题型一：阅读理解专题03：生态环保类题量要求：（45分钟）Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.1．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B．TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C．ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D．TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.2．Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?
A．Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B．Banningwoodcutting.C．Limitinghousingdevelopment.D．Firecontrolmeasures.3．WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A．Inadequatesnowmelt.B．Alongerdryseason.C．Awarmerclimate.D．Dampnessoftheair.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【答案】1--4ADCA【解析】这是一篇说明文。根据一项研究显示，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，而气候变化似乎是其主要因素。1．主旨大意题。第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。2．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).可知，对野火的控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，与大树争夺资源，也就是对野火的控制是善意的，但对大树产生了不利的影响。故选D。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是温度升高，这导致树木向空气中流失更多的水分，以及更早的融雪，这减少了旱季对树木的供水量。故选C。4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A。
Lastyear,thebushfiresinAustraliaburnedmorethan12.35millionacresofland.Atleast25peoplewerekilledand2000homesdestroyed.AccordingtotheBBC,thatwasthemostcasualties(伤亡)fromwildfiresinthecountrysince2009.TheUniversityofSydneyestimatesthat480millionanimalshavediedinSouthWalesalone.ZekeHausfather,anenergysystemsanalystandclimateresearcheratBerkeleyEarth,saidwarmertemperaturesandextremeweathermadeAustraliamoresusceptibletofiresandincreasedthelengthofthefireseason."Thedrierconditionscombinedwithrecordhightemperaturesin2019createdmainconditionsforthedisastrousfires.Australia'sfireswereworsenedbythecombinationofthosetwo.2019wastheperfectstormforbeingthewarmestyearonrecordforAustraliaandthedriestyearonrecordforAustralia,"HausfatheraddedonFriday.KevinTrenberth,aseniorscientistattheUSNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,saidwarmeroceantemperaturesarealsocontributedtomorevariableweatheraroundtheworld.Trenberthbelievesthatglobalwarmingcontributedtoenergyimbalancesandhotspotsintheoceans,whichcancreateawaveintheatmospherethatlocksweatherpatternsinplaces,causinglongerraineventsinIndonesia,forexample,andatthesametimecontributingtodroughtinAustralia.Hesaidthatonceanareaexperiencesdroughtconditionsfortwomonthsormore,itincreasestheriskoffirescatchingandspreading.Thosechangingweatherpatternsduetoglobalwarmingmakedroughteventslonger.Climateexpertsstressthatclimatechangeisnottheonlyfactorintheseverity(严重)ofwildfires.Howlandismanagedcanalsoimpacttheamountoffuelavailableforfires.Practiceslikecontrolledbumsandotherfactorscanimpacttherisktopeopleandproperty,suchaswarningsystemsandthetypeofdevelopmentinagivenarea.Changingthosepolicieshasgreatpotentialtolimitfuturedamagefromwildfiresalongwithchangestohowfiremanagementresourcesaredispatched(派遣).1．Whatarethenumbersaboutinparagraph1?A．ThecausesofAustralianfires.B．TheresultsofAustralianfires.C．ThedamagedareasofAustralianfires.D．ThepropertydestructionofAustralianfires.2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains''susceptibleto"inthesecondparagraph?A．Veryquicklytoadaptto.B．Veryseriouslytofocuson.
C．Verylikelytobeinfluencedby.D．Veryeasilytobeprotectedagainst.3．WhatcanweinferfromTrenberth’sresearch?A．Longerdryweathercontributestoglobalwarming.B．Globalwanningisalsoamaincauseofthebushfires.C．Warmeroceantemperaturesleadstothefiresdirectly.D．Theimbalancedenergyleadstothetemperaturerising.4．Whatdoestheauthorintendtodointhelastparagraph?A．TostresstheeffectsofAustraliafires.B．Toshowthemethodsforlandmanagement.C．TopredicttheseriousnessofAustraliafires.D．Toprovidesomeadviceaboutreducingfiredamage.【答案】1．B2．C3．B4．D【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了澳大利亚森林大火产生的条件和蔓延的原因。1．推理判断题。由第一段“Thisseason,thebushfiresinAustraliahaveburnedmorethan12.35millionacresofland.Atleast25peoplehavebeenkilledand2000homesdestroyed(这个季节，澳大利亚的森林大火已经烧毁了超过1235万英亩的土地。至少25人死亡，2000座房屋被毁)”可知，本段的数字表明森林大火产生的严重后果。故选B项。2．词句猜测题。由第二段“ZekeHausfather,anenergysystemsanalystandclimateresearcheratBerkeleyEarth,saidwarmertemperaturesandextremeweatherhavemadeAustraliamoresusceptibletofiresandincreasedthelengthofthefireseason(加州大学伯克利分校地球分校的能源系统分析师和气候研究员泽克·豪萨福尔说，气温升高和极端天气使澳大利亚更容易发生火灾，并延长了火灾季节的长度)”可推测，气温升高和极端天气更容易发生火灾，more
susceptibleto意为“更容易受到……影响”，与C项“Verylikelytobeinfluencedby(很容易受……的影响)”意思相近。故选C项。3．推理判断题。由第三段的“Hesaidthatonceanareaexperiencesdroughtconditionsfortwomonthsormore,itincreasestheriskoffirescatchingandspreading.Thosechangingweatherpatternsduetoglobalwarmingmakedroughteventslonger(他说，一旦一个地区经历了两个月或更长时间的干旱，它就会增加火灾发生和蔓延的风险。那些由于全球变暖而改变的天气使得干旱持续的时间更长)”可推断，全球气候变暖是森林火灾的根本原因。故选B项。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，气候专家强调，气候变化不是野火严重的唯一因素。土地的管理方式也会影响火灾可用燃料的数量。诸如控制性燃烧和其他因素等做法可能会影响对人和财产的风险，火灾管理资源分配方式改变的同时，改变这些政策有很大的潜力限制未来野火造成的损害。可推断在最后一段作者想要介绍一些关于减少火灾损失的建议。故选D项。Throughanagreementsignedtoday,themuch-lovedanimalswillcontinuetodelightvisitorsforanotherthreeyears,throughDecember7,2023.“We’reallveryexcited,”saysSteveMonfort,thedirectoroftheSmithsonian’sNationalZooandConservationBiologyInstitute.“It’sverygoodthatwecancontinueourcooperationwithourChinesecolleagues.”ThefemalegiantpandaMeiXiangandmaleTianTian,willreturntoChinaattheendof2023attherelativelyelderpandaagesof25and26respectively（分别地).Theprobablelifetimeforgiantpandasisabout15to20yearsinthewild,andabout30yearsincaptivity(圈养).LikelytotravelwiththetwoisXiaoQiJi（LittleMiracle）,whowasbornonAugust21,2020.The15-week-oldmalecubisthefourthofMeiXiang’sfoursurvivingcubs.Bylong-standingagreement,cubsbornincaptivityatthezooaresenttoChinabeforefour.WhenXiaoQiJiwasborn,hismotherMeiXiangbecametheoldestgiantpandatogivebirthinNorthAmerica.ThepublichasyettoseeXiaoQiJiinperson.Normally,itwouldbeataboutthistime,alittleover100days,thatacubwouldbeabletobesharedwiththepublic.Over1.6millionpeople
havewatchedtheZoo'sPandaCamsincetheAugustbirth,withatotalof8.8millionpageviews.Justthisweek,hisparents,MeiXiangandTianTianmarked20yearsinWashington,D．C．.TheextensionagreementmeansthattheNationalZooandChinawillreachahalfcenturyofconservationandcooperationbetweentheU.S.andChina.“Itshouldn'tbesurprisingtopeoplethatcooperationisthefoundationofthewaythatonedoesthework.”Monfortsays,“Inprotectingspecies,nooneorganizationandoftennotevenonegovernmentcantheoreticallysaveaspecieswithoutpartnership.”5．Whatistheagreementabout?A．Twopandas'threemoreyearsintheUSA．B．CooperationbetweentheZooandChina.C．ThefirstpublicappearanceofXiaoQiJi.D．Thewaytoreturnhomeforthreepandas.6．WhatdoweknowaboutMeiXiang?A．Shehasbeenabroadfor20years.B．ShehasbeensentbacktoChina.C．ShewasbornintheNationalZoo.D．She'stheoldestpandatogivebirth.7．What'sthepublic'sattitudetowardsthenewly-bornpanda?A．Uncaring.B．Enthusiastic.C．Cautious.D．Sympathetic8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MeiXiangHasGivenBirthtoXiaoQiJiB．CooperationIsKeytoAnimalProtectionC．ExtensionAgreementonPandasIsReachedD．LifetimeforGiantPandasIsFiguredOuteentheU.S.andChina.”【答案】5．A6．A7．B8．C【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了，中美之间达成大熊猫延期协议及其内容和意义。5．细节理解题。由第一段中的“Throughanagreementsignedtoday,themuch-lovedanimalswillcontinuetodelightvisitorsforanotherthreeyears,throughDecember7,2023.”
（通过今天签署的一项协议，这些备受喜爱的动物将在接下来的三年里继续取悦游客，直至2023年12月7日。）和第二段中的“ThefemalegiantpandaMeiXiangandmaleTianTian,willreturntoChinaattheendof2023attherelativelyelderpandaagesof25and26respectively（分别地）.”（雌性大熊猫“美香”和雄性“天天”将于2023年底返回中国，在它们年龄相对较大的时候，分别为25岁和26岁。），可知协议是关于两只大熊猫“美香”和“天天”继续在美国再待三年。故选A项。6．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“Justthisweek,hisparents,MeiXiangandTianTianmarked20yearsinWashington,D.C..”（就在本周，他的父母，大熊猫“美香”和“天天”在华盛顿度过了20年。），可知大熊猫“美香”在华盛顿度过了20年，即她在国外20年了。故选A项。7．推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“ThepublichasyettoseeXiaoQiJiinperson.Normally,itwouldbeataboutthistime,alittleover100days,thatacubwouldbeabletobesharedwiththepublic.Over1.6millionpeoplehavewatchedtheZoo'sPandaCamsincetheAugustbirth,withatotalof8.8millionpageviews.”（公众还没有见到新出生的大熊猫幼崽“小奇迹”。正常情况下，大约在这个时候，大约100多天，一只幼崽就能与公众见面。自8月份出生以来，超过160万人观看了动物园的熊猫摄像头，总浏览量达880万次。），可知在没有见到“小奇迹”的情况下，160万人自其出生以来，蹲守动物园的熊猫摄像头，总浏览量达880万次，说明公众对这只新生的熊猫很热情。故选B项。8．主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Throughanagreementsignedtoday,themuch-lovedanimalswillcontinuetodelightvisitorsforanotherthreeyears,throughDecember7,2023.”（通过今天签署的一项协议，这些备受喜爱的动物将在接下来的三年里继续取悦游客，直至2023年12月7日。），第三段中的“Bylong-standingagreement,cubsbornincaptivityatthezooaresenttoChinabeforefour.”（根据长期协议，动物园圈养出生的幼崽在4岁之前被送到中国。）和最后一段中的“TheextensionagreementmeansthattheNationalZooandChinawillreachahalfcenturyofconservationandcooperationbetw美中之间达成半个世纪的保护与合作。），可知文章主要讲中美之间达成了大熊猫延期协议及其内容和意义，C项“大熊猫延期协议达成”符合文意。故选C项。
TheChinesemannedsubmersible(潜水器)Fendouzhe,over96.5percentofwhosecorecomponentshavebeenindependentlydevelopedbyChina,reachedoneofthedeepestspotsontheplanet,adizzyinganddarkdepthof10,909meters.Extremewaterpressureisthefirstchallengethatrequiresdealingwithduringtheexploration.At10,000metersdownintheocean,thesubmersiblehastostandabout1,100atmospheresofpressure,equalto2,000elephantssteppingonaperson’sback.Asthesolid“armour(盔甲)”，themannedcabinisasafetyguaranteeforhumanstoreachdownto10,000metersdeepintheocean.Toovercomethetechnicalbottleneck,theChineseresearchersdevelopedanewmaterial-Ti62A,successfullysolvingproblemsofthestrengthandtoughnessofthemannedcabin.Toavoidrisksofcrashesinthedarkdeepseawithcomplexterrain(地形)，Fendouzherequiresitscontrolsystem,asmart“brain”togivetheexactinstructions.Researchersdesignedaneuralnetworkalgorithm(神经网络算法),whichenablesFendouzhetotravelautomaticallyaccordingtotheseabedterrainandlocatefixedpoints.Itscontrolsystemhasreachedtheinternationalfrontierlevel.Thesubmersibleisequippedwithtwoflexibleandstrong“arms”.Each7-jointarmwith6degrees-of-freedomcontrolandaweight-carryingabilityofmorethan60kilogramscancoverthesamplingbasketanditsfrontareas.Withthearms,Fendouzhecollectedsamplesofoceanrocks,deep-sealivingthingsandseabedsediments(沉淀物).Theocean,especiallythedeepsea,iswidelyregardedasEarth'sfinalfrontier.Deepdownintheoceanareunusualcreatures,strangeenvironmentsandimpressivegeologicalwonders,yethumanityknowslessabouttheoceanfloorthanaboutthefarsideofthemoon.Thesesamplesanddatacollectedfromthedeepoceancanbeusedforgeologicalandbiologicalresearch,aswellasstudythehumanimpactontheplanet.9．Whyis“2000elephants”mentionedinparagraph2?A．Tomakethenumbersaccurate.B．Toprovideabiologicalexplanation.C．Toemphasizetheimportanceofthetask.D．Todescribethedegreeofthepressurevividly.10．Whatcan“arms”doaccordingtoparagraph4?
A．Collectoceansamples.B．Landthesubmersible.C．Providesafetyguarantee.D．Preventcrashesintelligently.11．Whichofthefollowinghasreachedtheworldadvancedlevel?A．Thetoughnessofthecabin.B．Theabilityofweight-carrying.C．Themethodofdata-collection.D．Thetechnologyofcontrolsystem.12．Whydopeopleresearchthedeepoceanaccordingtothelastparagraph?A．Itismorecomplexthanthemoon.B．Itisseriouslyaffectedbyhumans.C．Tomakesureofthedepthoftheocean.D．Toexploretheless-knownfieldoftheplanet.【答案】9．D10．A11．D12．D【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了中国载人潜水器“奋斗者”号成功到达了地球最深的地点之一，深度是10909米，还介绍了“奋斗者”号的相关信息。9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Extremewaterpressureisthefirstchallengethatrequiresdealingwithduringtheexploration.At10,000metersdownintheocean,thesubmersiblehastostandabout1,100atmospheresofpressure,equalto2,000elephantssteppingonaperson’sback.(极端水压是勘探过程中需要处理的第一个挑战。在1万米深的海底，潜水器必须承受1100个大气压的压力，相当于2000头大象踩在一个人的背上。)”可知，提到“2000头大象”是想要把压力的程度生动地描述出来。故选D项。10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Withthearms, Fendouzhe collectedsamplesofoceanrocks,deep-sealivingthingsandseabedsediments(沉淀物).(通过臂，“奋斗者”收集了海洋岩石、深海生物和海床沉积物的样本。)”可知，“臂”可以收集海洋的样品。故选A项。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Itscontrolsystemhasreachedtheinternationalfrontierlevel.(其控制系统已达到国际前沿水平。)”可知，控制系统的技术达到了世界先进水平。故选D项。12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“…yethumanityknowslessabouttheoceanfloorthanaboutthefarsideofthemoon.Thesesamplesanddatacollectedfromthedeepoceancanbeusedforgeologicalandbiologicalresearch,aswellasstudythehumanimpactontheplanet.(…然而人类对海底的了解要比对月球表面的了解少得多。这些从深海收集的样本和数据可用于地质和生物研究，以及研究人类对地球的影响。)”可知，人们研究深海，想探索地球上鲜为人知的领域。故选D项。
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