高考专题九 定语从句 考点精讲考点一关系词的用法关系词被修饰的先行词关系词在从句中充当的成分who指人的词主语、宾语、表语whom指人的词宾语whose指人或物的词定语that指人或物的词主语、宾语、表语which指物的词或整个主句主语、宾语、表语as指人或物的词或整个主句主语、宾语、表语when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语why表示原因的名词reason原因状语Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。IhavemanyfriendstowhomI'mgoingtosendpostcards.我有很多朋友,我打算寄明信片给他们。Childrenwhoarenotactiveorwhosedietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。Hewilltellyoueverythingthatheheardaboutit.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。-17-/17
高考Thisisthefactory(which/that)wevisitedlastyear.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.众所周知,吸烟有害健康。Thereareoccasionswhen(=onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijingistheplacewhere(=inwhich)Iwasborn.是我的出生地。Isthisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?特别提示:whose指人或物,作定语。表示“……的”,可以转换为“of+关系代词”,指人时可以用ofwhom,指物时可以换成ofwhich。Theprizewillgotothewriterwhosestory/ofwhomthestoryshowsthemostimagination.所写故事最具想象力的作家将获奖。考点二关系代词that和which的区别类别说明只用that不用which的情况先行词是everything,anything,nothing,few,little,all,none等不定代词或被all,little,few,much,any,every,no,some等修饰时先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级时-17-/17
高考先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast等修饰时当主句中的先行词是疑问词who或which时先行词既有人也有物时只用which不用that的情况非限制性定语从句中关系代词前有介词时先行词是that或those时Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事。Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。Thereasonforwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。What'sthatwhichwasputinthecar?被放入车内的是什么?考点三关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句1.关系副词when引导的定语从句先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词when,when在从句中充当时间状语,也可用“介词+which”结构代替。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我还记得我第一次来这所学校的那天。Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome,whenIwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.-17-/17
高考这部电影把我带回到在那个偏僻的村子我被细心照顾的岁月。Thebookwaswrittenin1946,sincewhentheeducationsystemhaswitnessedgreatchanges.这本书写于1946年。自那时以来,教育制度已经历了巨大的变化。2.关系副词where引导的定语从句(1)先行词是表示地点的名词时,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词where,where在从句中充当地点状语。Janepausedinfrontofacounterwheresomeattractivetieswereondisplay.简停留在一个柜台前,一些吸引人的领带摆在那儿。(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词,像activity,business,career,case,job,point,position,race,stage,situation等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。It'shelpfultoputchildreninasituationwheretheycanseethemselvesdifferently.把孩子放在一个能使他们从不同角度认识自己的处境中对他们是有帮助的。3.关系副词why引导的定语从句关系副词why引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语,可用forwhich代替,有时也可以省略。Thereasonwhyhedidn'tpassthedrivingtestwasthathelackedpractice.因为缺少实践,他没有通过驾驶考试。考点四“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句1.一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:①先行词的意义;②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配;③句子的意思。-17-/17
高考I'llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。2.表示“整体和部分关系”或所属关系以及同位关系时,常用介词of。在some,any,few,none,all,both,neither,most,each等代词或数词的前、后可以用ofwhich/whom。Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding,mostofwhomarethefamilymembers.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。3.有时“介词+where”可以引导定语从句,此时要和“介词+which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。Hisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindow,fromwherehesawnothingbuttrees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(fromwhere相当于fromoutofthewindow,而不是fromthewindow)考点五as,which引导的定语从句1.as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句,代指整句话(或一部分)内容,意为“正如,正像”,as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。Aseverybodyknows,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。2.which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时,意为“这,这一点”。MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,whichmadeoneoftheChinesepeople'slong-helddreamsetrue.莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖,这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。3.as常用在下列习惯用语中。as(it)oftenhappens,asIremember,asisoftenthecase,asisexpected,asisknowntous,asisshown等。-17-/17
高考Heshoutswhenhegetsangry,asisoftenthecase.他生气时就大叫,这是常有的情形。4.“such/so...as...”表“像……这样……”的意思,用来引导定语从句,as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。Lasttermourmathsteachersetsodifficultanexaminationproblemasnoneofusworkedout.上学期我们数学老师出了一道很难的考试题,没有一个人能解出来。5.“thesame...that...”表同一个人或物,而“thesame...as...”表同种类的东西。Iwouldliketousethesametoolasyouusedyesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。Iwouldliketousethesametoolthatyouusedyesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。考点六定语从句中的主谓一致1.关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数。Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishomemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。2.“oneof+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的谓语动词常用复数,但当one前有the,theonly,thevery等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 难点释疑-17-/17
高考难点一 先行词是way时,关系词的选用先行词是way时,若关系词在从句中充当方式状语,关系词用inwhich,that或省略;若关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语时,关系词用that或which,且作宾语时,关系词可省略。试比较:Itmustbetheway(that/inwhich)youwritethatleadstoyouruglyhandwriting.一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的书写。Theway(that/which)youcameupwithatthemeetingyesterdayiswellworthtrying.昨天你在会议上提出的方法很值得一试。难点二 先行词是time时,关系词的选用先行词是time时,如果time作“次数”讲,应当用关系代词that来引导定语从句;time作“时刻”“一段时间”讲时,若关系词在从句中作状语,则用关系副词when或at/in/duringwhich,若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语等,则用that/which。Thisisthesecondtime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。Therewasatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradiosorTVsets.曾经有一段时间既没有收音机也没有电视机。难点三 定语从句和其他句式的区别类别区别例句定语从句与并列句并列句有and,but,so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接。并列句中绝对不可再用引导定语从句的关系词1.Ihavethreecars,noneof________isingoodcondition.2.Ihavethreecars,butnoneof________isingoodcondition.-17-/17
高考句1中cars后面是非限制性定语从句,空格中填关系代词which;句2中有并列连词but,题干是并列句,空格中填代词them。定语从句与状语从句定语从句修饰、限制先行词,常放在先行词的后面,而状语从句说明动作发生的情况,可以放在主句的前面Doyouknowthetimewhenthemeetingwasover?(when引导定语从句)Whenthemeetingwasover,itwasalreadyfiveo'clock.(when引导时间状语从句)定语从句与状语从句when,where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词+which”的结构来替换,在引导状语从句时则不行Thisistheschoolwhere(=inwhich)Ionceworked.(where引导定语从句)Putbackthebookwhereitwas.(where引导状语从句)定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当某种句子成分,因此去掉之后从句成分不完整;而状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分,去掉后从句的成分仍然完整 Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(as引导定语从句,作动词like的宾语)Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(that引导结果状语从句,不充当从句的成分)定语从句与同位语从句Thesuggestionthathecameupwithispractical.(that引导的是定语从句,that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语,可省略)Hegavemeasuggestionthatwe-17-/17
高考定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰或限制的作用,与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语从句的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释,是前面名词的具体内容,与前面名词之间是同位关系shouldreadaloudeverymorning.(that引导的是同位语从句,that在从句中不作成分,但不可省略) 解题策略策略一 根据从句所缺成分来确定关系词1.如果先行词指人,定语从句中缺少主语,限制性定语从句中用who/that;非限制性定语从句中用who。2.如果先行词指人,定语从句中缺少宾语,限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom;非限制性定语从句中用whom;缺少表语,限制性定语从句用that;非限制性定语从句用who。3.如果先行词指物,定语从句中缺少主语或宾语,限制性定语从句中用which/that;非限制性定语从句中用which;缺少表语,限制性定语从句用that;非限制性定语从句用which。4.如果先行词指时间或地点,定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语,定语从句中用when/where;如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语,则用that/which。5.不论先行词指人还是物,只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。6.如果先行词指人,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom;如果先行词指物,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。策略二 巧用固定结构选用关系词当题干中出现such,thesame等或行为动词的被动语态时,就可考虑关系词as的固定结构,如such...as...,thesame...as...,asisknown,asisexpected。但还要注意看定语从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语,如果不缺这三种句子成分,则不用as。【典例】 Thosehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice__as__peopleexpected.解析:本空应用关系词引导定语从句并在从句中作expected的宾语;空处所填词与前面的such构成固定结构such...as...,表示“像……那样的……”,因此这里用as引导定语从句。-17-/17
高考 易错聚焦(一)定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代(误)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps,someofthemaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps,someofwhicharemyfavorite.2.关系代词遗漏(误)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewholeavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的,但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1.有从无主式(误)myfriendJane,whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane,whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates,hasavarietyofhobbies.第一句虎头蛇尾,属于有从无主式的句子,即有从句但没有主句。2.画蛇添足式(误)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(误)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,amanwhoistalkinghappily.(误)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps,andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句,因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句,主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话,显然并列连词and是多余的。-17-/17
高考达标检测Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2020·新高考卷)The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane,forexample,formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseum__which/that__openedin1759.解析:考查定语从句。句意:例如,汉斯·斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句,先行词是theBritishMuseum,关系词在从句中做主语,应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。2.(2020·某某卷改编)Dr.Rowan,__whose__secretaryresignedtwoweeksago,hashadtodoallhisowntyping.解析:考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他现在只能自己打字。________secretaryresignedtwoweeksago是非限制性定语从句,修饰Dr.Rowan,引导词在从句中作定语,表示“Dr.Rowan's”,表示“……的”,应用关系代词whose引导该从句。故填whose。3.(2020·某某卷改编)Manylessonsarenowavailableonline,from__which__studentscanchooseforfree.解析:考查定语从句。句意:许多课程现在都可以在网上找到,学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句,先行词是manylessons,关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语,应使用关系代词which引导。故填which。4.(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ)InancientChinalivedanartist__whose__paintingswerealmostlifelike.解析:考查定语从句。句意:中国古代有一位画家,他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist,且关系词在从句中作定语,故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。5.(2019·新课标III卷)Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasters__who__hadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.-17-/17
高考解析:考查定语从句。句意:它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人),且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。6.(2019·某某卷)Ontheedgeofthejacket,thereisapieceofcloth__that/which__givesofflightinthedark.解析:考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句,先行词是cloth,指物,从句中缺少主语,因此,可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。7.(2019·卷)Thestudentsbenefitingmostfromcollegearethose__who__aretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife.解析:考查定语从句。句意:从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。________aretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife.是定语从句,修饰先行词those,空格处在句中作主语,代指人。故填who。8.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014__that/which__showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.解析:考查定语从句的关系词。此处astudy是先行词,定语从句关系词在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which。9.(2019·某某卷改编)Wehaveenteredintoanage__when__dreamshavethebestchanceofingtrue.解析:考查定语从句。句意:我们已经进入了一个时代,在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为anage(一个时代),且从句中缺少时间状语,所以关系词用when。10.(2019·某某卷改编)Theirchildisatthestage__where__shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.解析:考查定语从句。句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences是一个定语从句,先行词是thestage,定语从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where。11.(2019·新课标II卷)NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9a.m.to5p.m.daily-17-/17
高考atthepetshopinMacclesfield,__which__sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.解析:考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,先行词为thepetshop,关系词在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语,故用which。12.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)ButSarah,__who__hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.解析:引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语,且指人,故用who。13.(某某)Pahlssonandherhusbandnowthinktheringprobablygotsweptintoapileofkitchenrubbishandwasspreadoverthegarden,__where__itremaineduntilthecarrot'sleafytopaccidentallysprouted(生长)throughit.解析:考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的先行词thegarden,且从句中缺少地点状语,故用where引导该定语从句。14.(全国Ⅰ)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,__when__IwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.解析:先行词是表示时间的themid-1980s,且从句中缺少状语,故填关系副词when。15.(全国Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,__who__livedfromroughly551to479B.C.,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.解析:所填词引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,且在从句中作主语。故填who。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.(2020·新课标卷Ⅱ)Thankyouforyourletter,whatreallymademehappy.__what改为which__解析:考查非限制性定语从句。句意:谢谢你的来信,你的信真正让我开心。分析句子,逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词yourletter,关系词在从句中作主语,指物,that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which。2.(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ)Understandinghergoodintentions,Ieatallthefoodwhatis-17-/17
高考providedbyMomwithappreciation.__what改为that__解析:考查定语从句。句意:出于对妈妈好意的理解,我满怀感激地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这里含有一个定语从句,先行词是allthefood,关系词在从句中作主语,指物,可用that或which,先行词被all所修饰,只能使用that,不能使用which,且what不能引导定语从句,所以what改为that。3.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Theyalsohadasmallpond,whichtheyraisedfish.__which前加in或改为where__解析:考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘,里面养着鱼。此处asmallpond是先行词,后面的定语从句缺少地点状语,故用inwhich或where。4.(新课标全国Ⅱ)Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner,thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o'clockatnight.__that→which__解析:此处是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词dinner,且关系词在从句中作主语,应用which而不能用that。5.(某某)There,Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends,oneofwhohasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.__who→whom__解析:因为关系词指人,并且作of的宾语,只能用whom,不能用who。6.(2019·全国高考Ⅲ卷)Inthecafe,customerswillenjoyyourselvesinthehistoricalenvironmentthatiscreatedforthem.__yourselves改为themselves__解析:本句考查代词的用法。customers是句子的主语,故把yourselves改为themselves。7.(全国卷Ⅲ)Aroundmeinthispicturearethethingstheywereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime:carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.-17-/17
高考__they→which/that__解析:things是先行词,后面是定语从句,从句中缺少主语,故引导词用that或which。Ⅲ.语法填空Therewasatime__1.when__IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason__2.why__myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,__3.where__Imetmanystrangers,Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately,myguide,__4.whose__teacherwasYuMinhong,municatedwithmefacetoface,from__5.which__Igainedsomeusefulinstructions.Healsoshowedmeagoodpartner,andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities__6.that/which__wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,__7.who__encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish,into__8.which__Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep,Irecallthepassages,through__9.which__Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.__10.As__ourEnglishteachersays,“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance,youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”文章大意:本文为记叙文,叙述了作者参加俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师,那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。解析:1.句意:有一段时间,我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。Therewasatimewhen...“有一段时间……”。故填when。2.Thisis/wasthereasonwhy...“这就是……的原因”。故填why。-17-/17
高考3.先行词是theclub,关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。4.先行词是myguide,代入定语从句后为:Myguide'steacherwasYuminhong.由此可见,先行词与teacher之间是所属关系。故填whose。5.先行词为句子“Myguidemunicatedwithmefacetoface”,关系词在定语从句中作介词from的宾语,且from提前。故填which。6.先行词是activities,且定语从句中缺宾语。故填关系代词that/which。7.先行词为Myfatherandtheguide,关系词在定语从句中作主语,且指“人”,所以用who引导。故填who。8.先行词为English,关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语,且介词into已被提前。故填which。9.句意:每天入睡前我总是回忆学的文章,通过这种方法,我能记住大量的英语生词。先行词为Irecallthepassages,关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语,且介词已被提前。故填which。10.句意:正如我们英语老师所说的:“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈,你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于句首,后面引号内直接引语的内容为先行词,且关系词在定语从句中作宾语。故填as引导。Ⅳ.短文改错Acavetherewereover200paintingswasdiscoveringinAustraliaeightyearsago.Topeople'ssurprises,thecavewasfoundbychanceonadaywheresomepeoplewerewalkinginthearea.Someofthepaintingswereatleast3,000yearsold.However,thesiteofthecavewassoverydifficulttoreachthatittakesalongtimebeforeresearcherscouldvisitit.Thereasonthattheexactlocationofthesiteiskeptsecretisthatthecaveneedstobeprotectedfrombeingvisitedbyvisitorswhichdon'trealizehoweasyitistodamagethepaintings.Thepaintingsinthatpeopleandanimalscanstillbeseentodayisextremevaluable.-17-/17
高考答案:Acavetherewereover200paintingswasinAustraliaeightyearsago.Topeople's,thecavewasfoundbychanceonadaysomepeoplewerewalkinginthearea.Someofthepaintingswereatleast3,000yearsold.However,thesiteofthecavewassoverydifficulttoreachthatitalongtimebeforeresearcherscouldvisitit.Thereasontheexactlocationofthesiteiskeptsecretisthatthecaveneedstobeprotectedfrombeingvisitedbyvisitorsdon'trealizehoweasyitistodamagethepaintings.Thepaintingsinpeopleandanimalscanstillbeseentodayisvaluable.-17-/17