisfriends’invitation.B.Hisinterestinthecountry.C.Hisloveforteaching.D.Hisdesiretoregainhealth.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthe...可知他对这个国家感兴趣。
2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.
【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据第二段的第一句话“他再次访问乌兹别克斯坦的结果比那要多得多”可推知that指代上一段的最后一句话也就是他去那里的目的,即写一本关于theAralSea消失的书,故选D。
3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesMrBissell’sroadtripinUzbekistan?A.Romantic.B.Eventful.C.Pleasant.D.Dangerous.【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据文中的第二、三段,特别是第三段他被警察怀疑贩毒,参加了奇怪的葬礼,后来又突然遭遇沙尘暴、疾病、渔船困在了海里等这样的经历可推知他的乌兹别克斯坦之旅是“多事故的”,故选B。
4.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook.B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter.D.Torecommendatraveldestination.
【解析】选A。主旨大意题。分析文章结构可知作者先引出书的名字,在第二、三段对书做了简单介绍,以及最后对书进行评价,故作者的目的就是介绍这样一本书。故选A。
【微技能点拨】顺藤摸瓜,把控故事情节本文属于记叙文,是高考阅读理解中难度比较低的,基本上都是按照故事发展的时间顺序来展开。最后经常有一两句话抒发作者的情绪和感悟,这是记叙文的精华也是难点。主要考查细节、猜词和推断,如本文。因此,学生首先要弄清楚故事情节(what,who,when,where,why),顺藤摸瓜,定位与题目相关的词句甚至段落,透过字里行间(发生了什么)把握作者的情感或寓意表达。本文中第1题为细节理解题,根据策略解题如下:
Step1确定题干关键词:题干关键词:what...MrBissellreturntoUzbekistanStep2回到原文准定位:第一段第三句Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Step3对比选项找最佳:尝试解答:______。B
【语用提能】
【微语法填空】(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解C改编)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Inthemid-1990s,TomBissell1.______(teach)EnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Afewyearslater,still2.________(attract)tothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticle.taughtattracted
Hisvisit,however,endedup3.________(involve)alotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,talksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,4.______millionsofliveshavebeendestroyed.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangelandandalsoaquicklook5.__lifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessand6._______(warm),butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand,MrBisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders,whileonhiswaytoBukharahegets7.__tasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.involvingwhereatwarmtha
MrBissell8.________(skill)organizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences.Astheauthorexplains,thisisneitheratravel9.____ahistorybook.Whateveritis,theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestof10._______(center)Asiantraditions.skillfullynorCentral
Ⅱ.话题与写作假定你是李华,你们班对于是否需要太空探索进行了热烈的讨论。请根据下面的提示,用英语写一篇短文。1.大部分赞成:许多新产品,如气象、通讯卫星都直接得益于空间研究,使全球受益匪浅。2.一些人反对:太空探索浪费时间和金钱。3.你的观点。注意:1.词数80左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Step1写作技巧(1)词汇提升(短语优先)①Therearemanystudentswhobelievethatspaceexplorationhasmoreadvantages.→Thereare____________studentswhobelievethatspaceexplorationhasmoreadvantages.(2)句式多变(用it作形式主语)②However,othersthinkthatspaceexplorationisawasteoftimeandmoney.→However,othersthinkthat_________________________________________.amajorityofitisawasteoftimeandmoneytoexplorespace
(3)思维品质(谚语的使用)③_____________________.Inmyopinion,thoughspaceexplorationisachallengetohumanbeings,itisworthit.Everycoinhastwosides
Step2妙笔成篇Recently,ourclasshadaheateddiscussionaboutwhetherweneedspaceexploration.Thereareamajorityofstudentswhobelievethatspaceexplorationhasmoreadvantages.Manynewproducts,suchasweatherandcommunicationsatellites,areproductsofspaceprograms,andtheyhavebenefitedpeopleallovertheworld.However,othersthinkthatitisawasteoftimeandmoneytoexplorespace.Theypointoutthefactthatithascostbillionsofdollarstocarryonthespaceresearch,buttherehavebeenmanymysterieswithlittleinformationbroughtback.
Everycoinhastwosides.Inmyopinion,thoughspaceexplorationisachallengetohumanbeings,itisworthit.
阅读填句Overthenext50years,wearegoingtosendmoreandbetterrobotstoMars.1Thereisalimittowhatrobotscantellus,though,soeventuallywewillhavetosendpeopletostudytheplanet.BeforepeoplecanvisitMars,weneedtoinventaspaceshipthatcantakeusthere.2DependingonwhereMarsandEarthareintheirorbitsaroundthesun,itcouldtakebetweensixmonthstoayeartogetthere.Themoonismuchcloser,andweweretheremorethan40yearsago.Overthenext10years,wearegoingtoworkonbuildinganewspacecraft.3
Oncewereturntothemoon,wearegoingtobuildastationsothatpeoplecanliveandworkonthemoonformonthsatatime.ThisisimportantsothatwehaveaplacetostartfromwhenwewanttovisitMars.4Bythetimeyouareoldenoughtobeanastronaut,wewillhavepeoplespendingmonthsonthemoon.Bythetimeyouareoldenoughtobeacommanderofaspacemission,wewillbetakingtripstoMars.Bythetimeyourkidsareoldenoughtobeastronauts,wemayhavepeoplelivingonMars.Wouldn’titbecooltogetapostcardfromsomeonewhowasbuildingahouseonMars?5
A.Marsisveryfaraway.B.PeoplewillgotoliveonMarsoneday.C.Wouldn’titbecoolerifitwasyouwhosentthepostcard?D.Usingthiscraft,wewillpracticetheskillsweneedtogotoMars.E.Thoserobotswillsendbackbetterpictures,maps,andweatherreports.F.ItwouldbepossibleforustogotoMarsinaspacecraftinthenearfuture.G.However,itisalsoimportantbecauseitgivesuspracticewithlivingawayfromEarth.
【文章大意】在探索火星的过程中,由于机器人本身所限,它们无法告诉人们想知道的一切,因此最终将会有人类登上火星并对它进行研究。
1.【解析】选E。上文谈到“在未来50年我们将向火星发送更多更好的机器人”,选项E中提到“Thoserobots”,与上文意思自然衔接。2.【解析】选A。根据下文的“依据火星和地球在轨道中的位置,到达火星需要半年到一年的时间”可知,这里说的是地球到火星的距离,所以A项符合。3.【解析】选D。根据上文的“wearegoingtoworkonbuildinganewspacecraft”可知,D项中的“Usingthiscraft,...”与上文意思衔接自然。4.【解析】选G。上文提到“Thisisimportant...”,G项中的“However,itisalsoimportant...”与上文形成排比关系。
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5.【解析】选C。解答该题的关键词是postcard,C项“如果发贺卡的人是你那不是更酷吗?”语境相符。
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