题型二：完型填空专题03：说明文题量要求：（45分钟）Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively1workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe2,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,3,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom4withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof5people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto6tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral7.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional8managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout9managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:10thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe11withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas12beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto13thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor14management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe15oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.
1.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike2.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme3.A.viceversaB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise4.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above5.A.replacingB.assessingC.managingD.encouraging6.A.referB.contributeC.objectD.apply7.A.agreementB.practiceC.electionD.impression8.A.bossyB.experiencedC.westernD.male9.A.askingB.trainingC.warningD.firing10.A.doublingB.maintainingC.reducingD.estimating11.A.honoredB.leftC.crowdedD.compared12.A.economicallyB.traditionallyC.inadequatelyD.occasionally13.A.denyB.admitC.assumeD.ensure14.A.virtualB.ineffectiveC.day-to-dayD.on-the-scene15.A.opinionB.riskC.performanceD.attractivenessBridgingthegapHowdoesaprincipalinvestigatormakecommunicationamongdeafandhearingcolleagueseasier?Moreover,howarethelargenumberoffield-specifictechnicalterms41andcommunicatedinsignlanguage?These42differencesarenotremarkablychallengingtoworkaround.BlumbergtaughthimselfAmericanSignLanguageandhasinterpreters43inthelabduringtheday.Forlabmeetings,journalclubsandresearchseminars,hehastwointerpreterspresenttotag-teamsigning.Costsfortheinterpretersare44bytheNIH’sOfficeofResearchServices.Theonlylearningcurvethatheexperienced,Blumbergsays,wasrealizingheneeded45interpreters.Before,whenhehadonedeafstudent,hecould46theinterpreting.Asmoredeaffellowsjoined,Blumberg47full-timeinterpretersforhelp.Havinginterpretersaroundalldayisnotnecessarythough.“48,interpretersareonlyneededduringthedayifwe’rehavinglabmeeting,classes,importantfunctionsorevents,or49—posterpresentations,studentpresentations,guestpresentationsfrom50scientists,”Lundbergsays,“Therestoftheday,Idonotneedaninterpreter,51I’minlabandit’s
independentwork.”DuringhisPh.D.attheUniversityofMinnesota,Lundbergusedonlinechatplatformsto52withhisadviserandcolleagues.Orhewrote53awhiteboard,scratchpaper,orpapertowels.Hisadviserlater54thathekeepthescrapsofpaper,which“wasreallygoodadvice”,Lundbergsays,“becausetheywerereallygoodnotes.”“Thebestwaytoarrangethemostsuitableaccommodationsfordeafindividualsistoaskthem55theyneed,”saysDerekBraun,aformerpostdoctoralfellowwithBlumbergandcurrentlyaprofessorofbiologyatGallaudetUniversity.OneofhisongoingprojectsisacollaborationwithBlumbergandLundbergtoinvestigatetheroleofRasguanylnucleotide(鸟苷核苷酸)-releasingproteinsincancer.“56deafpeoplesign,”Braunsays.“Someareoral.Really,wecomeineveryflavorimaginable.Thebestjudgeofwhatthatpersonneedsisusuallytheperson.”Signingscientifictermsisnotunusuallychallengingeither.Whilenostandardizedsetofsignsfortechnicalwordsexists,colleaguesworkinginthesamelabdeveloptheirownsignsforthetermstheyfrequentlyuse.Ifeachlabdevelopssigns57whathappenswhenmembersofdifferentlabsmeet?LarryPearce,atechnicianinBlumberg’slab58isdeaf,explainstome.“It’sreallynotthatdifficultbecausewhenanindividualdoesnotunderstandasignweuse,they’llaskforclarifications(说明)andI’llfinger-spell.I’llspell59out.Theywilltellmewhattheirsignis,andI’lltellthemwhatoursignis.IfIliketheirsignbetter,Imightadoptitanduseiteveryday,orvice-versa(反之亦然),andeventuallyitbecomesmore60.41.A.adaptedB.adoptedC.adjustedD.announced42.A.cultureB.pronunciationC.communicationD.habit43.A.stationedB.cannedC.cuppedD.capped44.A.countedB.containedC.includedD.covered45.A.betterB.fewerC.moreD.less46.A.carryoutB.carryonC.makeoutD.makeup47.A.turnedB.soughtC.referredD.led48.A.InparticularB.IngeneralC.InconclusionD.Inword.49.A.colleaguesB.interpretersC.presentationsD.accommodations50.A.anotherB.anyC.othersD.other
51.A.becauseB.thoughC.whetherD.unless52.A.writeB.readC.listenD.speak53.A.belowB.onC.inD.beyond54.A.knewB.suggestedC.discoveredD.noticed55.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.if56.A.NotallB.AllC.FewD.Notenough57.A.independentlyB.dependentlyC.secretlyD.occasionally58.A.whereB.whichC.whoD.when59.A.themB.meC.myselfD.it60.A.essentialB.particularC.relatedD.universalPassage1Intoday’sbusyworld,it’seasytogetoffthecourseofourlife.HavingaLifeMapto1helpsuskeepmovingquicklyand2towardsourgoals.Ithelpsusquicklycorrectthingswhenweare3amess,andhelpsusfindtheright4todealwithunexpectedproblems.Butifwedon’thavethemap,alltheplanningintheworldwon’t5.We’llendupdriving6around,beingdistractedbymanydifferentpaths.Evenifyouknow7youwanttogo,youhaven’ttriedandhavenotruemethodofgettingthere.Ifyouweregoingtodrivetosomewhere8,firstlyyouwouldmapitout.Morelikely,youoftenlookatthe9fordirectionstomakesurethatyouwereontherighttrack.Youwouldbeabletotellquicklyifyouneededto10adjustments,correctamistake,orconsidera(n)11ofplans.Don’tletyourtemporary,currentdesirestakeprecedence(优先)overwhatyoureallywant,becauseanimportantpartofsuccessis12whatisandwhatisn’tadistraction.Forexample,asyouare13foryourparty,youseeasellerwithsomefreshflowersandyoudecidetostopand14someforyourfriends.Inthis15,astopalongthewayaddstoyourgoal.16,ifyoudecidetostopandseeamovieandarrivequite17attheparty,thenyouhavedetractedfromyourgoal.
ItisexactlytruefortheLifeMap.Each“opportunity”mustbe18accordingtohowthiswill19yourfinalgoal—willthiscontributetoit20willthisdetractfromit?Therefore,boththedrivingmapandtheLifeMapservethesamehighpurpose:tokeepyouontherighttrack.1.A.focusonB.refertoC.thinkaboutD.adaptto2.A.suddenlyB.possiblyC.properlyD.formally3.A.inB.toC.atD.for4.A.solutionB.chanceC.resultD.excuse5.A.needB.loseC.existD.matter6.A.excitedlyB.unsteadilyC.happilyD.aimlessly7.A.whereB.whenC.whetherD.why8.A.unusualB.unfamiliarC.unimportantD.unattractive9.A.roadB.skyC.carD.map10.A.makeB.collectC.showD.choose11.A.explanationB.futureC.changeD.arrangement12.A.droppingB.avoidingC.catchingD.deciding13.A.preparingB.headingC.callingD.fighting14.A.putoutB.workonC.pickupD.seeto15.A.timeB.systemC.areaD.case16.A.ThusB.HoweverC.AnywhereD.Still17.A.earlyB.timelyC.fastD.late18.A.expectedB.lostC.valuedD.evaluated19.A.affectB.combineC.reachD.set20.A.butB.orC.andD.soPassage2Aresearchshowstwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionofaculturalorpoliticalissue,notheateddebatesaboutafilmorabook,butplainandsimple21.Languageisourgreatesttreasureandwhatdowe22dowithit?Wegossip(闲聊)aboutothers’behaviorandprivatelives;howtodealwithdifficult23situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.
Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural24ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotabout25inparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar,whosaysgossipisoneofthesereally26issues.Dunbar27thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively.28,hesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.“Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjust29wecantalk,”arguesDunbar,“30,”hegoesontosay,“languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.”Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe31ofthehigherprimates(灵长类动物)likemonkeys.Bymeansofgroomingleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupport32somekindofconflictwithinthegroupor33fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefrominaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar34thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.35togethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe36itprovided,ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe37oflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedtoeasethepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe38tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore39kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocalgroomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one40contact.21.A.claimB.descriptionC.gossipD.language22.A.occasionallyB.habituallyC.independentlyD.originally23.A.socialB.politicalC.historicalD.cultural24.A.admirersB.mastersC.consumersD.wasters25.A.everythingB.somethingC.anythingD.nothing26.A.vitalB.sensitiveC.idealD.difficult27.A.confirmsB.rejectsC.outlinesD.broadens
28.A.StillB.BesidesC.ThereforeD.Instead29.A.becauseB.untilC.unlessD.as30.A.forinstanceB.inadditionC.onthecontraryD.asaresult31.A.motivationB.appearanceC.emotionD.behavior32.A.intermsofB.infavorofC.inthewakeofD.intheeventof33.A.attackB.contactC.inspectionD.assistance34.A.recallsB.deniesC.concludesD.acknowledges35.A.CommunicatingB.GroupingC.MigratingD.Swinging36.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadershipD.protection37.A.stressesB.benefitsC.barriersD.conveniences38.A.reducedB.extendedC.consumedD.wasted39.A.commonB.efficientC.scientificD.thoughtful40.A.indirectB.dailyC.physicalD.confidential
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