第六章 动词的语态
一、基本概念英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,相当于中文中的“被”字句。试对比“主动语态:Hebreaksthewindow.”与“被动语态:Thewindowisbrokenbyhim.”。
被动语态的构成:be+及物动词的过去分词。be动词随着时态的变化而变化。主动句改成被动句时,主动句中的宾语变成被动句的主语,谓语改成被动形式,主语可以改成by+宾格形式或是直接省略,其余成分不变。如:Wefinishedthetaskintime.我们按时完成了任务。→主 谓 宾Thetaskwasfinishedintime(byus).任务被(我们)按时完成了。主 谓
二、各种时态的被动语态的构成
注意:带有情态动词的被动语态的构成:情态动词+be+过去分词。Thetaskcanbefinishedintime.这项任务能及时完成。【翻译】他的妹妹在1998年离开家,自从那时起就再也没被听说过。Hissisterlefthomein1998,and_____________________sincethen.hasnotbeenheardof
三、主动形式表被动意义(1)某些系动词,如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove,stay等,用主动形式表达被动意义,表主语的状态和特征。如:Cottonfeelssoft.棉摸起来很软。【翻译】你为什么不把肉放在冰箱里呢?那样会保质好几天。Whydon'tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwill______freshforseveraldays.stay
(2)某些不及物动词(其主语大多为事物)可以表达被动意义,这些不及物动词有下列几种:①某些可以用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词:shut,lock,open,move,read,write,sell,wear,blow,wash,clean,burn,catch,draw,peel,cut,tear,dry等,并通常接easily,well,perfectly等副词,或者与can't,won't连用。如:Thedooropenseasily.这扇门很容易开。Thepenwriteswell.这支笔很好写。Thedoorwon'tshut.这扇门关不了。
②表开始、运动、结束的动词:begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,run等。Schoolbeginsat7:30p.m.学校7点半开始上课。(3)在“be+形容词+todo”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时,用主动形式表被动,如:Englishishardtolearn.英语很难学习。(4)在beworthdoing中,doing用主动形式表被动。如:Thisfilmisworthseeingtwice.这部电影值得看两遍。
(5)needdoing/needtobedone.如:Thewatchneedsrepairing/toberepaired.这块手表需要修理。
四、被动形式表示主动意义beseated坐着;behidden躲藏;belost迷路;bedrunk喝醉;bedressed穿着;belostinthought陷入沉思;beaddictedto沉迷于;beburiedin专注(心);beusedto习惯于;bemarried结婚五、没有被动形式的单词或短语takeplace;happen;breakout;belongto;have;own
用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1.Thismedicine________(taste)terrible.Ihateit.2.Unlesssomeextramoney________(raise),thetheaterwillclose.3.Thisbook________________(publish)in1981.4.Thebabyshould________(take)goodcareofbythebabysitter.5.Visitors____________(require)nottotouchtheexhibits.6.Itisreportedthataspacestation____________(build)onthemooninyearstocome.tastesisraisedwaspublishedbetakenarerequiredwillbebuilt
7.Tomkeepstellinghisstudentsthatthefuture__________(belong)tothewell-educated.8.(2017年天津卷)Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,___________(regard)asoneofthebestall-roundformsofexercise.9.Asaforeigner,I_____________(absorb)andcharmedbythegenuinewarmthofwelcomeanduniquecultureduringthetrip.10.John,aswellastheotherchildrenwhohavenoparents______________(take)goodcareofinthecitynow.11.Thisbook________(sell)wellandiswellworth________(read).belongstoisregardedwasabsorbedisbeingtakensellsreading
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12.(2018年江苏卷)Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplan__________________(carry)inthepasttwoyears.13.Allthemachines___________________(clean)bytheendofthefollowingweek.14.(2018年天津卷)Mywashingmachine________________(repair)thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.hadbeencarriedwillhavebeencleanedisbeingrepaired