选修8Unit1 Alandofdiversity Ⅰ.细品味经典文章(2019·浙江高考)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertothe
air,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.Ⅱ.按要求完成任务1.写出文章中与本单元话题有关的单词和短语。climatechange,forests,northerncoast,contributeto,wildfire,resources,wildlands,woodcutting,dampnessofsoil,snowmelt 2.写出文章中的优美句式。①AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources. ②Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt. 重点单词·巧记Ⅰ.核心单词1.despite prep.尽管;不管2.illustratevt.说明;阐明3.occurvi.发生;出现4.bakeryn.面包房;面包厂5.anglen.角;角度6.civiladj.公民的;国内的;民间的7.hirevt.&n.租用;雇用8.graspvt.&n.抓住;抓紧;掌握;领会9.authorityn.权威;权力 (pl.)当局;官方10.reformvt.&vi.改革;革新n.改革;改造;改良11.justicen.正义;公平12.shavevt.&vi.刮;剃
13.straitn.海峡14.nephewn.侄子;外甥15.polen.地极;电极;磁极16.cattlen.牛(总称)Ⅱ.拓展单词1.distinctadj.清晰的;明显的;明确的→distinctionn.差别;区分;卓著2.immigratevi.移入(外国定居)→immigrantn.(从外国移入的)移民→immigrationn.移民;移居入境3.meanv.意思是;意味着adj.吝啬的;卑鄙的→meansn.方法;手段→meaningn.意思;意义4.majoradj.主要的vi.主修n.专业→majorityn.大多数;大半→minorityn.少数5.electvt.选择;决定做某事;选举某人→electionn.选举6.percentadj.百分之……的→percentagen.百分比;百分率7.racen.种族;竞争→racialadj.人种的;种族的8.crossn.十字;交叉adj.交叉的;生气的v.使交叉;横过→crossingn.横渡;横越;十字路口;人行横道→acrossprep.在……对面9.applyvi.申请→applicantn.申请人→applicationn.申请书;申请10.thankv.感谢;感激→thankfuladj感激的;感谢的11.societyn.社会→socialadj.社会的→socialistn.社会主义者;社会党人adj.社会主义的→socialismn.社会主义12.indicatevt.指出;标示;表明;暗示→indicatorn.指示器;指示信号→indicationn.迹象;标示13.apparentadj.显而易见的;显然的;表面上的→apparentlyadv.显然地;显而易见地14.conductv.管理→conductorn.(公车)售票员;列车员;(乐队)指挥15.slipvi.滑动;滑行;滑跤n.滑动;滑倒→slipperyadj.滑的16.punishvt.惩罚;处罚→punishmentn.惩罚;处罚核心短语·闪记1.liveon 继续存在;继续生存
2.bymeansof...用……办法;借助…… 3.keepup坚持;维持;沿袭(风俗、传统等) 4.markout用线画出范围;标出……界线 5.takein包括;吸收 6.applyfor申请;请示得到 7.occurtosb.某人突然想到 8.makealife习惯于新的生活方式、工作等 9.teamupwith与……合作或一起工作 10.backtoback背靠背 11.agreat/goodmany许多;很多 12.themajorityof大多数…… 经典句式·速记1.【句型公式】:Itis/waslikelythat...有可能……However,itislikelythat(有可能)NativeAmericanswerelivinginCaliforniaatleastfifteenthousandyearsago. 2.【句型公式】:why引导的表语从句Thatiswhy(那就是为什么)todayover40%ofCaliforniansspeakSpanishasafirstorsecondlanguage. 3.【句型公式】:Itis/was+过去分词+that...人们……/据……Itisbelievedthat(人们认为)beforelongthemixofnationalitieswillbesogreatthattherewillbenodistinctmajorracialorculturalgroups,butsimplyamixtureofmanyracesandcultures. 1.单复数意义不同的名词小结①manner(方式)→manners(礼貌)②paper(纸)→papers(文件)③art(艺术)→arts(文科)④arm(手臂)→arms(武器)⑤work(工作)→works(作品)2.-ing名词后缀
①training训练 ②belongings财产,所有物③feeling感觉④meaning意义⑤wedding婚礼⑥painting绘画作品⑦saying格言;警句⑧building建筑物Ⅰ.重点词汇1.majorityn.大多数;大半【教材原句】OfthefirstSpanishtogotoCalifornia,themajoritywerereligiousmen,whoseministrywastoteachtheCatholicreligiontothenatives.(P2)在首批移居加州的西班牙人中,大多数人是宗教人士,他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。【词块必记】(1)themajorityof大多数beinthe/amajority占大多数;构成大部分(2)majorin主修(3)minoradj.较少的;次要的(4)majoradj.主要的;多数的;重要的;主修的v.主修n.主修课程【误区释疑】(1)themajority单独作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数;“the/amajorityof+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数与of后面名词的数保持一致。(2)themajorityof修饰的名词通常不带冠词,但若需特指也可带定冠词。Themajorityofthelandhasbeendestroyedsofar.到目前为止,大部分土地已被破坏。Someoftheplaystoldsadstories,butthemajorityoftheplayswerereallyfunny.有些剧本讲的是悲伤的故事,但大多数的剧本都很有趣。【语境速测】完成句子①Thestudentsmajorinartandliteratureincollege. 这些学生在大学主修艺术和文学。
②Themajorityofthemwillworkintheareasrelatedtothemajorsaftergraduation.他们中的大多数人毕业后将会在和这些专业有关的领域工作。 句式升级用定语从句连接①②:Themajorityofthestudentswhomajorinartandliteratureincollegewillworkintheareasrelatedtothemajorsaftergraduation. 【写作金句】ThemajorityofthecollectionsaresomedelicateChinesevases,whichappealtovisitorsfromallovertheworld.大多数的收藏品是一些精美的中国花瓶,吸引着来自世界各地的游客。单句语法填空①Onlyaminorityofpeopleinthatcitydonothaveacarwhilethepeopletakingthesubwaytoworkareinthemajority.②Ihopetogainabitmoreknowledgeofgardeningsothatitcanhelpmetomajorinthegardeningafterattendingcollege.2.meansn.手段;方法【教材原句】ScientistsbelievethatthesesettlerscrossedtheBeringStraitintheArctictoAmericabymeansofalandbridgewhichexistedinprehistorictimes.(P2)科学家认为,这些迁居者通过史前时代曾经存在的陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。【词块必记】(1)bymeansof 用……办法;借助……bynomeans绝不(2)meantodosth.打算做某事meandoing意味着【巧学助记】Imeanttoreturnthebooktothelibrary,butIforgot,whichmeantwaitingforanotherday.BynomeansshallIforgetitagain.我本来打算把书还给图书馆的,但我忘了,这就意味着要再等一天。我绝不会再忘了。
【语境速测】①单句语法填空Thisisatwo-yearcoursetaughtbymeansoflecturesandseminars.②同义句转换Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried,butnoneworks.→Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried,butnoneworks. ③一句多译此外,惩罚绝不是一个帮助他们在精神上和身体上健康成长的明智选择。Furthermore,punishmentisbynomeansawisechoicetohelpthemgrowhealthilymentallyandphysically. →Furthermore,bynomeansispunishmentawisechoicetohelpthemgrowhealthilymentallyandphysically. 3.occurvi.(occurring/occurred)发生;出现【典型例句】About400earthquakesoccurworldwideeveryday,morethanahundredthousandinayear.世界各地每天发生大约400次地震,每年超过10万次。【词块必记】sth.occurstosb. 某人突然想起某事Itoccursto/strikes/hitssb.that某人突然想起……Itoccurstosb.todosth.某人突然想起做某事【知识拓展】表示“某人突然想起……”的句式还有:sth.strike(s)/hit(s)sb.,sb.hit(s)/strike(s)onsth.,sth.come(s)tosb.,sth.come(s)intoone’smind等。【语境速测】单句语法填空①Theideaoccurredtohiminadream.②Itoccurredtomethatshedidn’tknowIhadmovedintothenewhouse.③Itdidn’toccurtohertoask(ask)forhelp. ④Iftheclimategetsdrier,thelogicalconclusionisthatevenmoredroughtwill
occur(occur). 用takeplace,happen,occur的适当形式填空⑤IwasinhalfwaywhenitoccurredtomethatIhadleftmynotebookhome,soIhadtofetchit.⑥Ihappenedtobetherewhenthecelebrationtookplace. Ⅱ.核心短语4.makealife习惯于新的生活方式、工作等;谋生【典型例句】Themanwhocanmakealifebyhishobbyishappy.以爱好谋生的人是幸福的。【词块必记】cometolife 苏醒过来,恢复生气;变得更有趣;变得活跃comebacktolife苏醒过来;死而复生bring...backtolife使……苏醒过来;使……复活live/leada...life过着……的生活【语境速测】单句语法填空①Inthisfiction,thedoctorsbroughtthegirlbacktolife.②TheoperationshouldenableBobbytolead/live(lead/live)anormallife. ③TheywenttoLondonanddecidedtomakealifethere.完成句子④WhenAlicecame(back)tolife,shedidn’tknowhowlongshehadbeenlyinghere. 当爱丽丝苏醒时,她不知道她已经在这里躺了多久。5.takein包括;吸收;吸入;收留,留宿;理解;欺骗;观看【典型例句】Myhouseisfull;Ican’ttakeinanymoreguests.我的房子已(客)满,不能再容纳更多的客人了。【词块必记】takedown 拆除;写下
takeoff起飞;迅速流行;脱下、摘下takeon雇用;呈现(外观)takeover接替、接任takeup继续;占据(时间、空间);开始从事【语境速测】写出下列句中黑体部分的含义①Thisisthetotalcostoftheholiday,takingeverythingin.(包括)②Don’tbetakeninbyproductspromisingtomakeyouloseweightquickly.(欺骗)③ItwasseveralminutesbeforeIcouldtakeinwhathewassaying.(理解)④Hewashomeless,sowetookhimin.(收留)(收留)⑤Theywillcertainlyneedtotakeinplentyofliquid.(吸收)(吸收)Ⅲ.经典句式6.Itisbelievedthatbeforelongthemixofnationalitieswillbesogreatthattherewillbenodistinctmajorracialorculturalgroups,butsimplyamixtureofmanyracesandcultures. 人们认为,要不了多久,民族融合将会非常之大,以至于不可能存在明显的主要的种族或文化群体,而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。【句型公式】“Itbe+过去分词+that从句”可以改写为“从句主语+be+过去分词+不定式”Itisbelievedthateducationisthemostimportantissuefacingthegovernment.→Educationisbelievedtobethemostimportantissuefacingthegovernment.教育被认为是政府面临的最重要的问题。此类常用句式有:Itisthoughtthat... 据认为……Itisbelievedthat...人们相信……Itisreportedthat...据报道……Itishopedthat...人们希望……Itiswell-knownthat...众所周知……【语境速测】完成句子①ItisgenerallybelievedthatIThasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.
人们普遍认为信息技术既有优点又有缺点。 ②Itissaidthatamilitaryexercisewillbeheldbetweenthetwocountries.据说两国之间将举行一次军事演习。 ③Thenewmayorissaidtocomeintopowernextmonth. 据说新市长下个月上任。④Itishopedthattheterriblediseasewillsoonbecontrolled.人们希望这种可怕的疾病能很快得到控制。 【写作金句】①It’swell-knownthat“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”众所周知,“有志者事竟成。”(开头句)②Itishopedthatthesesuggestionswouldbeofgreathelptoyou.希望这些建议能对你有很大帮助。(总结句)【备选要点】1.electvt.选择;决定做某事;选举某人【典型例句】ThepeopleofthePhilippineshavevotedtoelectanewpresident.菲律宾人民已投票选举出了一位新总统。【词块必记】(1)electsb.(as/tobe)+职位=sb.beelected(as/tobe)+职位 选举某人为……(职位前无冠词)electtodosth.决定做某事(2)electionn.选举【语境速测】单句语法填空①ShebecamethefirstblackwomanwhowaselectedasMemberofParliamenttotheSenate.②IfIamluckyenoughtowintheelection(elect),thefirstthingIwilldoistoenrichourstudents’after-classactivities.③Thoseelectingtosmoke(smoke)willbeseatedattherear.
2.hirevt.&n.租用;雇用【典型例句】Therestofthestaffhavebeenhiredonshort-termcontracts.其余的工作人员签的是短期雇用合同。【词块必记】(1)hiresth.out(tosb.) 把……租出去(给某人)(2)onhire出租forhire可供出租【语境速测】单句语法填空①InDecember2018,Iwashired(hire)asahotelmanagerandmovedherefulltime. ②Therearethreesmallboatsavailableforhire.③Davidusedtohirehiscaroutwhenhedidn’tneedithimself.④Thedoctorhasbeenhired(hire)toraisepeople’sawarenessofhealthsincetheoutbreakoftheflu. 3.BythetimeCaliforniaelectedtobecomethethirty-firstfederalstateoftheUSAin1850,itwasalreadyamulticulturalsociety.当1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候,它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了。 【句型公式】(1)bythetime+从句,意为“当……的时候”,如果主句动作不强调已经完成,只是说明过去某个时候的状况,主句常用一般过去时。(2)bythetime引导时间状语从句,意为“到……时候为止”。①bythetime+一般过去时,主句常用过去完成时。②bythetime+一般现在时(表将来),主句常用将来完成时。【语境速测】单句语法填空①Bythetimethemanagerarrived,thestaffhadleft(leave)thecompany. ②Bythetimetheygethere,wewillhavefinished(finish)thework. ③Bythetimehewentabroad,hewas(be)fourteen.完成句子
④BythetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadygone. 等我到达火车站时,火车已经开走了。【写作金句】Thestudentswillhavelearnedmorethan3,000idiomsbythetimethenewtermbegins.到新的学期开始,这些学生将学完了3000多个习语。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)However,themajority(major)ofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheytraintobe.2.(2020·浙江高考)Icouldn’tseeDon,butasIapproachedthetractorhejumpedoutontotheroad,apparently(apparent)unhurt,anddashedbacktome.3.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurred(occur)billionsofyearsago.4.(2020·天津高考)Iprobablywouldhavecontinuedtryingtokeepupwithhimfortherestofmyhighschoolcareer,butwhenmyfamilymoved,everythingchanged.5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeans(mean)Chinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.Ⅱ.完成句子1.Inotherwords,Englishweather-speakisameansofsocialbonding. 换句话说,英语中谈论天气是一种社交的方式。2.Itsuddenlyoccurredtohimthathehadlefthiskeysintheoffice. 他突然想到他把钥匙忘在办公室里了。3.IfIamluckytobeelected,Iwillmakeeveryefforttoserveforthebenefitsofstudentsandourclub. 如果我有幸当选,我将尽全力为学生们和我们俱乐部的利益服务。4.Hemaywinthecompetition,inwhichcaseheislikelytogetintothenationalteam.他可能会赢得比赛,那样的话他就很可能进入国家队了。 5.Theagreementindicatesthatthetwocompanieswillteamupwitheachother
again. 这个协议表明两家公司将会再次合作。Ⅲ.语法填空(黑体词为本单元重点词汇) It1.isbelieved(believe)thatagreatmanypeoplehaveboughtthingsthroughtheInternet.2.Themajorityofthemhavetheexperienceof3.beingtaken(take)in.What4.hasoccurred(occur)tothemisreallyunpleasant.5.Apparently(apparent),itisoneofthe6.disadvantages(advantage)oftheInternetpurchase.However,people7.whobuythings8.bymeansoftheInternetarealso9.thankful(thank)toitforitsconvenienceand10.lower(low)pricesthanphysicalshops.
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