【非谓语动词】【考纲解读】近几年对于非谓语动词的句法功能考查越来越多，尤其是语篇填空和改错题型考查较多，甚至在完形填空的选项中也多有涉及。首先需要考生了解非谓语动词的基本形式及其时态和语态的变化形式；其次，需要考生牢固掌握非谓语动词的语法功能和非谓语动词题目的解题思路，并能在具体的语境中正确运用。【命题趋势】1.近年来对非谓语动词的考查较多的关注与语境的结合，尽管出发点还是仍是非谓语动词的基本用法，这种考查形式是在理解语境和句意的基础上设置的。2.今后非谓语动词的考查依然占有较高的比重，尤其是非谓语动词做定语和状语的用法，同时试题设置将会继续结合语境，难度适中。3.高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。4.动词不定式的考查主要集中在一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。【名师指导】1.非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。对非谓语动词类考题，解题时首先要通过句子结构判断出是否是非谓语动词，找准相关动词的逻辑主语，再通过分析句子成分判断应使用哪种非谓语动词。例如：作主语、宾语用动名词或动词不定式；作状语常用分词：目的状语常用动词不定式，伴随状语则常用现在分词等。2.确定为非谓语动词后，再观察非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的主动、被动关系以及动作发生的时间，由此判断出正确的时态、语态形式。非谓语动词与被修饰词之间是主动关系，常用现在分词、动词不定式或动名词的一般式；是被动关系，则用过去分词、ing形式或动词不定式的被动式；如果非谓语的动作比谓语先（或先很久）发生，那么非谓语动词要用完成式（tohavedone/tohavebeendone/havingdone/Havingbeendone），否则我们要用非谓语的一般式（todo/tobedone/doing/beingdone/done）。不定式[来源:学§科§网]动名词[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]分词现在分词过去分词
一般式主动式tododoingdoingdone被动式tobedonebeingdonebeingdone/进行式主动式tobedoing///被动式////完成式主动式tohavedonehavingdonehavingdone/被动式tohavebeendonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone/一、非谓语动词作主语1.It作形式主语，不定式为真正主语Ittakes/tooksb.st.todosth.It’s+adj.+todosth.It’s+adj.+forsb.+todosth.It’s+adj.+ofsb.+todosth.2.It作形式主语，动名词为真正主语It’snousedoingsth.It’snogooddoingsth.It’snopleasuredoingsth.It’sworthwhiledoingsth.It’suselessdoingsth.It’sawasteoftimedoingsth.二、非谓语动词作宾语1.v.+tododecidedeterminelearnwantwouldlikewishexpectrefusemanagepretenddemandpromisechooseplan
askbegofferintendfailaffordlongseemhappenpreparehesitatedesirehopeagreeproveattempt2.v.+doingenjoyconsiderescapeavoidriskdenyappreciatemisspermitallowincludeadmitmindimaginefancystanddelayfinishsuggestmentionpracticeexcusekeepresistforgivecomplete3.合成谓语+todobe+判断类、趋向类、能愿类adj.+todobesure/certaintodobelikelytodobereadytodobeable/unabletodobewilling/unwillingtodo4.合成谓语+doingbebusydoingbeworthdoing5.含介词to的短语+doingbe/getusedtobe/getaccustomedtogetdowntolookforwardtoobjecttoprefer...to…refertopayattentiontosticktoleadtobeopposedtogiveone’slifetodevoteoneselftobedevotedtobelimitedtobeequaltoapplytocontributeto6.v.+todo&v.+doing意义区别不大的动词startbegincontinuelikelovedislikehateprefer7.v.+todo&v.+doing意义不同的动词forget/remember/forget+todo未发生的动作
forget/remember/forget+doing已发生的动作goontodo接着做另一件事goondoing继续做同一件事stoptodo停下来去做另一件事stopdoing停止做某事meantodo打算做meandoing意味着trytodo尽力做trydoing尝试做8.“需要”类动词的用法want/need/require+doing(表被动)=want/need/require+tobedone三、非谓语动词作表语1.Sheistogetmarriednextweek.I’mtoseeyouoffattheairporttomorrow.You’retostandhere.2.MyjobisteachingEnglish.Hismaininterestisfishing.3.Thenewsisdisappointing.Thechildrenweredisappointed.interesting/interestedexciting/excitedconfusing/confusedfrightening/frightenedsurprising/surprisedtiring/tiredboring/boredmoving/movedpuzzling/puzzled四、非谓语动词作定语1.Thisistheschooltobebuiltnextyear.ThetraintoarriveisfromQingdao.Ihavealotofworktodo.
I’llgotothesupermarket.Doyouhaveanythingtobebought?Heisalwaysthefirstonetocomeandthelasttoleave.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.There’sstillmuchtodo.2.waitingroom=aroomforwaitingswimmingpoolwalkingsticklivingroomsittingroom3.developingcountry/developedcountryfallingleaves/fallenleavesboilingwater/boiledwater五、非谓语动词作状语1.ToimproveourEnglish,wecomehere.Theywenttotherailwaystation,onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.I’msogladtoseeyou.2.Hearingthenews,hecouldn’thelplaughing.（时间/原因）Givenenoughtime,Icandoitbetter.（条件）Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.（原因）Theglassfelltotheground,breakingintopieces.(结果)todo意料之外结果doing意料之中，自然而然Ourteachercamein,followedbymanystudents(伴随)3.spend…doing…havedifficultydoing…havetroubledoing…havefundoing…
haveagoodtimedoing…haveahardtimedoing…六、非谓语动词作补足语1.v.+sb.+todoaskwantadviseallowencourageforceforbidorderpermitpersuaderequestrequiretellwarnurgeexpectconsiderinviteteachremindsend2.v.+sb.+do口诀：宾补省to十一个五看二听一感觉lookat/see/watch/notice/observe一个帮助两均可listento/hear三个使役紧跟着feel/help如若主动变被动let/make/let该to一定要带着3.Ifoundmycarmissing.Iwillhavemywatchrepaired.4.havesth.done=getsth.donehavesb.do=getsb.todohave.sb.doing=keepsb.doing【走向高考】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2016·浙江卷)Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution,I'dlikeyoutolookatastudy________(conduct)inAustraliain2012.
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Myambassadorialdutieswillinclude________(introduce)Britishvisitorstothe120－pluspandasatChengduandothersataresearchcentreinthemistymountainsofBifengxia.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots,________(use)twigs(树枝)toremoveit.4．(2016·北京卷)________(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you'dbetterkeepthiscardathand.5．(2016·北京卷)________(order)overaweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.6．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenough________(cool)thehouseduringthehotday.7．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Iheardapassengerbehindmeshoutingtothedriver,butherefused________(stop)untilwereachedthenextstop.8．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Still,theboykept________(ride).Hewascarryingsomethingoverhisshoulderandshouting.9．(2017·陕西二模·改编)Withalotofdifficultproblems________(settle),themanagerfeltlikeacatonhotbricks.10．(2017·陕西西安二模·改编)________(judge)fromhisaccent,heisfromthesouthofChina.11．(2017·四川成都七中诊断·改编)Tohissurprise,Jackfoundhisson________(dress)asSantaClausonChristmasEve.12．(2017·湖南益阳模拟·改编)Nervousandanxious,Jillfailed________(make)agoodimpressionatthejobinterview.13．(2016·四川卷)For25days,sheneverleftherbaby,noteventofindsomething________(eat)!14．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie&Kent,atravelcompanyinHongKong,saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople________(live)inShanghaiandHongKong.15．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Astudyoftravelers________(conduct)bythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinationsintheworld.16.(2018·北京)_________(travel)alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience17.(2018·北京)DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogether_________(share)ameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.18.(2018·北京)Ordinarysoap,_________(use)correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.19.(2018·天津)Ididn'tmean___________(eat)anythingbuttheicecreamlookedsogoodthatIcouldn’thelp_______(try)it.20.(2018·天津)IneedanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographs___________(take).
21.(2018·江苏)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period,_______(exceed)the expected numberof12,000held bymarket analysts.22.(2018·新课标I卷)Youdon’thavetorunfastorforlong(see)thebenefit.23.(2018·新课标I卷)Youmaydrink,smoke,beoverweightandstillreduceyourriskof(die)earlybyrunning.24.(2018··新课标III卷)Oncehismessagewasdelivered,heallowedme________(stay)andwatch.Ⅱ.单句语法改错1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes.________2．(2015·陕西卷)Myfavoritepictureatthepartyisofmycoachandmeenjoythebiscuitswithhappylaughter！________3．(2017·湖北八校联考)Withmyeyesfillingwithtears,IcameintoMrLi'soffice.________4．(2017·浙江重点中学协作体联考)Butnowweoftendiscussandtrytosolvetheproblemsraisingbytheteachersorourselves.________5．(2017·江西红色六校联考)Theabilityexpressone'sideasomehowdecideshowfaronecangetalonginone'scollege.________6．(2017·黑龙江月考)TheofficeoftheStudents'Unionwillcontactthechoosingcandidatesforaninterviewinafewdays.________7．Forthewholeafternoontheysanganddancedhappilywithoutthinkabouttheirschoolwork.________8．Havingsomethingtodoonthetrain,Icouldn'thelpthinkaboutthesceneofleavingandfeltterriblysorry.________9．(2014·广东卷)Wegotalittle________(sunburn),butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn'tmind.________10．(2013·四川卷)Afterthinkforsometime,Ilethercopymyanswers.________11.(2018·新课标I卷)Mygrandpasaidlastsummertheyearnedquitealotbysellthefish.________12.(2018·新课标II卷)Asthekid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchingthem,myparentswouldnottoletme.________13.(2018·新课标III卷)Everyonewassilent,waittoseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisandherparagraphaloud.________14.(2018·江西省2018届高三模拟考)Despiteafamousscientist,Lulivesasimplyandhumblelife,usingbrokenfurnituredatedbacktothe1980sinhishome.________
15.(2018·湖北省襄阳四中2018届高三5月第四次模拟)AsIpracticedskating,healwayscreatedarelaxedatmosphereandputforwardsomespecificadvice.________16.(2018·河南省郑州市2018届高三下学期第三次模拟)Whatimpressedmemostwasanactivitycalling“LearningtoFarm”.________【参考答案】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．解析：句意：回到水污染问题，我想让你们看一下澳大利亚在2012年进行的研究。study与conduct之间为被动关系，且设空处表示“完成”，故用过去分词作后置定语。答案：conducted2．解析：分析句子结构可知，willinclude在句中作谓语，include为及物动词，其后加名词或动名词作宾语，再结合提示词introduce和空后的名词visitors可知，此处应用动名词作宾语。答案：introducing3．解析：考查现在分词作状语，people与use之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。答案：using4．解析：句意：要想更容易地联系到我们，你最好把这张卡片放在手边。根据句意可知这里应用动词不定式作目的状语，故答案为Tomake。答案：Tomake5．解析：句意：这些书一个多星期前就被下订单了，现在预计随时会到。order与逻辑主语thebooks之间为被动关系，且动作已经完成，故答案为Ordered。答案：Ordered6．答案：tocool7．解析：refusetodosth.表示“拒绝做某事”。答案：tostop8．解析：表示“继续(不间断地)做某事”时，要用keepdoingsth.，相当于continuedoingsth.。答案：riding9．解析：句意为：因为有许多难题要解决，经理感觉像热锅上的蚂蚁。此处为with的复合结构，difficultproblems与settle之间为主动关系，且“解决难题”发生在将来，故用不定式作宾补，表示将要发生的动作。答案：tosettle10．解析：句意为：从他的口音判断，他来自中国南方。judgingfrom意为“从……判断”，为独立成分，作状语时不用考虑它和句子主语之间的关系。
答案：Judging11．解析：句意为：使杰克惊讶的是，他发现儿子在圣诞节前夜被装扮成了圣诞老人。此处为“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构，用过去分词作宾语补足语。dress意为“给(某人)穿衣”，常用于dresssb.或sb.be/getdressed结构。答案：dressed12．解析：句意为：又紧张又焦虑，吉尔没有在面试中给人留下好印象。failtodosth.为固定搭配，意为“未做到某事”，故填tomake。答案：tomake13．解析：句意：25天里，它(熊猫)从没离开过它的孩子，甚至不出去找吃的东西。分析句子结构可知，此处something是eat逻辑上的宾语，要使用不定式作定语。故此处应填toeat。答案：toeat14．解析：此句有谓语动词arranges，可判断此处填非谓语动词，people和live存在主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。答案：living15．解析：此句有谓语动词names，可判断此处填非谓语动词，study和conduct存在被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。答案：conducted16.解析：考查动名词。句意：沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。“____alongtheoldSilkRoad”做主语，要用动名词。答案：Traveling17.解析：考查非谓语动词。中秋节期间家人们通常会聚在一起吃饭，品尝月饼。家人聚在一起的目的是吃饭，品尝月饼，故用todo不定式。答案：toshare18.解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：如果正确使用的话，普通的肥皂可以有效地处理细菌。Ordinarysoapcandealwithbacterialeffectively是主句，_________correctly是条件状语，修饰ordinarysoap，ordinarysoap和use之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词.答案：used19.解析：考查短语固定搭配。句意：我不打算吃任何东西，但冰淇淋看起来如此的好以至于我忍不住的要试一试。固定短语短语meantodo（打算做），couldn’thelpdoing忍不住做。答案：toeat；trying20.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：我需要一个新护照，所以我将不得不拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语myphotograph与补足语之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。答案：taken16.解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：在这期间，大约创造13,500个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12,000的预期数量。分析全句可知，这里指前一件事情所带来自然而然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。答案：exceeding17.解析：考查非谓语动词。你不必跑得太快或者时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式短语作目的状语，故填不定式。答案：tosee18.解析：考查非谓语动词。此处of是介词，故用动名词。答案：dying19.解析：考查非谓语动词。此处allowsbtodo允许某人做某事，故用动词不定式作宾补。答案：tostayⅡ.单句语法改错1．解析：句意：我通过穿奇装异服向他们表示我是独立的。介词by后需跟动名词作宾语。答案：wear→wearing2．解析：分析句子结构可知介词of后是动名词的复合结构，故用动名词形式。答案：enjoy→enjoying3．答案：filling→filled4．答案：raising→raised5．答案：express前加to6．答案：choosing→chosen7．答案：think→thinking8．答案：think→thinking9．解析：本题考查“get＋过去分词”表示状态。got在该题中为连系动词，且sunburn与We之间为动宾关系，故应用过去分词作表语。因此，答案为sunburned或sunburnt。答案：sunburned或sunburnt10．解析：介词after之后应用v.－ing形式。答案：think→thinking11.解析：sell改成selling考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。答案：sell→selling
11.解析：考查动词不定式。句意：无论我要求多少次要去看（卡通片）。用不定式表示目的。故把watching改为watch。答案：watching→watch12.解析：考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分分析，本句有谓语为was，而且没有连词，与主语是主动关系，所以wait要用非谓语waiting，表伴随。答案：wait→waiting13.解析：考查非谓语动词。datebackto“追溯到”，date是不及物动词，无被动式，作定语修饰furniture，用现在分词。故将dated改为dating。答案:dated→dating14.解析：考查现在分词。句意：他总是创造一个令人放松的氛围。故把relaxed改成relaxing。答案：relaxed→relaxing15.解析：考查非谓语。句意：我印象最深的是一个叫“学习农场”的活动。分析句子Whatimpressedmemostwasanactivitycalling“LearningtoFarm”可知，本句的calling“LearningtoFarm”作定语修饰名词anactivity。anactivity被称为“LearningtoFarm”，二者是被动关系，要用过去分词作定语。故把calling改为called。答案：calling→called
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