第七章 情态动词
一、概念及分类1.情态动词+动词原形情态动词表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度及看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等,不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形一起作谓语。2.情态动词有四类①只作情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),oughtto②可作情态动词,又可作实义动词:need,dare③可作情态动词,又可作助动词:shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征的词组:have(had,has)to,usedto,have(had,has)better注意:情态动词本身没有人称与数的变化,但是情态动词词组有些有人称与数的变化。
二、常见的情态动词
1.常见的情态动词词义举例:Hecanspeak5languages.他会讲五种语言。(能够)Canthisbeanexcusefornotgivingthemhelp?这难道能成为不帮助他们的理由吗?(可能)Thestudentmaybeplayingacomputergame.这个学生或许在打电脑游戏。(可能)Peoplemaynotpickflowersinthisgarden.这个花园的花木不得攀折。(可以)
Youmustbehereat7:30tomorrowmorning.你明天早上七点半必须到达这里。(必须)Iwilldoanythingforoursoldiers.我愿意为我们的战士做任何事。(愿意)Youshouldberesponsibleforyourself.你应该对你自己负责。(应该)Needhedoitallatonce?他需要马上做这件事吗?(需要)
I'llsupportyouifyoudaredoit.如果你敢做,我就支持你。(敢)
2.上表中could,might,would,should分别表示can,may,will,shall的过去式,它们在表示各自的原形所具有的词义时,语气更弱,显得更加委婉,它们的否定亦如此。如:TheymighthavealotofworktodonowbutI'mnotsure.他们现在可能有很多事要做,不过我不能肯定。(推测的语气更弱)CouldIseeyourlicense?我能否看看你的证件?(委婉)MightIaskforaphotographofyourbaby?我可否要一张你宝宝的照片?(委婉)
Wouldyoulikemetocarryitforyou?我帮你拿这个好吗?(委婉)Wouldyoupleasenotsingsoloudly?你能别唱这么大声吗?(委婉的否定)
3.上表情态动词的一些特殊用法:(1)can的否定can't表推测时表示“不可能”,语气很强烈,如:Hecan'tbeintheclassroom.他不可能在教室里。(2)must表示“一定,必须”时只能用于肯定句,不能用于否定句和疑问句。因为其否定形式mustn't表示“禁止”“千万不要”,如:Wemustn'tmovesomeoneiftheyarebadlyhurt.如果一个人受了重伤,你千万不要挪动他。
(3)need作为情态动词,后面直接加动词原形,无人称和数的变化,不受时态的影响;need还可用作行为动词,与不定式连用时,有人称和数的变化,并受时态的影响。如:Doesheneedtoknowit?(=Needheknowit?)他需要知道这件事吗?
Youdon'tneedtodoityourself.(=Youneedn'tdoityourself.)这事你不必亲自做。Thequestionneedstobediscussed.(=Thequestionneedsbediscussed.)这问题需要讨论。
(4)dare作为情态动词,后面直接加动词原形,无人称和数的变化,不受时态的影响。主要用于疑问句、否定句及条件状语从句中。如:Dareyougohomealone?你敢一个人回家吗?Shedarenotsaywhatshethinks.她不敢说出她的想法。Noonedarespeakofit.没有人敢谈这件事。
但dare还可以作及物动词,跟不定式,有人称和数的变化,并受时态的影响。Wemustdaretoact.我们要敢干。Iwonderhowhedaredtosaysuchathing.我奇怪他怎么敢说这样的话。
(5)shall作为情态动词,用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示“征求对方的建议”;用在第二、三人称作主语的陈述句中,表示说话者的“命令、警告、威胁、许诺”等语气。如:Agroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.Shalltheycomein?一群学生在外面等着见你。他们可以进来吗?Don'tworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.不用担心,你们会有比赛的票。
4.情态动词表推测的用法:一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许)表示肯定的推测。如:Hemust/may/mightbeathomenow.他现在一定/可能/也许在家。can't/couldn't(不可能),maynot/mightnot(可能不)可以用来表示否定的推测。如:Itcan't/couldn'tbeProfessorWang.HehasgonetoAmericalastmonth.那不可能是王教授,他上个月去了美国,还没回来。
疑问句中可用can/could(能)表示推测。如:Couldhehavefinishedhistask?他能完成任务吗?
5.“情态动词+have+过去分词”结构:musthavedone过去一定做了某事can't/couldn'thavedone过去不可能做了某事may/mighthavedone过去可能做了某事needn'thavedone过去本来没有必要做而做了某事couldhavedone过去本来能够做某事而没有做should/oughttohavedone过去本来应该做某事而没有做shouldn't/oughtn'ttohavedone过去本来不应该做某事而做了
如:Ididn'thearthetelephone;Imusthavebeenasleep.Hecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itissonear.Hemaynothavefinishedthework.Shemighthavecaughtacold.Thetreeisdead.Ishouldhavegivenitmorewater.Tomoughtnottohavetoldmeyoursecret.
6.常见的情态动词词组:
常见的情态动词词组词义举例:Nooneisabletodoit.没人能做这件事。Wehadtogohomeonfoot.我们不得不走回家。Yououghttostartatonce.你应该马上开始。IusedtoliveinNanjing,butnowIliveinShanghai.我过去住在南京,现在住在上海。
Itisprettycold.You'dbetterputonmycoat.外面特别冷,你最好穿上外套。You'dbetternotplaywiththedog.你最好不要逗狗玩。Iwouldratherstayherethangohome.我宁愿留在这里,而不愿意回家。Iwouldrathernottellyou.我宁可不告诉你。
7.两组情态动词词组的区别:(1)can(could)和beableto都可以表示能力,但can只有现在式和过去式,而beableto则有更多的形式。如:Willyoubeabletocometonight?你今晚能来吗?(一般将来时)I'msorryIhaven'tbeenabletoansweryourletter.对不起我一直没能给你回信。(现在完成时)Shesaidshehadnotbeenabletocomeearlier.她说她没有能够来得更早一些。(过去完成时)
(2)haveto与must都表示“必须”“不得不”,但must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而haveto表示的却是客观需要。另外,haveto比must有更多的形式。如:Ihavetotidymyroom.我得整理房间。(一般现在时)Thatnightwehadtowalkhomebecausetherewasnobus.那天晚上我们不得不步行回家,因为没有公共汽车。(一般过去时)We'llhavetoreconsiderthewholething.这一切我们将不得不重新考虑。(一般将来时)
(3)nothaveto表示没有必要,如:Youdon'thavetobuyagift,butyoucanifyouwantto.你没有必要买礼物,但如果你想买的话,你也可以买。
经典例题Youdon'thavetoknowthenameoftheauthortofindabook.You________findthebookbythetitle.2.—Excuseme.IsthistherightwaytotheSummerPalace?—Sorry,Iamnotsure.Butit________be.3.________youmindopeningthewindowforme?4.(2015年北京卷)—Can'tyoustayalittlelonger?—It'sgettinglate.Ireally________gonow.Mydaughterishomealone.can(能够)mightWouldmust
用适当的情态动词填空。1.Hewasagoodswimmer,sohe_______________swimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.2.John________cometoseeustonight,butheisn'tverysureyet.3.Eventhetopstudentsinourclasscan'tworkoutthisproblem,soit________beverydifficult.4.Thechildren________playfootballontheroad.5.Thepainting_________notbeamasterpiece,butthecolorsaremarvelous.could/wasabletomaymustmustn'tmay/might
6.There________beanydifficultyaboutpassingtheroadtestsinceyouhavepracticedalotinthedrivingschool.7.You___________________worryaboutyourson.Hewillgetwellsoon.8.Someyoungpeoplethesedays________gooutoftheirhomestocontacttherealworld.9.Ifyou________smoke,pleasegooutside.10.WhenIwassmall,mymom________readmestoriesatnight.11.Itwasreallyannoying;I________getaccesstothedatabankyouhadrecommended.shouldn'tneedn't/don'thavetowillnotmustwouldcouldn't
12.Itwassonoisythatwe________nothearourselvesspeak.13.Asthedeadlineisdrawingnear,noone________leavewithhisownworkuncompleted.couldshall
用适当的情态动词填空。1.Noone________becomparedwithYaoMinginplayingbasketballinChina.2.—Youneedn'ttakeanumbrella.Itisn'tgoingtorain.—Well,Idon'tknow.It________do.3.Lifeisunpredictable;eventhepoorest__________becometherichest.4.Samuel,thetallestboyinourclass,________easilyreachthebooksonthetopshelf.5.Thepriceonthispacketiswrong.It________be$2.50,not$3.50.canmightmight/maycanshould
6.“You________haveawrongnumber,”shesaid.“There'snooneofthatnamehere.”7.Myroomisamess,butI________notcleanitbeforeIgoouttonight.Icandoitinthemorning.8.It________bethepostmanatthedoor.It'sonlysixo'clock.9.Dayslater,mybrothercalledtosayhewasallright,but________saywherehewas.10.Ifyou________go,atleastwaituntilthestormisover.mustneedcan'twouldn'tmust
11.Sincenobodygavehimanyhelp,he________havedonetheresearchonhisown.12.—Whattime________Ipickyouupatyourhousetomorrow,sir?—Ihaven'tdecidedonthetime.ButIwillcallyou.13.Ifyou________haveacigarette,chooseaseatinthefirstrowofthesmokingsection.14.You________parkhere!It'sanemergencyexit.15.Mark________havehurried.Afterdrivingattopspeed,hearrivedhalfanhourearly.mustshallmustmustn'tneedn't
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16.Heissad.You________havetoldhimthebadnews.17.—Goodmorning.I'vegotanappointmentwithMissSmithinthePersonnelDepartment.—Ah,goodmorning.You________beMrs.Peters.18.She____________haveboughtthedictionary,butIamnotsure.mustshouldn'tmay/might