题型一：阅读理解专题03：生态环保类题量要求：（45分钟）Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.1．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B．TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C．ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D．TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.2．Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?
A．Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B．Banningwoodcutting.C．Limitinghousingdevelopment.D．Firecontrolmeasures.3．WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A．Inadequatesnowmelt.B．Alongerdryseason.C．Awarmerclimate.D．Dampnessoftheair.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCaliforniaLastyear,thebushfiresinAustraliaburnedmorethan12.35millionacresofland.Atleast25peoplewerekilledand2000homesdestroyed.AccordingtotheBBC,thatwasthemostcasualties(伤亡)fromwildfiresinthecountrysince2009.TheUniversityofSydneyestimatesthat480millionanimalshavediedinSouthWalesalone.ZekeHausfather,anenergysystemsanalystandclimateresearcheratBerkeleyEarth,saidwarmertemperaturesandextremeweathermadeAustraliamoresusceptibletofiresandincreasedthelengthofthefireseason."Thedrierconditionscombinedwithrecordhightemperaturesin2019createdmainconditionsforthedisastrousfires.Australia'sfireswereworsenedbythecombinationofthosetwo.2019wastheperfectstormforbeingthewarmestyearonrecordforAustraliaandthedriestyearonrecordforAustralia,"HausfatheraddedonFriday.KevinTrenberth,aseniorscientistattheUSNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,saidwarmeroceantemperaturesarealsocontributedtomorevariableweatheraroundtheworld.Trenberthbelievesthatglobalwarmingcontributedtoenergyimbalancesandhotspotsintheoceans,whichcancreateawaveintheatmospherethatlocksweatherpatternsinplaces,causinglongerraineventsinIndonesia,forexample,andatthesametimecontributingtodroughtinAustralia.Hesaidthatonceanareaexperiencesdroughtconditionsfortwomonthsormore,it
increasestheriskoffirescatchingandspreading.Thosechangingweatherpatternsduetoglobalwarmingmakedroughteventslonger.Climateexpertsstressthatclimatechangeisnottheonlyfactorintheseverity(严重)ofwildfires.Howlandismanagedcanalsoimpacttheamountoffuelavailableforfires.Practiceslikecontrolledbumsandotherfactorscanimpacttherisktopeopleandproperty,suchaswarningsystemsandthetypeofdevelopmentinagivenarea.Changingthosepolicieshasgreatpotentialtolimitfuturedamagefromwildfiresalongwithchangestohowfiremanagementresourcesaredispatched(派遣).1．Whatarethenumbersaboutinparagraph1?A．ThecausesofAustralianfires.B．TheresultsofAustralianfires.C．ThedamagedareasofAustralianfires.D．ThepropertydestructionofAustralianfires.2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains''susceptibleto"inthesecondparagraph?A．Veryquicklytoadaptto.B．Veryseriouslytofocuson.C．Verylikelytobeinfluencedby.D．Veryeasilytobeprotectedagainst.3．WhatcanweinferfromTrenberth’sresearch?A．Longerdryweathercontributestoglobalwarming.B．Globalwanningisalsoamaincauseofthebushfires.C．Warmeroceantemperaturesleadstothefiresdirectly.D．Theimbalancedenergyleadstothetemperaturerising.4．Whatdoestheauthorintendtodointhelastparagraph?A．TostresstheeffectsofAustraliafires.B．Toshowthemethodsforlandmanagement.C．TopredicttheseriousnessofAustraliafires.D．Toprovidesomeadviceaboutreducingfiredamage.Throughanagreementsignedtoday,themuch-lovedanimalswillcontinuetodelightvisitorsforanotherthreeyears,throughDecember7,2023.“We’reallveryexcited,”saysSteveMonfort,
thedirectoroftheSmithsonian’sNationalZooandConservationBiologyInstitute.“It’sverygoodthatwecancontinueourcooperationwithourChinesecolleagues.”ThefemalegiantpandaMeiXiangandmaleTianTian,willreturntoChinaattheendof2023attherelativelyelderpandaagesof25and26respectively（分别地).Theprobablelifetimeforgiantpandasisabout15to20yearsinthewild,andabout30yearsincaptivity(圈养).LikelytotravelwiththetwoisXiaoQiJi（LittleMiracle）,whowasbornonAugust21,2020.The15-week-oldmalecubisthefourthofMeiXiang’sfoursurvivingcubs.Bylong-standingagreement,cubsbornincaptivityatthezooaresenttoChinabeforefour.WhenXiaoQiJiwasborn,hismotherMeiXiangbecametheoldestgiantpandatogivebirthinNorthAmerica.ThepublichasyettoseeXiaoQiJiinperson.Normally,itwouldbeataboutthistime,alittleover100days,thatacubwouldbeabletobesharedwiththepublic.Over1.6millionpeoplehavewatchedtheZoo'sPandaCamsincetheAugustbirth,withatotalof8.8millionpageviews.Justthisweek,hisparents,MeiXiangandTianTianmarked20yearsinWashington,D．C．.TheextensionagreementmeansthattheNationalZooandChinawillreachahalfcenturyofconservationandcooperationbetweentheU.S.andChina.“Itshouldn'tbesurprisingtopeoplethatcooperationisthefoundationofthewaythatonedoesthework.”Monfortsays,“Inprotectingspecies,nooneorganizationandoftennotevenonegovernmentcantheoreticallysaveaspecieswithoutpartnership.”5．Whatistheagreementabout?A．Twopandas'threemoreyearsintheUSA．B．CooperationbetweentheZooandChina.C．ThefirstpublicappearanceofXiaoQiJi.D．Thewaytoreturnhomeforthreepandas.6．WhatdoweknowaboutMeiXiang?A．Shehasbeenabroadfor20years.B．ShehasbeensentbacktoChina.C．ShewasbornintheNationalZoo.D．She'stheoldestpandatogivebirth.7．What'sthepublic'sattitudetowardsthenewly-bornpanda?A．Uncaring.B．Enthusiastic.C．Cautious.D．Sympathetic
8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MeiXiangHasGivenBirthtoXiaoQiJiB．CooperationIsKeytoAnimalProtectionC．ExtensionAgreementonPandasIsReachedD．LifetimeforGiantPandasIsFiguredOuteentheU.S.andChina.”TheChinesemannedsubmersible(潜水器)Fendouzhe,over96.5percentofwhosecorecomponentshavebeenindependentlydevelopedbyChina,reachedoneofthedeepestspotsontheplanet,adizzyinganddarkdepthof10,909meters.Extremewaterpressureisthefirstchallengethatrequiresdealingwithduringtheexploration.At10,000metersdownintheocean,thesubmersiblehastostandabout1,100atmospheresofpressure,equalto2,000elephantssteppingonaperson’sback.Asthesolid“armour(盔甲)”，themannedcabinisasafetyguaranteeforhumanstoreachdownto10,000metersdeepintheocean.Toovercomethetechnicalbottleneck,theChineseresearchersdevelopedanewmaterial-Ti62A,successfullysolvingproblemsofthestrengthandtoughnessofthemannedcabin.Toavoidrisksofcrashesinthedarkdeepseawithcomplexterrain(地形)，Fendouzherequiresitscontrolsystem,asmart“brain”togivetheexactinstructions.Researchersdesignedaneuralnetworkalgorithm(神经网络算法),whichenablesFendouzhetotravelautomaticallyaccordingtotheseabedterrainandlocatefixedpoints.Itscontrolsystemhasreachedtheinternationalfrontierlevel.Thesubmersibleisequippedwithtwoflexibleandstrong“arms”.Each7-jointarmwith6degrees-of-freedomcontrolandaweight-carryingabilityofmorethan60kilogramscancoverthesamplingbasketanditsfrontareas.Withthearms,Fendouzhecollectedsamplesofoceanrocks,deep-sealivingthingsandseabedsediments(沉淀物).Theocean,especiallythedeepsea,iswidelyregardedasEarth'sfinalfrontier.Deepdownintheoceanareunusualcreatures,strangeenvironmentsandimpressivegeologicalwonders,yethumanityknowslessabouttheoceanfloorthanaboutthefarsideofthemoon.Thesesamplesanddatacollectedfromthedeepoceancanbeusedforgeologicalandbiologicalresearch,aswellasstudythehumanimpactontheplanet.
9．Whyis“2000elephants”mentionedinparagraph2?A．Tomakethenumbersaccurate.B．Toprovideabiologicalexplanation.C．Toemphasizetheimportanceofthetask.D．Todescribethedegreeofthepressurevividly.10．Whatcan“arms”doaccordingtoparagraph4?A．Collectoceansamples.B．Landthesubmersible.C．Providesafetyguarantee.D．Preventcrashesintelligently.11．Whichofthefollowinghasreachedtheworldadvancedlevel?A．Thetoughnessofthecabin.B．Theabilityofweight-carrying.C．Themethodofdata-collection.D．Thetechnologyofcontrolsystem.12．Whydopeopleresearchthedeepoceanaccordingtothelastparagraph?A．Itismorecomplexthanthemoon.B．Itisseriouslyaffectedbyhumans.C．Tomakesureofthedepthoftheocean.D．Toexploretheless-knownfieldoftheplanet.
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