悲壮的胜利—从尼采的酒神精神研究《俄狄浦斯王》中俄狄浦斯的无辜性与崇高精神

分类号密级公开编号碛士蚵究嗲像夂题百—，悲壮的胜利一从尼采的酒神精神研究《俄狄浦斯王》中俄狄浦斯的无辜性与崇高精神学院（所、中心）外国语学院专业名称英语语言文学研究生姓名杨业花学号导师姓名李明强职称教授年月 论文独创性声明及使用授权本论文是作者在导师指导下取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，不存在剽窃或抄袭行为。与作者一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。现就论文的使用对云南大学授权如下：学校有权保留本论文（含电子版），也可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文；学校有权公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以将论文用于查阅或借阅服务；学校有权向有关机构送交学位论文用于学术规范审查、社会监督或评奖；学校有权将学位论文的全部或部分内容录入有关数据库用于检索服务。内部或保密的论文在解密后应遵循此规定）研究生签名：导师签名：冷〒，日期： AbstractSincetiiefirstperformanceofOedipustheKing,studiesandevaluationsofthisgreatplayhasbeeninaninexhaustiblevariety,whiletheprotagonistOedipus，，“”，： 摘要《俄狄浦斯王》自面世以来，关于这部作品的研究与评价就一直层出不穷。而剧中主角俄狄浦斯，因其杀父娶母的行为，也得到了批评家们褒贬不一的对待。在这些饱含深度和异彩纷呈的解读中，有两种观点比较盛行。其一认为这部作品是一出命运悲剧。其二则认为这部作品是一出性格悲剧。二者分别从古希腊的命运观和人物性格论的角度来分析俄狄浦斯是否应该为自己的行为负责。本篇论文旨在证明俄狄浦斯的行为不光是无辜的，而且是非常具有崇高精神的。与前面两种观点研究的角度不同，本文从尼采的酒神精神来分析悲剧人物俄狄浦斯，而其主要釆取文本分析的方法来论证。首先，本文运用尼采的酒神精神来揭示俄狄浦斯的崇高精神。然后本文将俄狄浦斯与剧中其他主角在各方面进行比较，以此来证明他的崇高性。本文也简要分析了另外两部忒拜剧并探究索福克勒斯所塑造人物在性格特征方面的相似性。此外，本文运用拉康的镜像理论来论证俄狄浦斯的无辜性并找出剧中出现的一些“错误”，例如，数字，预言以及证词的不一致等，通过分析作者有意为之的安排来论证俄狄浦斯的无辜性。最后本文重申俄狄浦斯的无辜性与崇髙精神，并揭示了索福克勒斯对人性和神性的看法。本文希望可以为这部作品提供一种新的解读，并为索福克勒斯的研究及这部作品提供些许新颖的文学评论。关键词：悲剧；俄狄浦斯；崇高精神；酒神精神 ContentsAbstract摘要 IntroductionAsoneofthesourcesofwesterncivilization，，’，，、，，，，，，，，，，，，，’ What'smore,theintentionaldiscrepanciesandcontradictionsinOedipustheKingareintendedtoprovethatOedipusisinnocentandheisnotresponsibleforhisbehaviors.Meanwhile,efortsaremadetoexplorethethemeofthenoblespiritinotherSophocleanplays.Inthemainpartofthisthesis，，，，， whichwillhaveapositiveeffectonthestudiesofOedipustheKingandotherSophocleanplays.3 Part1LiteratureReviewAsSophocles,masterpiece,OedipustheKinghasbeenestablishedasthemostimportanttragedyinallofclassicalworksbymanyscholarsandcritics.EversinceAristotlequotesitasamodeldramainhisPoeticsinordertodefinethequalitiesofasuccessfultragedy,itsstrengthshavebeenemphasizedandstudiedagainandagainbycountlessnotableauthors.Theirevaluationsandremarksilluminatetheplay'shistoricalreception,andtheyalsohelpustounderstandthebroadercriticalclimateinwhichtheywrote.Amidthecountlesscriticismsontheplayeversinceitsfirstperformanceonstage,frequentefortshavebeenmadetodiscovertheinnermeaningwhichSophoclestriestoconveyinitNowondertherehaveappearedvariousinterpretationsoftheunmeritedsuferingofOedipusintheplayanditsrelevancetothecontemporarysociety.MuchofthecommenttheplayhasexcitedrevolvesaroundtheextenttowhichOedipuscanbeheldresponsibleforwhathappenstohim，，，，，，，，， godscandecidethehumans'destiny,andteachthemwhattodo,whilehumanbeingsmustsubmittotheircommandsortheywillbepunishedordesertedbygods.MauriceBowrapointsoutthatOedipushaslearnedthathemustdowhatthegodsdemand,andfaithfullyfollowthecommandsKnowThyselfandBeModestwhichthegodsprovide.SohethinksthatthecentralideaofaSophocleantragedyisthatthroughsufferingamanlearnstobemodestandignorantbeforethegods.;FortesalsothinksthatOedipusisthevictimofDestiny."Thequestionofresponsibilityorguiltdoesnotevenseemrelevant...Itwasanappallingfateandnothisownchoosing.JohnSheppardthinksthatinthisplaythatthefateismoreshowedaninevitableforceoftheexternal,whichtherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthedestinyisakindoftension."Theoracles,whichdemonstrateastrongpowerandthesourceofallterriblethings,decidethedestiniesofOedipusandhisfamilies."Thedivinitieschoosetoteachtheself-confidentheroalessonthroughsufering.IndomesticresearchesinChina，傅守祥《俄狄浦斯王》命运主题与悲剧精神的现代性世界文学评论，，颜冰浅议古希腊悲剧中人与命运的抗争一从《俄狄浦斯王》看索福克勒斯的神赋人权观广州广播电视大学学报，‘司玉英命运观与古希腊悲剧的审美架构河南师范大学学报，，， Asason,Oedipusfledfromhishomeinordertoavoidthehorrificoracleonhim;asaman，，，，，，。，，，’， irascible,lesshastyinaction，，，”，】，，，，，化，，韩雪峰，独特的冲突与抗争一论古希腊悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》的艺术魅力浙江万里学院学报，，程宏宇《俄狄浦斯王》的悲剧性格和意义上海戏剧， connectionwiththemodemliteraturearewhatthisthesiswanttofigureout.8 Part2TheNobleSpiritofOedipus2.1Nietzsche'sDionysianismNietzscheisadamantthattheworksofAeschylusandSophoclesrepresenttheapexofartisticcreation.DifferentfromtheSocraticDialectic,whichusesreasonandlogictoalwaysdeflect,butnevertocreate,theDionysianexistenceconstantlyseekstoafirmlife,whetherinpainorpleasure，， hisinvestigation,hestillinsiststofindoutthetruth.Forhim，，，“ ButforOedipus,deathanddestructionarenotsufferingforhim.Theurgetoshape,tocreate,totransformincreasesandintensifiesthejoywhichlifeshouldbeandpotentiallyis，，“，，“，，，，，找，同上 unfortunateOedipus,asthenoblehumanbeingwho，，，，，，，，，，一，，°，同上 Dionysianoffersrealsalvationfromsuffering,notbycoveringitupwithprettyimages，，，，，，，，，，，⋯尸，，，，， mostimportantisthatthenoblespiritheconveystopeopleanditseternalexistenceintheuniverse.Oedipus'consequenceseemstobepitifulandpoignant,buthisbraveness,toughnessandpersistencewillforeverremainintheworld.2.2TheComparisonofOedipuswithTiresiasIntheplay，，，，，，，，，， Whowasteshislifemorewretchedlythanthou.Itsurprisesusthattheprophet'sattitudetowardthekingissoarrogantanddisrespectful.EvenifTiresiasisthegod'senvoyinthesecularworld,heisstillacitizeninhiscountryandhecannottranscendtherulerofthecountry.SomepeoplewillcondemnOedipus'angerandimpulse,butallofthemareallforthecity.AristotlemainlyinterpretsOedipustheKingasataleofcrimeandpunishmentinhisPoetics.SoreadersbegintofindouttheflawsofOedipusin.theplay:hisbadtempertowardstheprophet，，，，，，，，——■，，， whichthedisputetakesplace.HisangerisnotunreasonableconsideringthelongsilenceandtheaccusationsofTiresiaswhoseemstolackanypityorsorrowforhisnativecity.Moreover,Oedipusisgenerousandtolerable.AlthoughheseverelyscoldsTiresias,eventeaseshisblindness,hedoesnotpunishTiresiasbecauseofhisrudenessandofense.Asaking,Oedipusisgraciousenoughtotoleratehiscitizen'sfault.AsforOedipus'suspiciontowardTiresias,ononehand,hedoubtsthatitisaconspiracybetweenhimandCreon;ontheotherhand,moreimportantly,hedoubtstheoracles,orevengods.Hetakesuponhimselftheroleofagod,andthatisalsohiscitizens'aspiration.Ithasbeenrecognizedbymost,ifnotall,criticsthatOedipusrepresentsthenobleherotothefullestdegree.TheThebancitizensthinkofOedipusastheclosestofallmentogods,andtheybeghimtoassistthemagainandagaininthishourofperil.Herespondswithsympathyforthesuferingsofhispeople,andannouncesthatinhistormentfortheirmisfortuneshehasexaminedeverypossibilitytorelievetheirachesandpains.HesolvestheriddleoftheSphinx,andbecomesthekingofThebes.Hebelievesliiathecansolvetheproblemoftheplaguebyhimself.Humanisthecenteroftheuniverse,andthemasterofhisowndestiny.Oedipuseagerlyattemptstouncoverthetruth,actingdecisivelyandscrupulouslyrefusingtoshieldhimselffromthetruth.Oedipusisattheheightofhisintegrity,ashereusestoretreatfromthetruththatwillcausehiminfinitepain.Hesacrificeshisimmediatehappinessandtranquilitytoembraceagrimtruthwhichultimately,althoughpainfully,becomeshissalvation.Manexertsaqualityofheroisminhisfearlessquestandwillingnesstopaypriceforitandhisrewardisthepowerinherentintheknowledgeoftruth.2.3TheComparisonofOedipuswithCreonInmanyreaders'eyes， mentionitafterOedipussolvestheriddle.Oedipusisshockedanddismayedabouthisignoranceofsuchanimportantthing.HequicklyplanstodealwiththeplagueandthedeathofLaius.OedipusisvehementinhispromisesofdirepunishmentforLaius’，，，，，，’，，，，，，，， refiites,“，，，”，，，”，，’，，，，， elementsorfunctionsoftheoneamazingandincomprehensiblething.Theonethingthatmatters，，，，，，，，，严， weaponswhensheisinfaceofthegods.ThenshemeetsthemessengerwhocomesfromCorinthandreportsOedipusthedeathofhisfather，‘，，，，，，，，，，知， andperseverancetoseekforthetruth,althoughthetruthmaynotbesosatisfactory.Inhiseyes,intelligenceisnottheevilofman，，，，，，，，，，， desiredandenjoyedwiththeirstrong，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，， him.ThestemmasculinityofHeracles，，，，，，，，，，汪，，，，，， unshakabletraditionsofman.Sheisalsoresponsibleandsentient.Shesaysthatshewouldneverhavetakenuponherselftheresponsibilityofdefyingtheedictforthesakeofahusbandorchildren,forhusbandsandchildrencanbereplaced;brothers,ontheotherhand，，，，，，，，，，，， protagonists'characteristicsinSophocleanplaysshowtheauthor'spositiveattitudetowardthegreatnessandthenoblespiritofhumanity.Sophoclesaimstoencouragehumanstoseekthetruth,hastocouragetotakeresponsibility,gothroughthesufferingsofliving,andachievethehumangreatness.Theseheroesarealikeintheircourage.Itisunderstandablethatwhytheyholdgreatpositionsandwinrespect,whytheyfacetheirsufferingswithsuchenduranceandtheirhumiliationswithahighsenseoftheirownhonor,whytheycounttheirreputationbeforeeverythingelse.Theyaresuperiorbeings,andgiftedaboveothermen.Theirgreatnessliesintheirnoblespiritwhichwillfightwithalltheobstaclesintheirlife,takeresponsibilitiesandnevergiveup.Sophoclesshapessomanyheroeshelikesandadmiresandhemarvelsattheirintelligenceandcouragewhichhewantstoexpresstohiscontemporaries.25 Part3TheInnocenceofOedipusActually,manyfamouscriticshavediscussedontiiistopic，，，，，，，，，“，，，，，，，，“”， Atthistime,infantslacktheirphysicalandmentalabilitieswhichcanbepossessedwhentheygrowuptorecognizeandidentifythemselves.Hearguesthattheinfantisencouragedtoidentifywiththemirrorimageas"me"byverbalandgesturalpromptsissuingfromthebiggerothersholdinghimupinfrontofthereflectivesurface.Sowithothers'implicationandreinforcement—，，，，，，，，，，，， othersaroundhimwillalerthimofitallthetime.Withhisimplicationandsub-consciousness,Oedipusbelievesthatheisboundtokillhisfatherandmarryhismotheroneday，，，，，，，，，，，，一’—，， him.ForSophocles'contemporaries，，，，，，，，，，，，，， J.HillisMillersobservesthat"Oedipusconvictshimselfbyputtingthesomewhatambiguousevidencetogetherinawaythatconvictshim."Itmeansthattheevidenceappearedintheplayisnotvalidandconvincingenoughtoprovehisguilt.FredericAhlputsforwardtheconspiracytheoryinhisSophocleanOedipus:EvidenceandSelf-Conviction.OedipussuspectsthatthewholethingisjustaconspiracybetweenCreonandTiresiasinordertousurpthethronefromhim.TheyhavemadeupastoryanddesignedeverythingtoletOedipushimselfbelievethathemadeanunforgivablemistake.Throughanalyzinganddeducingthedetailsintheplay,thisthesistriestoprovethatOedipusmaynotcommitparricideorincest.Histragedyiscausedbyhisownconvictionandothers'misleadings,andthereisnothingtodowiththegodordestinyorhisowncharacter.ThefirstdoubtinthisplayisthedescriptionofthecrimescenewhereOedipuskillstheoldking,Laius.Whentheplaguebreaksout,Oedipussendshisservantstoresorttotheprophet,Tiresias,tosolvethisproblem.Atfirst，，，“ willmakemistakessometimes.ButJocasta'swordsdonoteasehisnervousness,Oedipusrecallshispastencounterwithanelderlymanatacrossroadwhomhehaskilledbecauseofabitterquarrel.Herecalls:Wendingmystepsthatwaywherethreeroadsmeet，—，，，，，，，沖， anelderlymanandacoachman.ButwhenOedipusasksJocastatoverifyhowmanypeopleLaiustookwhenhesetout，，，，，，，，，，，，斗。，，，”，，⋯，，，，， goes，”，，，，，“，， 3.3TheOraclesandtheChronologicalDevelopmentAterribleplaguesweepsThebes,andmanypriestscometoaskforOedipus'help,thenOedipussendshisbrother-in-law,Creon，，，，，，，，，’，—，，，，，， WiththoseyoulovebestYouliveinfoulestshameunconsciouslyForthoutofthisland,WithdarknessonhiseyesToaforeigncountrytappinghiswaybeforehimwithastick.47ItisworthtonotethatwhenOedipusasksTiresiaswhopromptshimwithsuchspeeches,heanswers"Itwasyouwhotaughtme，，，“，，，，，， ThethirdoracleisdeliveredbyJocastawhichisaboutLaius，—，，”，，，，， play.NarthaC.Nussbaumnotes,eroticdesireisnotamajorthemeofSophocles'play,eveninthemarriagebetweenOedipusandJocasta.Themarriageisapoliticalone,andisneverdescribedasbeingmotivatedbyeros.50ThemarriagebetweenOedipusandJocastaisoutoftheneedofpoliticsanditismorelikeareward,becauseOedipussolvestheriddleandjustlikethethrone,JocastaisendowedtoOedipusasakindofglory.Eveniftheyhaveprofoundfeelingsaftertheyhavelivedforsomanyyears,itisunabletosaythattheiroriginalcombinationisoutofloveoreroticdesire.Moreover,Oedipusdoesnothavesexualfeelingsforthewomanheknowsashismother,Merope， tousurpthethrone.ItisdificulttoimagineOedipus'ignoranceofandunconcernforthefactsofLaius5deatiiuntilatleastsomesixteenyearslaterandhisunawarenessevenofthecurrentrumors.CreonexplainsthathedoesnotinvestigatethedeathofthekingbecauseoftheSphinx'sriddle.ButhowcanhebeawareofthenewssinceSphinxisstayingatthegateofThebesandnobodycancomein?HowcanOedipusbethekingwhentheThebanpeopledonotknowthedeathoftheirpreviousking?TheinconsistencybetweentheeventsonlyprovethatitisnotOedipuswhokillstheking.ItmaybepossiblethatsomeotherrobbershavekilledthekingwiththecommandofCreon.Variousorades，，， ConclusionSophocles'tragedies,whichemphasizetheimportanceofhumanityandthewondrousnessofhumanity'screations,notonlyrepresentabreakfiomasuperstitiousandsuper-naturalisticpast,butalsoposeachallengeforthesystemsofreligiousauthorityinthefuture.Hedoesnotcareaboutgods，，，，，汪“， butalsothenoblestbycarefliltextanalysis.Meanwhile,duringtheprocessofanalyzingthetext,thisthesischoosestwofamousdifferentversionsoftranslationoftheplaytocompareandcontrastinordertoavoidpossibleambiguitiescausedbythetranslation.Thisthesishopestochangethepreviousinterpretationsandtriestointerpretthismasterpiecefromadifferentpointviewinordertoprovideanewunderstandingofthisplay.WhatisinnovativeinthisplayistheconnectionofOedipuswithNietzsche'sDionysianisminTheBirthofTragedyandtheapplicationofLacan'smirrorstageinordertoprovetheinnocenceofOedipus.AndalsoIhopethatmyeffortsinwritingthisthesiswilladdsomethingnewintothestudyofSophoclesandliterarycriticismaboutthisgreatwork.SinceOedipustheKingwasperformedandstudiedformanyyears,therearetoomanyinterpretationsandanalysisonthisplayanditisdifficulttocollectallthematerials.Soitmaynotbeveryobjective.What'smore,tryingtooverrideorchangethepreviousandprevailinginterpretationsonthisplayseemstobedifficultandincompleteforamasterthesis.AnditmayappearalittlesubjectivewhilecomparingandcontrastingOedipuswithotherprotagonistsintheplay.Intheend,thisstudymaynotbeaprofoundanalysisbecauseofthelimitedknowledgeandperspectiveoftheauthor.40 BibliographyAdams,S.M.SophoclesthePlaywright.Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress，，“”，，“”，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，， Sheppard,John."TheInnocenceofOedipus."Sophocles:OedipusTyraxmus.Tr.&Ed.LuciBerkowitz&TheodoreF.Brunner.N.Y.:W.W.Norton&Company,1970.Vellacott,Philip."TheGuiltofOedipus."Sophocles:OedipusTyrannus.Tr.&Ed.LuciBerkowjtz&TheodoreF.Brunner.N.Y.:W.W.Norton&Company,1970.Vellacott,Philip.SophoclesandOedipus:AStudyof"OedipusTyrannus"withaNewTranslation.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress,1971.Versenyi,Laszlo.TheFlawofOedipus.“，程宏宇《俄狄浦斯王》的悲剧性格和意义上海戏剧，傅守祥《俄狄浦斯王命运主题与悲剧精神的现代性世界文学评论，，韩雪峰独特的冲突与抗争一论古希腊悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》的艺术魅力浙江万里学院学报，司玉英命运观与古希腊悲剧的审美架构河南师范大学学报，，颜冰浅议古希腊悲剧中人与命运的抗争一从《俄狄浦斯王》看索福克勒斯的神赋人权观广州广播电视大学学报， AcknowledgementsInthefirstplace,Iamheartilythankfultomysupervisor,ProfessorLiMingqiang.Ihavelearnedalotfromhimduringthepastthreeyears.Heisnotonlyknowledgeable,butalsokindandrighteous.Healwaysteachesushowtowritegoodpapers，，