鲁滨逊漂流记论文

归档号：H223-2016-JX17-550武汉工商学院毕业论文(设计)学院：经济与商务外语学院专业：英语年级：2012级学生：李明灿学号：1205080301指导教师：刘芬职称:副教授题目:HowCharacterInfluencesFateinRobinsonCrusoe从《鲁滨逊漂流记》中看性格对命运的影响2016年4月30日 武汉工商学院本科毕业论文（设计）原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名：年月日 AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.MydeepestgratitudegoesfirsttoProfessorLiu,mysupervisor,forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.Second,thanksarealsodueforhelpwaystootherteachers,fortheirlecturesduringmystudies,whichhavelaidthesolidfoundationformystudies,andtoallmyfriendsandclassmates,whohaveshowntheirconcernsandhelpwhichhavemademystudiesmorebearable.Lastbutnotleast,Ifeelverygratefultomyfamilyfortheirselfnessandpersistentsupportformystudies.iii 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》中看性格对命运的影响摘　要《鲁滨逊漂流记》是笛福最最杰出的作品。讲述了主人公鲁滨逊在荒岛上独自生活了28年的故事。他通过自己不轻言放弃、坚忍不拔的精神，与大自然作抗争，最终存活下来，并回到了自己的家乡。本论文通过对《鲁滨逊漂流记》相关材料的收集和研究，从性格与命运的关系来研究原著。在物质生活必需品匮乏和没有安全保障的情况下，鲁滨逊独自在孤岛上生活了二十八年。通过对原著以及相关书记的研究很好的解释了鲁滨逊能幸存下来的原因，不难得到正是因为他的不放弃生的希望，不断创新，坚持不懈，才使得他得以幸存下来，并创造自己的王国。这个物欲横流、金钱至上、经济腾飞的时代，相较于前人所研究的乌托邦，18世纪的英国社会等研究，主人公面对不幸越挫越勇，将不利变为有利，将绊脚石变垫脚石的态度，更值得当代人去学习。人们可以学习主人公的努力劳动，坚持不懈，不断创新，从不言弃，从而创造属于自己的美好明天。关键词：《鲁滨逊漂流记》;积极；性格；不幸；坚持不懈；命运iii HowCharacterInfluencesFateinRobinsonCrusoeAbstractRobinsonCrusoeisthefirstandthemostoutstandingnovelwrittenbyDanielDefoe,whichnarratesthehero,Robinsonlivedaliveinaisolateislandalonefor28years.Withhisspiritofnevergiveupandpersistence,hefoughtagainstnaturaladversityandsurvivedinsuchsituationandfinallyreturnedhishometown.Thispaperaimstostudyandexpressesthefamousnovelbytherelationshipbetweencharacterandfatebasedonrelevantmaterials.Withthelackingofthenecessitiesonhislivingandwithoutanyguaranteeofhislife,RobinsonCrusoelivedonanisolatedislandforalmost28years.Basedonthestudyoftheoriginalbookandotherrelatedbooks,itiseasytomakeaconclusionthatRobinsoncouldsurvivedandcreatedhisownkingdomwasduetohishardworking,nevergivingupthehopeofsurvival,stillthinkingalotofcreatingandremorseless.However,inthismoney-centered,money-paramountandhigh-speedboomperiod,comparedwithUtopia,thesocietyofthe18thcenturyinEnglishandstudieswrittenbyotherauthors,theattitudeofthehero’sdealingwiththeadversityrightly,turningtheadversityintoadvantage,andturningthestumblingstoneintosteppingstonearemoreusefulforpeopletolearn.Peoplecouldcreateabetterfuturebylearningthehero’shardworking,persistence,creativityandnevergivingup.Keywords：RobinsonCrusoe;Positive;Characters;Adversity;Persistence;Fateiii ContentsAcknowlegementsi摘　要iiAbstractiii1.Introduction12.LiteratureReview…………………………………………………………..…23.HowCharacterInfluencesFateinRobinsonCrusoe23.1HardworkingVSSuccess23.2PersistenceVSAdversity33.3NevergivingupVSSatisfaction44.EnlightenmentfromRobinsonCrusoe64.1Makeagoodplan64.2Haveagoodthinking64.3Nevergiveup75.Conclusion8Bibliography…………………………………………………………....................10 1.IntroductionRobinsonCrusoeisthefirstandthemostoutstandingnovelwrittenbyDanielDefoe.Ifeverthestoryofanyprivateman’sadventureintheworldwereworthmakingpublic,andweretheacceptablewhenpublished,RobinsonCrusoewillbeso.RobinsonCrusoe,whichisknownasthefirsttruenovelinEnglish,isatextmuchmalignedbycertaincriticsontheleft.Itis,however,notanovelthatunambiguouslyextolsthevirtuesofthebourgeoislife.(MarxcriticizedRobinsonCrusoeasacelebrationofbourgeoisindividualism.Crusoesurvivesaloneandlivesalone:bourgeoisindividualistsare‘Robinsonades’.)Tobehonest,Robinsonlivesoffthewreckageofaship-a‘civilization’whichhadimprisonedDanielDefoealot.Defoewasaself-mademan.Duringhisearlyyearsasabusinessman,hetravelledwidelyonthecontinentandlearnedhalfadozenEuropeanlanguages.Hehadanactivemindandshowedextraordinaryenergy,takinginterestsinagreatmanythings.ThesetraitsarejustshowedonRobinson.ThereisnodoubtthatRobinsonCrusoeisagreatherowrittenbyDanielDefoe.ThoughRobinsonismyth,hetellspeoplethetruththatweshouldfightagainstadversityproperly.RobinsonCrusoe’slifeisfullofmagicstories.HewasborninagoodfamilyinthecityofYork.Oncehisfathersaid,“Itwasthebeststateintheworld,themostsuitedtohumanhappiness,notexposedtothemiseriesandhardships,thelaborandsufferingsofthemechanicpartofmankindandnotembarrassedwiththepride,luxury,ambition,andenvyoftheupperpartofmankind.”(DanielDefoe,1997)Butowingtohisramblingthoughtsaboutsailing,hetooksailasajobagainsthisparents’willingness.However,unfortunately,hewascaughtbyTurkishbuccaneersandbecameaslaveattheAfricanshore.Becauseoftheunbearablelife,heluckilyescapedfromhisPatroninaboat.Thenhewassavedbyafreighter.AndhewassenttoBrazilsafely.Thepurposeofthispaperistodiscusshowcharacterinfluencesaperson’slifeandfate,especiallythepositivecharacters.Andhowpeoplemakefulluseofthosecharactersandkeepapathtowardstheirsatisfactoryandsuccessfullifeandcareer.10 1.LiteratureReviewWhendiscussingaboutthecharactersbasedonRobinsonCrusoe,mostaimtoillustrateandexpressthathowcharactersoftheheroinfluencehislife.Forinstance,HeYang（2000）conveyshisideathatthisfabulousnovelcomparesthehero’scomplicatedcharactersthroughdescribinghisattitudeandreationstowarddifferentsituations.Suchasdiligence,selfishness,hypocrisy,strength,etc.Moreover,ZhangTiannan（2015）andHuangShouyou（2002）discussedthatthemiracleRobinsoncreatedwasowingtohispersonalcharacters.Huangplacesanemphasisonthehero’simage----atypical“ideal”bourgeoisindividualwhoisequippedwithdiligenceandrigorousspirit,andpraiseshispersonalvalueandrationalthoughts.Besides,likeZhaoKun（2014）saidinhisrecentbook,thisnovelispopularamongpublicresultsfromrespectandadmiretoRobinsonwhofoughtagainstnaturaldifficultiesbravelyandsuccessfully.Ontheotherhand,hedescribesthatitisinstrumentalandconducivetoeducateteenagers’personalitiesandminds.SincethosecharactersRobinsonpossessed,helivedmorethan20yearsaloneinanisolateisland.Whenfacingwithadversityandformidabledifficulties,Robinsonmanagedtotakeactivemeasurestotacklethemandadaptedhimselftothatenvironment.ThoseresearcheshavediscussedthepersonalitiesandinfluenceonRobinson’slife,whichishelpfulforreaderstolearn.ThisthesiswillanalyzetheimageofRobinsonfromtheperspectiveofhispositivecharacter.Tosomeextent,thereisnodoubtthathispositivecharactershaveagreatimpactontoday’speoplefromallwalksandlife.Itisquiteunderstandthatwecanlearnalessonfromhisexperience.Apartfromthesestudiesandanalysis,whatIwanttomentionisthatthepositiveimageofRobinson,alsohisfavorablespiritstillhavesignificantandeducationalmeaninginmodernday.10 1.HowCharacterInfluencesFateinRobinsonCrusoe3.1HardworkingVSSuccessInthenovel,thehardworkofRobinsonshowsthecharactersofhumanlabor.Whenhetooktheremainedthingsfromtheshipwhichhadnotsunkintotheoceanenough,heexpectedtheutilitiesofeverythinghetookonshore.Tillhehadfastenedhisrafttobestrongenoughtobearanyreasonableweight,thenhecareaboutwhattoloaditwithandhowtopreservewhathelainuponitfromthesurfofthesea.Firstly,heloadedprovisionsuchassomebread,rice,threeDutchcheeses,andfivepiecesofdriedgoatskinflash,whichhewouldlivemuchupon.Hethenfoundsomeclothesfortheymightkeephimoutofcoldwhichmadehimoutofcold.Thethingthathewantedmostwasthecarpenter’schest,inwhichthereweremanyvaluabletools,forhispurposeofcultivatingtheislandforsurvival.Thenhecaredaboutsomeammunitionandarms,becausetheycouldprotectthemselvesfrombeingattackedbydangerousanimals.WhenRobinsonrecognizedhewastheonlyonesurvivedontheisland,hebegantoconsiderthesecurityofhimselfwhilehewasabandonedonadesertisland.Honestly,hewasfloppedintoaprimitivestatefromhiscapitalistsociety.Thoughhehadbroughtnecessitiesfromtheship,however,theyalsocouldturntobelimitedforhimtoliveontheisland,foritwasnotasingleortwodays.Sohehadtoexplorethenatureandmadehimselfsecuredontheisland.Robinsonwasactuallyamanintheprimitivesocietywiththeconceptofbourgeoisie.EngelssaidRobinsonwasarealcapitalist.Hefeltfortunatetofindhimselfwasstillalive,however,thefearstruckintohismindthathemightbeattackedbysomedangerousanimals.Tokeepinsafety,thefirstresponseistokeepadistancefromdanger.Itisalsotheeffectivewayandtheonlywaytopreserveone’slifeindesperation.Robinsongotupintoathickbushytreewhichwasnearhim,andwhereheresolvedtositallnight,andconsidered“whatdeathheshoulddye”hecutashortstickforhisdefensebeforehegot10 sleep.FirststepofthebuildingbyRobinson,hishabitationwasjustlikeacountry,andseekedaproperplacetolivewherehisgoodscouldbestoredfromwhatevermighthappen.Whenhegotarafttogetnecessitiesfromthesinkingship,hewas“undersomeapprehensionsduringmyabsencefromtheland,thatatleastmyprovisionsmightbedevouredonshore”havingfinishedhistransportationofprovisions,hereturnedtohistentwhere“Ilaywithallmywealthaboutmeverysecure”hebuiltstudyfenceanddoornotonlyforthepurposeofprotectinghimself,butalsofortheinsuranceofhiswealth.(DanielDefoe,1997).Whathehaddoneguaranteedhissafetyonthedesertisland.Robinsonistheassetwiththeenterprisingspirit.Thefirstproblemthatheneedsolveissurvival.Hefirmlybelieveshisownstrength.Hebelievesthat"apersonjustaffordtosit,notutopianownthing,thereisnouse,"handstodo,toopenupforhimisan"absolutetruth."Inordertothenecessitiesinthesinkingship,hehaspainstakinglyoverthirtyorfortytimesaroundtheboard;inordertodoafloor,hewaswillingtospend42days;inordertobuildaplaceofrefuge,hetentedtreefences,andopenedthecave;inordertomaketheirlivingmorecomfortable,hedomesticatedwildanimals,throughplantationsandpastures.Afterallthesehadbeendone,hefinallycreatedhisown"littlekingdom",thislittlekingdom,inadditiontothelackofassistants,isnothinglacking.3.2PersistenceVSAdversityTwenty-eightyearsisjustalongtime.Howmanytwenty-eightyearsarethereinallone’slife?Itisdifficulttoliveonadesertislandwithoutnecessitiesforapersonforsuchalongtime.Thelivingconditionisbeyondimagination.ButluckilyRobinsonsurvived.Robinsonisnotapersonwhowasbornwithcouragetofaceuptotheadversity.Heisnotamanwhowishesforlivingstably.Owingtohisrebelliousthoughtsaboutsailing,hehastoconfrontever-presentvariousadversities.Whycanhedealwiththeadversitywell?Persistenceisthemostimportantfactor.ThereasonwhyRobinsoncouldsurvivedidnotduetohisgoodluck,buthisattitudestowardstheadversities.Hedidnevergiveupthehopeofsurvivalstillthoughtalotofcreatingandremorseless,andfinallycreatedabetterplaceforhimself.10 Hisperseveranceinspendingmonthsmakingacanoe,andinpracticingpotterymakinguntilhegetsitright,ispraiseworthy.Additionally,hisresourcefulnessinbuildingahome,dairy,grape,countyhouse,andgoatstablefrompracticallynothingisclearlyremarkable.TheseallareRobinson’sdevelopmentsintheislands.Underthiskindofenterprisingspirit,theentireislandhasalreadybeenregardedashisownterritory.Therefore,heimprovestheislandintoahomeland.ItislikeRobinsonsaidthatuponthewhole,therewasanundoubtedtestimony,whichtherewastheworstconditionintheworldsomiserable,buttherewassomethingnegativeorsomethingpositivetobethankfulforinit;andletthisstandasadirectionfromtheexperienceofthemostmiserableofallconditionsintheworld,thatwemayalwaysfindinitsomethingtocomfortourselvesfromandtosetinthedescriptionofgoodandevilonthecreditsideoftheaccount.Ifapersonwantstogetoutoftrouble,hemustknowhowtodealwithadversityproperly.Itisjustasanoldsayinggoesthatknowyourselfaswellastheenemy,thentobeever–victoriousgeneral.Peoplewhodonotwanttochangetheconditioninplightwillnotgetoutoftheadversity.Otherwisepeoplewholiveinadversityareeagerforchances.Chancesbelongtothosewhoarepreparedforthem.Onewhoisalwaysnegativeandwaitsforthechancewithoutconsideringthefutureorcreatingthechancewillbebeatenfinally.3.3NevergivingupVSSatisfactionEventhoughRobinsongotnecessitiesfromtheshipthatwrecked,hewasstilllackofsomething,suchasatableandachair,andetc.Whenhewasintroublethatlackingofnecessity,hedidnotlosehisheartofmakingthosenecessities,whichmadeadistinctionbetweenhumanandanimals.Engelssaidthatnevercananapemakeaknifeevenifastoneknifeofawfulshape.Firstly,hehadnoideahowtomeasurethetime.Hedidnothaveanycalendarsothatheonlycouldwritedownthedateinhismind.WhatmadeitworsewasthatRobinsoncouldnotfindapenorapieceofpaper.Soheusedaknifetocarveonthestonesandtrees.Withoutatable,Robinsoncouldnotwriteandeat,aswellasdoother10 things.Andheusedwhathehadtomakethesenecessities.Heachievedtomakeatableandchairsthoughittookhimalotoftimeandlabor.AndassoonasRobinsonfoundhimselfneedabasket,thoughhefailedagainandagain.Buthestilltriedaspossibleashecould.Withthecarefulobserving,hefoundthetwigswhichwereastoughastheosiersinEngland.Thenhetriedagaintomakeabasketwiththetwigs.Eventuallyhesucceeded.PeoplewillnotasfortunateasRobinsonwhowaspersistentforsuchalongtime.Facingwithadversitywithpersistence,andpeoplewillwinatlast.Introuble,peopleshouldlooksquarelyatit,andthentheycanovercomeit.Makingthedeterminationtoovercomethedifficultyandmakingpersistentefforts,peoplewillfindthattheadversitycanbeovercomeeasily.Justasthesayinggoes:persistenceisvictory.Onlyifoneisremittingtotheend,hewillgettothesummitofvictory.Peoplecandrawtheconclusionthatpersistenceleadstothefinalsuccess.Sotakeactionsandbepersistent.Don’tjustcomeupwithanambitiousplanandwaitforaproperdatetogetastart.1.EnlightenmentfromRobinsonCrusoeAccordingtotheanalysisonthepositivecharactersofRobinson,undoubtedlywecangetenlightenmentfromhisstoryandhisfavorablemeritsasfollow:4.1MakeagoodplanItissaidthataplanisagoodguider.Itplaysanimportantroleinwork.Whenoneisintrouble,tomakeaplanforthefuturebecomesimportantandnecessarythaneverbefore.Peoplemusthaveaplantohelpthemfinishallthethings.Therearesomeadvantagesofmakingaplan.Firstly,aplancanhelppeoplesavealotoftime.Itmakespeopleknowwhichmustbedonefirstandwhichcanbedonesecond.Secondly,aplancanhelppeopledothingsbetter.Agoodorderofdoingthingsmakespeoplehappierandrelaxed.Peoplecandothingsquicklyandefficientlyandtheywillbeinterestedineverythingtheydoandwanttodomore.Thirdly,smallplanswillhelppeopleknowhowtomakeabigplan—alifestudyplan.Soifpeoplewanttomakehislifebetterand10 better,heshouldplanallthethingshewilldo,andatlastmakeagoodplanforhisownlife.Peoplewhodonotwanttochangetheconditioninplightwillnotgetoutoftheadversity.Otherwisepeoplewholiveinadversityareeagerforchances.Chancesbelongtothosewhoarepreparedforthem.Onewhoisalwaysnegativeandwaitsforthechancewithoutconsideringthefutureorcreatingthechancewillbebeatenfinally.Onlybyrecognizingtheadversityproperlycanonemakeconstanteffortsinpracticetogetoutofadversity.Adversityhasitsspecialmeaning.Itisdifferentfromtriflesinthedailylife.Adversityreferstoastateofmisfortuneorafflictioninone’slife,suchasmisfortuneofafamily,theattackofthenaturaldisastersandsomethinglikethesewhichbringsafflictiontothebodyandmind.Adversitycanbechanged.Tosomeextent,ifonecanrecognizetheadversityproperly,takeadvantageofthechance,createtheconditionandchangethebadfactorsintothegoodones,hecanchangeadversityintoagoodstateandturnastumblingstoneintoasteppingone.4.2HaveagoodthinkingPeoplealwaysmakeacontrastbetween“discovery”and“invention”whentheytalkaboutgoodthinking.Goodthinkingmeanstheintroductionofnewthings,ideasorwaysofdoingsomething.Peoplebelievedthattofindsomethingnewandinventsomethingnewistobringforthnewideas.However,onthewhole,tobringforthnewideascontainsinventionanddiscovery.Moreovertheyalsocontainthemethodstosolvetheprobleminlifeandwork,andnewpointsofviewtotreattheproblems.Ifapersondoesnotknowhowtoadaptthenewenvironment,andhelackstheabilitytobeflexible,hewillbelosthimselfinthetrouble.Goodthinkingwasawaytohelppeopletosolvetheproblemandgetoutofthetroublequickly.Inthebook,Robinsonalwaysthoughtofsomethingnewwhenhewasindifficulties.Ifhedideverythingwithfixedrule,hewouldnotcreatethenecessitiesthatheneededinneed.Thankstohisabilitytobringforthnewideas,hesolvedmanyproblems,whichhelpedhimovercometheadversity.Whenpeopleareconfrontingsometroublesomeproblem,10 theyshouldtrytobreakawayfromconventions,andthinkabouttheproblemfromanewprospective,whichmayhelptosolveitmorequickly.4.3NevergiveupThereisanoldsayingthatfailureisthepathofleastpersistence.Anyonewillgetintotroubleandfeelterrible.Ifapersonlacksofpurposeandwillpower,hewillbedestroyedbytheadversity.Whenpeopleareintrouble,theymaygiveupeitheratthebeginningorhalfway.Victoryalwaysbelongstothosewhodaretochallengewiththedifficulty.Theygettoknowthemeaningandvalueoflife,andfeelthehappinessofbeingsuccessful.Robinsonwasabandonedontheislandfortwenty–eightyears.Hefirmlybelieveshisownstrength.Hebelievesthat“apersonjustaffordtosit,notutopianownthing,thereisnouse,”handstodo,toopenupforhimisan“absolutetruth.”Inordertomakeafloor,hewaswillingtospend42days;inordertomaketheirownlifeveryrich,hedomesticatedwildanimals,throughplantationsandpastures.Robinsonhadbeenworkedhardandatlasthewassaved.Introuble,peopleshouldlooksquarelyatit,andthentheycanovercomeit.Makingthedeterminationtoovercomethedifficultyandmakingpersistentefforts,peoplewillfindthattheadversitycanbeovercomeeasily.Justasthesayinggoes:persistenceisvictory.Onlyifoneisremittingtotheend,hewillgettothesummitofvictory.Peoplecandrawtheconclusionthatpersistenceleadstothefinalsuccess.Sotakeactionsandbepersistent.Don’tjustcomeupwithanambitiousplanandwaitforaproperdatetogetastart.5.ConclusionRobinsonCrusoe’slifeinadversityimpressedreadersalot.Hemeasuredtoconquertheadversityandcreatedhisownsplendidlife.Eventhoughthestorywasoverstated,theauthorgainedagooddealofenlightenmentfromaScotlandsailorin18thcentury,and10 thenwrotethisstory.Thisshowsthatthereisarealstory.Robinson’sattitudestowardsadversitytellpeoplethatadversityisnotonethatisimpossibletobeovercome.Onlyifonehasthecouragetoovercomeit,andheorshehastheproperattitudesandmethodstowardsit,heorshewillgetoutofitandcreatethesplendorofhisownlife.Nowadayspeopleliveinanascendantlife.AndtheywillnothavetheexperienceslikeRobinson’s.Butpeoplewillcertainlycomeacrosssomedifferentadversity.Whenpeopleareinanadversity,theyshouldnotbebeatenbyit.PresidentObamasaidin2010:“Thetruthisbeingsuccessfulishard.Thesepeoplesucceededbecausetheyunderstoodthatyoucan’tletyourfailuresbeatyou---youhavetoletyourfailuresteachyou.Noonebornbeinggoodatallthings.Youbecomegoodatthingsthroughhardwork.Don’tbeafraidtoaskquestion.Don’tbeafraidtoaskforhelpwhenyouneedit.Don’tevergiveuponyourself.”Theyshouldfaceuptoitcalmly,notgiveupthehope,makeplansforthefutureandbepersistent.Nopain,nogain.Aftercomingthroughtheadversity,onewillfindthebeautyoflifeandfeelthehappinessofovercomingthedifficulty.HemingwaysaysthatlifewillneverappearspindriftwithoutadversitylikeareefoftheOcean.Sooneshouldadjustourmentalitieswelltoconfrontadversityandconvertadversityintofavorablecircumstances.Ifonecanconfrontadversityproperly,hislifewillbemoreperfectandglorious.Heavenisnotalwaysblue;waterisnotalwaysclear;grassisnotalwaysgreen;flowerisnotalwayscolorfulandlifeisnotalwaysplainsailing.Flowerwillfallandgrasswillbewitheredandyellow,butspringwillgivethemvitalityagain.Oneshouldbecourageoustofight,totakeaction,topursue,tochallengetheworld.Failurewillincreaseone’sconfidenceandhewillbesuccessfulatlast.Introuble,peopleshouldlooksquarelyatit,andthentheycanovercomeit.Makingthedeterminationtoovercomethedifficultyandmakingpersistentefforts,peoplewillfindthattheadversitycanbeovercomeeasily.Justasthesayinggoes:persistenceisvictory.Onlyifoneisremittingtotheend,hewillgettothesummitofvictory.Peoplecandrawtheconclusionthatpersistenceleadstothefinalsuccess.Sotakeactionsandbepersistent.Don’tjustcomeupwithanambitiousplanandwaitforaproperdatetogeta10 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