第九章 定语从句
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明人或物的品质和特征的。在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句，叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句在先行词之后(名词/代词＋定语从句)。连接先行词和定语从句的词叫作关系代词或者关系副词。IcanlendyouabookwhichtellslotsofthingsaboutSpain．(先行词是abook)我能借给你一本讲了许多关于西班牙的事情的书。
Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.(先行词是theman)住在我们隔壁的人是一位警察。Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthisformygrandparents.(先行词是theroom)窗户朝南的房间是给我祖父母住的。IstillrememberthoseyearswhenIlivedinthecountry．(先行词是thoseyears)我仍然记得我住在乡下的那些岁月。
Isthisthereasonwhyherefusedouroffer？(先行词是thereason)这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
第一节 句子成分
一、句子成分句子的组成要素叫句子成分。本书要求掌握的英语句子成分有八种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语、宾语补足语等。现将这几种主要成分加以阐述：主语：是句子陈述或说明的对象，常常是句中动作或行为的执行者、发出者，一般在句首。谓语：是主语进行的动作或所处的状态，由动词或动词词组充当。宾语：是动作的承受对象或介词的支配对象，一般放在动词或介词的后面。
如：Iplaythepiano.我弹钢琴。“I”(我)是弹这个动作的执行者和发出者，“I”→主语。“play”(弹)是我发出的动作，就是跟在主语的后面的动词作谓语(谓语动词)，“play”→谓语。“piano”是我弹的对象，也就是弹这个动作的承受者与接受者，“piano”→宾语。表语：位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成系表结构，是用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质和状况的。
如：Heismyformerclassteacher.MywishistogotoagooduniversityinShanghai.I'mnotfeelingmyselftoday.Heiseasytogetangry.Thetreesturngreeninspring.
定语：限定和修饰人或事物。译成汉语“……的”，用来修饰名词或代词。如：abeautifulgirl;anEnglishbook;abookwrittenbyateacherHewhodoesn'treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度、让步、伴随等。如：walkslowly;verygood;Finally，hewonthegame.
同位语：一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，指代同一个人或同一事物，这个名词就叫作同位语。如：myfriendBob；ChinesecapitalBeijing。
宾语补足语：对宾语的特征或者发出的动作进行补充说明的句子成分。如：Youmakemehappy．如：Tomboughtaninterestingbookyesterday.主谓定宾状汤姆昨天买了一本很有趣的书。OurEnglishteacherMr.Smithisveryyoung.定定主同系状表我们的英语老师史密斯先生非常年轻。
WefoundhimverycleverWhenhewasplayingcomputergames.主谓宾状宾补状(时间状语从句)．我们发现当他玩游戏的时候他很聪明。进一层：在宾补veryclever中，very是副词作状语；时间状语whenhewasplayingcomputergames是一个分句，在分句中，he作该分句的主语，wasplaying作分句的谓语，computergames作分句的宾语；在分句谓语computergames中，computer作定语修饰games。
Hisfatherpraisedhim，becausehewonthefirstprizeagain．主语谓语宾语 原因状语他的父亲表扬了他，因为他再次获得一等奖。进一层：在主语Hisfather中，His作定语修饰father；原因状语是一个分句，he作分句的主语，won作分句的谓语，thefirstprize做分句的宾语，其中the和first分别作定语修饰prize。Youwillnotmisstheearlybusifyougetupearly．主语 谓语 宾语 条件状语如果你起早一点，你就不会错过这趟早班车。
进一层：在宾语theearlybus中，the和early分别作定语修饰bus；条件状语是一个分句，you作该分句的主语，getup作分句的谓语，early作分句的时间状语。
二、句子结构五种基本句型1.主语—谓语（S—V）2.主语—谓语—宾语（S—V—O）3.主语—系动词—表语（S—V—P）4.主语—谓语—间宾—直宾（S—V—IO—DO）5.主语—谓语—宾—宾补（S—V—O—C）
分析下列句子的成分。1.Thedishsmellsgood．The定语dish主语smells谓语good表语．2.Mydeskmate,Maryneedsapennow．My定语deskmate主语,Mary同位语needs谓语apen宾语now状语．3.Youcanusethebooksonthedesk．You主语canuse谓语thebooks宾语onthedesk状语．4.TheygoboatinginthelakeonSundays．You主语canuse谓语thebooks宾语onthedesk状语．
5.Theteacheraskedthestudentstoclosethewindows．Theteacher主语asked谓语thestudents宾语toclosethewindows宾补．6.Mymotherboughtmeabike．Mymother主语bought谓语me宾语abike宾补．7.Mydeskmatewasreadinganovelwhentheteachercamein．Mydeskmate主语wasreading谓语anovel宾语whentheteachercamein时间状语．
第二节 关系代词和介词＋关系代词
一、关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词包括that,which,who,whom,whose,as。关系代词有三个作用：连接主句和从句；2.指代被修饰的先行词(这就是“关系代词”的由来);3.在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，且与先行词保持数的一致。如：
关系代词在从句中充当宾语时可以省略。如：Thisistheboy(who)Imetyesterday．
◆填上合适的关系代词。1.Theman_____________________youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.2.Thisisthefactory_______________Ivisitedlastyear.3.Letmeshowyouthenovel_____________Iborrowedfromthelibrary.4.HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic,________leadingactorisworld－famous?5.Heisnotsuchafool________helooks.6.Lookout!Don'tgettooclosetothehouse________roofisunderrepair.who/whom/that/不填which/that/不填which/that/不填whoseaswhose
二、介词＋关系代词(which/whom)当关系代词用作介词的宾语时，我们可以把介词移到关系代词前面，构成“介词＋which/whom”的结构来引导定语从句。如：(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.＝Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(2)We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.＝We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
1.介词的选用原则A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr.Smithboughtanewhouse________whichhespentallhismoney.(on,spendsomemoneyonsth.)Thisisthebook________whichhepaid8dollars.(for,paysomemoneyforsth.)
B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定Istillremembertheday________whichIjoinedthearmy.(on,强调具体某一天用on,Ijoinedthearmyontheday)Istillrememberthedays________whichIlivedthere.(during,强调某几天内用during,Ilivedthereduringthedays)C.根据所表达的意思确定Thegas________whichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.(without,withoutthegas,wecannot…)
◆用适当的介词填空。1.Whoistheman________whomyoushookhands?2.Heworksinafactory,________whichthereisariver.3.Givemethebook,thecover________whichisred.4.Thisistheneighbor________whomIborrowedthebicycle.5.Thechair________whichheissittingismadeofwood.6.Thecar________whichhepaid210,000yuanismadeinShanghai.7.WangHong,________whomIwenttothepartyyesterday,enjoyedherselfverymuch.withnearoffromonforwith
8.Tom,________whomthewindowwasbroken,hasbeencriticizedbyhisteacher.by
2.注意事项“介词＋关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词、数词或者名词。(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.(3)Theboat,thenameofwhichisTopsail,isfamous.(4)Iboughtmanybooksyesterday,threeofwhicharewrittenbyLuXun.
三、关系代词that使用的特殊情况先行词指人或物时，需用关系代词在从句中充当主、宾、表时，只能用that的情况。①不定代词＋that:如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none,few等不定代词或被all,little,none,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰时。如：Everythingthatwesawwasinteresting.Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.
【填空】Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething________wassomeoneelse'sfault.先行词为不定代词something,关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。that
②the＋序数词/形容词，只能用that:如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时。如：ThisisthelastfactorythatIvisited.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.③the＋only/very/last:如果先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时。如：Hewastheonlypersonintheofficethatwasinvitedtotheball.④指人又指物，只能用that。先行词包含了指人和指物两方面的含义时。Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
⑤关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that。Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.Chinaisn'tthecountrythatitusedtobe.
四、限制性、非限制性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句中间无逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句中间有逗号隔开。2.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的翻译。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，翻译时放在先行词之前，而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系没那么密切，通常翻译成一个分句，对先行词进行补充说明。如：Theboywhoisstandinginfrontofthebuildingismybrother.正站在楼前面的那个男孩是我弟弟/哥哥。
Theboy,whoisstandinginfrontofthebuilding,ismybrother.那个男孩是我弟弟/哥哥，他正在楼前站着呢。Theoldmanhasasonwhoisinthearmy.这个老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。Theoldmanhasason,whoisinthearmy.这个老人有一个儿子，他儿子在部队工作。
3.非限制性定语从句中不能用that引导。例1Studentsmustn'tsmokeintheschool,________isaruleofaschool.【解析】which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，从句中明显缺主语，而非限制性定语从句中不能用that。which
4.引导非限制定语从句的which与as。二者作关系代词引导定语从句时，其先行词既可是整个句子，也可是部分成分，二者在从句中常充当主语或宾语。二者的主要区别如下：(1)as引导的从句可位于句首、句中或句末，并有逗号和主句隔开；而which引导的从句只能置于主句之后。如：HaveyouevervisitedtheGreatWall,whichattractsthousandsoftouristseachyear?Aseverybodyknows,Shakespeareisafamouswriter.Iamveryinterestedin,asyouknow,classicalmusic.
Heislateforthemeeting,asisoftenthecase．(2)as有“正如……”、“正像……”之意，而which没有。如：Asweknow/Asisknowntoall/Asweallcansee众所周知Asisoftenthecase情况常常是这样Asmightbeimagined可以想象得到Asmightbeexpected正如所预料的那样Ashasbeenpointedout正如所指出的那样Ashasbeensaidbefore/above正如前文所述As(it)oftenhappens像往常一样
例2________isknowntousall,itisimportanttogetalongwithpeoplearoundus.【解析】句意：“众所周知，与我们周围的人相处是很重要的。”as引导非限制性定语从句，位于句首。As
用适当的关系代词填空。1.Doyouknowtheman________istalkingwithyourmother?2.Thebook___________Igaveyouwasworth$10.3.Theboy________________sheloveddiedinthewar.4.Aplaneisamachine_____________canfly.5.Achild________parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.6.Ilikethosebooks________topicsareabouthistory.7.Thepoormanhasnohouse________________hecanlive.8.Thebeggarhasnomoney____________hecanbuyfood.who/thatwhich/thatwhom/who/thatthat/whichwhosewhoseinwhich/wherewithwhich
9.WheneverImether,________wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.10.________isknowntous,theearthgoesaroundthesun.11.Thefilm___________wesawlastnightisveryinteresting.12.Somepeople__________aresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.13.Children________dietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.14.Thefirstplace________theyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.whichAsthat/whichwho/thatwhosethat
15.Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandtheplace________hehadvisitedinthatcountry.16.Theylivedinahouse____________wasbuiltin1800.17.Thatisthenewmachine________partsaretoosmalltobeseen.thatthat/whichwhose
一、用适当的关系代词填空。1.Theman___________iswalkingontheplaygroundismyoldfriend.2.Jackstudiedinavillageschool,________isnamedafterhisgrandfather.3.LuXun,________realnamewasZhouShuren,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.4.Heissuchacleverchild________everyonelikes.5.Helivesinasmallvillage________isthreemilesawayfromhisschool.6.Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,____________hewentontoBeijingUniversity.who/thatwhichwhoseasthat/whichafterwhich
7.________isknowntoall,Chinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.8.Hewaslateforschool,________wasusualforhim.9.Thisisthelasttrain________willgotoSuzhou.10.Ilikethesecondnovel________Ireadinthesummerholidays.11.Allthepresents________yourfriendsgaveyouonyourbirthdayshouldbeputaway.12.Hewaslatefortheopeningceremony,________wasverysurprisingtome.Aswhichthatthatthatwhich
13.Ourgrandma,__________wecalled“Nanny”，wouldalwaysbakebreadadayahead.14.Thelittleproblems________wemeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspirationsforgreatinventions.15.Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures，eachof________usesitdifferently.16.TheUSAisalargecountry,in________manydifferentdialectsarespoken.who/whomwhich/thatwhichwhich
一、用适当的关系代词填空。1.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,______________hecouldseewhatwashappeninginsidethehouse.2.Theage________childrencangotoschoolisseven.3.Thewoman,___________Ilearnedthenews,isanurse.4.Thewolf__________thesheepwaskilledwasshot.5.Thisisthereason__________hewaslate.6.Thesong,__________weareinterestedwillbebroadcasttonight.throughwhichatwhichfromwhombywhichforwhichforwhich
7.Heisthehero________weareproud.8.ThestoriesaboutLeiFeng,________thisisoneexample,arewellwritten.9.Thetwothings______________Marxwasnottoosureweregrammarandsomeidoms.10.Thetable______________________mycatoftenlieswhilewearehavingmealsismadeofwood.ofwhichofwhichabout/ofwhichunder/beside/onwhich
第三节 关系副词
引导定语从句的关系副词包括when,where,why。关系副词有两个作用：1.连接主句和从句；2.在定语从句中充当状语(时间状语、地点状语、原因状语)。
引导定语从句时，关系副词when,where,why等可以与“介词＋which”互换。如：ThedaywhenshearrivedwasThursday.＝ThedayonwhichshearrivedwasThursday.她到的那天是星期四。Doyouremembertheplacewherewehadlunch?＝Doyouremembertheplaceatwhichwehadlunch?你记得我们吃午饭的地方吗？
ThereasonwhyIcameherewastobewithmyfamily.＝ThereasonforwhichIcameherewastobewithmyfamily.我到这里来的原因是要跟我的家人在一起。
关系副词与相对应的介词＋关系代词
例1Thevillagehasdevelopedalot________welearnedfarmingtwoyearsago.【解析】where在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词thevillage,定语从句中welearnedfarming主谓宾齐全，选用关系副词where作状语，从句意为“我们两年前在这个村庄学习耕种”。注意，题中的定语从句与先行词thevillage之间被hasdevelopedalot所分开。where
定语从句与强调句的区别1.强调句的基本句型结构：Itis/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子的剩余成分(被强调的部分是人时，可用who或that,其余的一律用that)ItwasJimthattoldusthenews.(强调句型的陈述句形式)WasitJimthattoldusthenews？(强调句型的一般疑问句形式)Whowasitthattoldusthenews？(强调句型的特殊疑问句形式)
2.强调句型特点：去掉Itbe…that/who…，句子成分完整。ItisinthestreetthatImether.(强调句)把itisthat去掉，句子完整：InthestreetImether.Itisclearthatnotallboyslikefootball.去掉itisthat后，clearnotallboyslikefootball不完整，不是强调句，而是主语从句。
3.强调句中只有that/who,不会出现where,which,when等。ItisthestreetwhereImether.(定语从句，where为关系副词，作定语从句中的地点状语。)
4.如果强调时间地点，就看前面有没有介词，有介词就是强调句，没有介词就是定语从句。如：Itwasintheparkthatshelosthernecklace.(强调句，强调地点状语)→Shelosthernecklaceinthepark.(去掉Itwas…that…后，句子仍然成立)Itwasin1991thatIwasborn.(强调句，强调时间状语)→Iwasbornin1991.(去掉Itwas…that…后，句子仍然成立)Itwas1991whenIwasborn.(定语从句)→1991Iwasborn.(去掉Itwas…when…后，句子不成立)
例2Itwasatmidnight________theyreachedthecampsite.在midnight前有介词at判断此句为强调句，而非定语从句，所以填上that构成强调句型结构“itwas…that”。that
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。1.Afootballfanisaperson________hasastronginterestinfootball.2.Isthereanyoneinyourclass________familyisinthecountry?3.Theschool________hissisterworksisakeyschool.4.Thisistheplace________Johnwasborn.5.Thatisthehotel________westayedlastyear.6.Idon'tbelievethereason__________youtoldme.7.Theschool________hissisteroncestudiedinisakeyschool.8.Thisisthebook________coverisblue.who/thatwhosewherewherewherethat/whichwhichwhose
9.Thewoman_______________wetalkedaboutismysister.10.Schoolisaplace________childrenareeducated.11.Therulers__________aremadeofplasticareusuallycolorful.12.People________agreewiththesystemsaythatitgivesparentsalargerchoiceofschools.13.Wasitonalonelyisland________hewassavedonemonthaftertheboatwentdown?that/who/whomwherethat/whichthat/whothat
14.—HaveyouseenthefilmUndertheHawthornTree?—Ofcourse,Ihave.Itwasinourvillage________itwasmade.15.ItwasinNewZealand________ElizabethfirstmetMr.Smith.thatthat
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。1.Mr.Smithreturnedtothesmalltown________hegrewupasachild.2.Istillremembertheday________IfirstcametoBeijing.3.Canyoutellmethereason________youdon'twanttostudyabroad?4.Thedaysaregone________physicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.5.Doyouknowthegirl________fatherdiedinIraq.6.Itisnotarule___________everybodychoosestofollow.wherewhenwhywhenwhosethat/which
7.ThiswasthebestmodeloftheTVset________thefactoryproducedlastyear.8.Thisisthehouse__________wehavejustpainted.9.Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily,________theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.10.Salesdirectorisaposition________communicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesskills.11.Itisnothowmuchwedobuthowmuchloveweputintowhatwedo________benefitsourworkmost.thatthat/whichwherewherethat
12.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears________Ilivedonthefarmwiththefarmers.13.Weallknowthatthisisthesecondbook________hehaseverwritten.14.Idon'tlikethegirl______________youaretalkingabout.15.Thefilm___________IhaveenjoyedmostisTheSoundofMusic.whenthatthat/who/whomthat/which
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。1.October15thismybirthday,________Iwillneverforget.2.ThereareseveralresearchcentersinChina________acertaindiseasecalledBirdFluisbeingstudied.3.________isknowntoeverybody,TaiwanisapartofChina.Wemustunifyit.4.Ishallneverforgettheday________ShenzhouVwaslaunched.5.Thereisnosuchplace________youdreamofinallthisworld.whichwhereAswhenas
6.Thehumansaredestroyingnaturedaybyday,________ofcourse,willcauseseverepunishmentfromitsoonerorlater.7.Hetoldeverything________hehadseeninthetrafficaccident.8.Those________havesixormoreclosefriendsaredescribedas“veryhappy”．9.MichelCrozier,with________helpDaisypassedtheexam,wasoneofthestraightAstudentsoftheschool.10.Thedays__________wespentinTokyotogetherwillneverbeforgotten.whichthatwhowhosethat/which
11.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without________helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.12.Thatistheday____________I'llneverforget.13.Thefactory___________we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.14.Thisisthereason________hedidn'tcometothemeeting.15.WhenIarrived,Bryantookmetoseethehouse________Iwouldbestaying.16.Mr.Wu,________everybodylikes,isgoingtogiveusatalkonchemistry.whosethat/whichthat/whichwhywherewhom
17.Pleasesendusalltheinformation________youhaveabouttheposition.18.Theriver,________runsthroughthecenterofthecity,bringsuslotsofpleasure.19.Happinessandsuccessoftencometothose________aregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.20.ItwasheardinBeijing,________isonehundredkilometersaway.21.Thiswasafilmin________thedirectorusedrealactorsinsteadoftoys.22.Thegeneralatlastgotachancetovisitthevillage________heusedtofightforyears.thatwhichwhowhichwhichwhere
23.IknewIhadtodoeverything________wasright.24.MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,________madeoneoftheChinesepeople'slonghelddreamscometrue.25.Pleasesendusalltheinformation________youhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.26.Aperson________e－mailaccountisfullwon'tbeabletosendorreceiveanye－mails.27.Itisanoldfilm___________wonfiveprizes.28.Theplace___________interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.thatwhichthatwhosethat/whichthat/which
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29.Thisisthehotel________theystayedlastmonth.30.Doyouknowtheyear________theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?wherewhen
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