莎士比亚论文

EssenceandSpecialtyofShakespeare^sFourGreatTragedies莎士比亚四大悲剧的本质和特征姓名：XXX班级：2011级03班学号：日期：2014年06月07日 ContentsAbstract1摘要1Introduction2Shakespeare?sLivingExperienceandHisAchievements2TheSocialBackground3SynopsesoftheFourTragediesandCharacterAnalyses3Hamlet3Othello4KingLear4Macbeth5TheRelationoftheFourGreatTragedies5EssenceandSpecialtyoftheTragedies6Conclusion6Bibliography7 AbstractWilliamShakespeare(1564〜1616)theGreatRenaissancedramatist,poet,EuropeanRenaissancehumanismliteraturesynthesizer.Heworkedinvariousotheroccupationsinyouth,makinghimgrowalotofsocialexperience.Hisworksareagreatlandmarkinthehistoryofworldliteratureforhewasoneofthefirstfoundersofrealism,amasterhandatrealismportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.Shakespeareinabout1590〜1612ofthetotal20yearswrotethirty-sevenplays,healsowrotetwolongpoemVenusandAdonis,TherapeofLucreceandonehundredandfifty-foursonnets.Thisarticlewillanalyzethefourgreattragedies"essenceandspecialty.KeyWordsIShakespeare;relation;tragiccharacters;specialty摘要威廉莎士比亚（1564〜1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。少年时代干过其他各种职业，这使他增长了许多社会阅历。他的作品为世界文学筑起了一座高耸的丰碑。他是现实主义文学的奠基人，是运用现实主义手法对人物性格进行刻画，对人与人之间关系进行描述的一代宗师。莎士比亚在约1590〜1612的20余年内共写了三十七部戏剧，述写有二首长诗《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》、《鲁克丽丝受辱记》和一百五十四首十四行诗。本文主要分析四大悲剧的本质和特征。关键字：莎士比亚，关系，悲剧主人公，特点 EssenceandSpecialtyofShakespeare^sFourGreatTragedies1.Introduction1.1.Shakespeare'sLivingExperienceandHisAchievementsShakespearewasborninBritaininApril23,1564centralWarwickCountyalongtheEvanRiverinStratford,awealthyfamily.Hewenttoschooltomasterthewritingskillsandrichknowledgeinchildhood,butbecausehisfatherwentbankrupt,failingtograduategoaloneontheroadtoearnaliving.After20yearsofagetoLondon,hefirstisadaptedforthepreviousscript,soonbegantoindependentcreation.AtthetimeoftheoperaOxford,Cambridgebackground/1theUniversitywitsnwhocontrol,afamousdramatisteverwithcontemptuoustonetowritearticlesmockingShakespearesuchaMvulgarH,"civilianupstartcrowntotheHnoblegenius”contest!However,Shakespearelaterwonthecollegestudentgroups,includingthemajorityoftheaudiencesupportandloveandesteem.Thesuccessofwriting,sothatShakespearewontheshowmulberrymanagementforLord,Lordbecamehisprotect0匚WiththehelpofLord,Shakespeareintothearistocraticculturesalon,causinghimtosocietywithobservationandunderstanding,expandedhisvisionoflife,forhecreatedtoprovidearichsourceof.InApril23,1616Shakespeareinhisthirty-twobirthdayanddied.Inthefirstperiod(1590〜1600),9historicaldramas,10comediesand2tragedieswerewritten.ThehistoricaldramassummaryofBritishhistorymorethan100yearsofunrest,createdaseriesofpositive,negativeimageofmonarchy,reflectingShakespeareagainstthefeudalrule,supportthecentralizationofpower,condemnedthetyrantandtyranny,enlightenedmonarchsweretop-downreformrequirements,theestablishmentofaharmonioussocietybetweenhumanisticpoliticalandmoralideal.The10comediesuselove,friendship,mostlymarriageasthetheme,theprotagonistisafewhumanewisdomandvirtueofyoungmenandwomen,throughtheirfreedom,happinessstruggle,progress,singgoodnewfreshair,butalsogentlytoexposeandridiculetheoldthingsdecayandugly,suchasasceticismvirtualcorrection,puritanicalhypocrisyandusurersavariciousandmeanwaitfor. Inthesecondperiod(1601〜1607),hewrote3DepartmentoftheRomeoperas,5tragediesand3darkcomedyorproblemplays.Thetragiccharacterwakesupfromamedievalprisonandignorance,inmoderndawnshines,aspiringtodeveloporimprovethemselves,butcannotovercomethelimitationsoftheirownageand,finallyinthesameenvironmentandinnerstrengthdisparitybetweenthehostileforcesinthestruggle,theinevitablefailureandsacrifice.Inthethirdperiod(1608〜1613),Shakespeareinclinedtocompromiseandtheillusionoftragedyandcomedyordrama.Theworksofthisperiodareoftenthroughthemythicalfantasy,withthehelpofsupernaturalpowertosolvethecontradictionbetweentheidealandreality;worksthroughforgiveness,reconciliation,notthejoy,northemetaphaseandgloomy,butfullofbeautifullifefantasy,romanticexotic.1.1.TheSocialBackgroundAtthebeginningofthe16thcenturyabsolutemonarchywasformedinEngland.TheconsolidationofsecularandecclesiasticalpowerunderoneKinggreatlystrengththeEnglishmonarchy.Theabsolutemonarchyreacheditssummit.Thebourgeoiseconomygrowingrapidly.Asweallknown,underacertaincondition,thatpoliticalandeconomicdecidetheculture.Onthecontrary,culturemakesaneffectonpoliticalandeconomic.WiththedevelopmentofbourgeoisrelationshipsandformationoftheEnglishnationalstatethisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.2.SynopsesoftheFourTragediesandCharacterAnalysesToward1600,storm-cloudsgathered,sotospeak,overthecreativeactivitiesofShakespeare.ThecooperationbetweentheCrownandtherisingbourgeoisie,whichwasthebasisoftheElizabeth'sregime,wasover.TheeconomicandsocialcriseswhichbeganattheendofElizabethFsreigncontinuedrightuptotheEnglishRevolution(1640).InthisatmosphereShakespearecreatedthefourgreattragedies,whichincludingHamlet.Othello.KingLearandMacbethandthefourstoriesarelegendsfromthehistoryofEurope.2.1.HamletHamletisconsideredthesummitofShakespearesart. HamlethurriesbackthehomeinahurryfromGermany,isattendshisfathersfuneral,enableshimtoaccept,henotcatchesupwithfather'sfuneral,actuallywitnessedthemotherandtheUncleClaudius1weddingceremony,thishadcausedHamletsuspicionattheheart,addednightabovemeetsintheroyalpalacecastlewithfather'sghost,theghostsoitowsued,thispileatrocitywasUncleHamletthebehavior,andwantedhimtorevengeforthefatherTothis,hestartedthedifficultrevengecourse,launchedthelifeanddeathcontestwithClaudius.Finally,sentoutswordtherevengetoClaudius.Hamletisamanwithcontradictory,hehadmanychancestokillClaudius,buthehesitated,whichreflectsthereligiousthoughtpoisons.HamletisextremelymelancholyanddiscontentedwiththestateofaffairsinDenmarkandinhisownfamily一indeed,intheworldatlarge.Atanumberofpointsintheplay,hecontemplateshisowndeathandeventheoptionofsuicide.Besides,ourprinceisverybrave.Inaword,hissufferingchangeshischaracteristicfromagentleprincetoasmart,doubtful,cruelandrudeman.22OthelloOthelloisoneofShakespeare^greatesttragedies;theplaytellstheheroOthelloandDesdemonawereframedbyIago,eventuallyleadingtoatragicfate.HiswifeDesdemonahasbeenfalselyaccusedofadulterywithothersandwaskilledbyherhusband,afterunderstandingthetruthOthellokilledhimselfwithfullofguilty.Fromthewholeplay,Othellocanbesaidtobeatragiccharacterplay,thetwotragiccharactersleadtotheresultingtragedyasaresultoftheirowncharactertraits.Othelloisagreatwairior,andtoonoble-mindedtosuspectthosewhomheloves.Othellowastoorelyonothers,ifhenotlistentorumorsofIagothathiswifewashavingaloveaffairwithotherpeople,thetragedywouldnottakeplace.KingLearLear,kingofBritainandaself-willedoldman,intendedtogiveupgovernmentofstateaffairs,anddividedhisrealmamonghisthreedaughters:Goneril,ReganandCordelia,firstaskingthemwhichlovehimmost.Becausehemadeaveryfoolishdecision,thetragedybegun.KingLearisundoubtedlythistragedy\protagonist.Heisaperverseviolentcrueland obstinate.Hisdeadlymistakeisthevanity.Forakingwhohasahighstatus,heisusedtohearingcompliments.Sohecannotbeartheclumsyspeechofhislittledaughter,Cordelia.Thepersonwholivesinvanityforalongtimemustnotbeusedtothiskindofhonesty,anddislikeit.SoheissoangrythathedrivesCordeliaoutofcountry.Learisdouble-faced.Asaking,Learisimperious,fatuous,honorableandheartsick,butafterovercomingthemiserableexperiencefinallyhebecomesamiable,untrammeledandoptimistic.Itisaqualitativechange,areturningofnoblemanhoodthatShakespeareadvocatedatthattime.Theplaydepictsagreatsocialupheaval.ThemiseriesofLeardisclosetheessenceofacorruptsociety,inwhicheachisreadytodestroytheother.MacbethMacbethmet3witches,theytoldhimsomecrazywords,andhiswifeMrs.MacbethrousedhimagainstKingDunken,andbecameakinghimself.Macbethobeyed,anddidit.Then,sonofDunkenwantedtorevenge,heledthearmyfromEnglandanddestroyedhisenemy'scountry,andputMacbeth'sheadchopoff.Theplayisatragedyofambition,whichdrivesabravesoldierandnationalherotodegenerateintoabloodymurdereranddespotrighttohisdoom.NotonlyisMacbethovertakenbyhisambition,LadyMacbethisalsoovertaken.UnlikeMacbeth,however,LadyMacbethisovertakenbyherambitionimmediately.Ambitionliesineachperson，sheartbutsomeoneasksforitoverthelimitationthatwillendwithtragedy.1.TheRelationoftheFourGreatTragediesTheyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachtragedyportraysanoblehero,whofacethejusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththewholenation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature;Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello'sinnerweaknessisuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity.InkingLear,Shakespearehasnotonlymadeaprofoundanalysisofthesocialcrisisinwhichtheevilscanbeseeneverywhere,butalsocriticizedthebourgeoisegoism;andMacbeth'slustforpowerstirsupshis ambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.InthesetragediesShakespeareportraystheweaknessofeachheroandshowstheconflictbetweentheindividualandtheevilforceinthesociety.1.EssencesandSpecialtyoftheTragediesShakespeareshowshistalentwritingskillabsolutelyinthehostdispositionportray.ButwecannotneglectthatShakespeareputsallsortsofdispositionweaknessinadangerousenvironment.Becauseheknewdispositionweaknessinpeacefulyearsisonlyinthelifeslightdefect;butintheevilenvironment,dispositionweaknessthenbecomesthefatalweapon.Themostprofoundtheoryintheclassicalismisaboutthatofhumannature,anditpresentsbarelyinShakespeare^fourgreattragedies—varioustragediesoccurredinthelivescausedbysomecharacterflowswithoutbeingtreating,constantlyaccumulatedoneselfandfinallyleadtothehorribleend•AlthoughinShakespeare^seachtragedyfinallyallevilwillberequitedwithevil,butallheroes9weaknessistotallyunabletoresistevilTheeffectofeachtragedyisinevitable.It'snotthetruth.Whenonehastoconsidertheproblemoflifeordeath,it'stimeforhimtowake.Whenone，sidealizedknowledgetolifeiscrushedbeforereality,hebeginstoknowthesufferingofliving,thenonsenseoflifeandthetragedy.Thenhestartstofacehisfuture.Thisisaseverequestionforeveryoneandanunavoidablequestionforeveryoneduringgrowing.IthinkmaybethisisthetruemeaningofShakespeare'stragedyworldbasedonthefourgreattragedies.2.ConclusionsShakespeare^geniusonhandlingthetechniqueofironyisreallymagnificentnsceneryItseemsthathealwaysacts:HintheheatHtosetnewpracticesgoing,toopennewgapsandnumerouschannelthroughwhichhischaractersinhistragediesgotowardsthecatastrophesswifter,byexploitingmultipleironicsituations,andbycreatinghighlyserviceableandmostenduringlyproductivediscrepancies,andalsobymakinguseofmultilevelunequaldegreesofunawareness.AllthisrevealshowimportantaroleironiesplayinShakespeare'stragedies.Consequently,thegiantamongthegreatestwritersoftheworld,standstallandloftilyinhumanhistory.Shakespeare^tragedyhasadistinctivespecialwind,thatisaclassictragedyofserious exactly,lackofchangeinthetragedyintosomecomedyplotinmoderation,thisistheso-calledfeelingmixedtechnique.ThepopularofShakespeareisaworldphenomenon.HisnamehasknowntoChinaformorethanahundredyears,andmanyofhisplayshavebeenwidelyreadamongChineseBibliography[1]MichaelMangan:莎士比亚悲剧导读[M]・北京：北京大学出版tt,2005.[2]StanleyWells.ShakespeareStudies.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986.[3]艾弗•埃文斯.英国文学简史|M]・北京：人民文学出版社，1984.[4]卞Z琳译.莎士比亚悲剧四种[M].北京：人民文学出版社，1988.[5]王佐良等.欧洲文化入门[M]・北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005.[6]张冲.莎士比亚专题硏究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004.[7]朱生豪译.莎士比亚悲剧集[M].北京：北京燕山出版社，2005.[81刘炳善英国文学简史[M].河南：河南人民出版社，2006.