《鲁滨逊漂流记》的生态批评解读

分类号：单位代码：密级公开学号：、奴‘範摩硕士学位论文中文论文题目：《鲁滨逊漂流记》的生态批评解读英文论文题目：论文作者：周姗指导教师：胡志红专业名称：英语语言文学研究方向：欧美文化所在学院：外国语学院论文提交日期：年月日论文答辩曰期：年月日 四川师范大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明：所呈交学位论文《鲁滨逊漂流记》的生态批评解读,是本人在导师胡志红指导下独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。本人承诺：已提交的学位论文电子版与论文纸本的内容一致。如因不符而引起的学术声誉上的损失由本人自负。学位论文作者：签字日期：年月曰 摘要《鲁滨逊漂流记》的生态批评解读英语语言文学硕士研究生：周姗指导教师：胡志红摘要丹尼尔笛福(是英国世纪第一位现实主义小说家,他被誉为“英国小说之父”且以写实的手法而闻名于世。他发表了众多脍炙人口的作品,其中第一部小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》、,发表后,立马获得了成功,同时也被认为是继《圣经》后广为阅读的一部著作,故而深受历代中西方读者的青睐。该著作不仅展现了主人公的勇敢,而且也体现了资本主义的进取精神和启蒙意识。该小说主人公鲁滨逊克罗索(被认为是第一个资产阶级的正面典型,因而笛福也被认为是西方新兴资产阶级的代言人。然而,后殖民评论家和生态评论家对这部经典却持有不同的看法,他们认为当克罗索为了建造一个属于自己的殖民地而去征服自然和人类时,此时的他不再单纯的是位勤劳的劳动者,更是一位贪婪的资产者和殖民者。他并不满足于自己所拥有的,而是渴望拥有更多的财富和更高的权利。这完全有悖于生态批评的基本观点,即生物圈的每一实体都享有平等权利。因此,笔者通过生态批评的视角从自然、性别、种族这三个方面来分析克罗索的殖民行径。如今克罗索不再是名民族英雄,而是成为西方殖民主义思想的代表。首先,克罗索对土地、动物及植物的剥削和占有,反映出他反自然的本性,同时也暴露出他的贪婪和功利主义的个性。再者,文本也体现出克罗索对女性的性别歧视。作品中女性人物成为男性的附属品,如同自然一样仅仅享有工具价值,并丢失了她们的身份。最后,由于种族因素而被认为是低人一等的土著人,被克罗索剥夺了最基本的人身权利,以及进行文化殖民,而这些行径都反映了他的殖民主义思本百、 四川师范大学硕士学位论文克罗索不仅把自己的意志强加于自然,而且还运用现代工具操控、剥削动物、妇女以及土著人,从而展现了一个新的克罗索形象。这种见解会对后来的读者和作家产生深远的影响因为这种反传统的新形象会让读者对这部经典有新的认识,同时也让人们对生态危机的历史文化根源有更为深刻、更为全面了解,进而探寻更为全面、更为现实,且能指引人们走出环境危机的文化路径。关键词：丹尼尔笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》生态批评生态殖民文化殖 AbstractAnEcocriticalInterpretationofRobinsonCrusoeAbstractMACandidate:ZhouShanAdvisor:HuZhihongDanielDefoe(1660-1731)isthefirstrealisticnovelistin18thcenturyEngland.RegardedasthefatheroftheEnglishnovel,heisfamousfortherealisticwritingstyle.Hepublishesmanyworks,whichwinuniversalpraise.Hisfirstnovel,RobinsonCrusoe,publishedin1791, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,, ContentsContentsiABSTRACT.IllIntroduction1ChapterOneCrusoe:AnAnti-natureHero71.1Crusoe'sExploitationoftheLand71.1.1TheConquestoftheLand81.1.2TheTransformationoftheIsland111.2Crusoe'sUtilitarianAttitudetowardsAnimals131.3Crusoe'sUnscrupulousAttitudetowardsPlants16ChapterTwoCrusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomen192.1Crusoe'sDepreciationofWomen'sStatus192.2Crusoe'sInstrumentalAttitudetowardsWomen'sExistence232.3Women'sLossofIdentity25ChapterThreeCrusoe:ANotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialism293.1Crusoe'sHierarchicalPerspectivetowardsOthers293.2Crusoe'sExploitationofNativePeople323.3Crusoe'sCulturalColonizationofNativePeople353.3.1TheTransformationofReligion363.3.2TheChangeoftheWayofLife40Conclusion45Bibliography49Acknowledgements53v IntroductionIntroductionAsoneofthemostimportantnovelistsinliterature,DanielDefoeisamanofmanyidentities.BomintoaPuritanfamily,influencedbymiddleclassvalues,hebecomesamerchant,socialthinker,journalist,andnovelist.Becauseofhisturbulentlifeexperience,hehimselfrepresentstheriseofmiddleclassofhisage.BesidesthepublicationofhismasterpieceRobinsonCrusoe,““”,“”‘’,,’,,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,”(,,““,,“ IntroductionEcocriticismthattheseecocriticspraisehighlyisanumbrella-liketerm,whichcoversmanyfields.FirststartedfromAmericain1972,ecocriticismisanewly-risingtheory,andthedevelopmentofwhichcanbedividedintotwostages.Thefirstperiodiscalledecocentrictypeecocriticism,withecocentricphilosophies,deepecologyinparticularasitsideologicalfoundation.Duringthistime,ecocriticsfocustheirattentionontheoppressionhumansimposedonnature.Therefore,thestruggleismainlybetweenhumanandnature.Thesecondperiodistheturnofenvironmentaljustice.Atthistime,theecocriticspointouttheshortcomingsofecocentrism,whichjustcareabouttheunequaltreatmentstowardsnature,ignoringtoseeworldfromawiderrange.Nowtheymovingintoanewdirection,humanbeingsshouldalsobeincluded.Throughthisperspective,,“,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,“,,,,, IntroductionShenFuying,,,,,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,,,,,,, Crusoe:anAnti-natureHeroChapterOneCrusoe:AnAnti-natureHeroCrusoeisregardedasanationalherobygenerationsofwesterners,becauseheisamanwhosurvivesonanisolatedislandfortwenty-eightyears,moreoverhebuildsavastempirethroughcolonizationatthesametime.Thushisactionsinspiremanyambitiousmenwhoarewillingtofollowhissteps.JustasLuoXunmingmentions,"Crusoedoesmorethanmeresurvival,forheestablishesaplantation,opensupacolony,andcreatesevenacivilizationinthewilderness"(35).Duringhisnearlythirtyyearsawayfromhome,heusesthemodemtoolstosatisfyhisambitionsbyconqueringthoseplacesandthenatives.Hisactionsgoagainstthedoctrineofecocriticism.AndCrusoe'stwindominationsofnatureandmanincurmoredenouncementandblamefrommanyecocritics.Hisactionofimposinghiswillfreelyonnatureiscriticizedbythespokesmenofnaturewhostronglyholdecocentrism.Intheireyes,Crusoe'sexplorationoftheland,theanimalsandplantsneedstobecriticized.Heisthoughttobeananti-naturehero.Inaddition,ZhangBoxiangbelieves,“” 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,, Crusoe:anAnli-natureHeroagainandagain.Nowhebecomesamanwithsomanynewtoolsandservants,andheshouldbesatisfiedwiththesuccesshecreatesontheplantation.However,“,,“, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文“,,”,’,,幻：““” Crusoe:anAnti-natureHeroLivingalone,Crusoebeginshislifeontheisland.Aftermanydificulties,Crusoegetsinabumperharvest.Nowthereapingofthecropbecomesthedrivingforceofhisnextexploitationaction.First,,“,,… 四川师范大学硕士学位论文‘,,,“ Crusoe:anAnli-nalureHeroreflectsCrusoe'spragmatismattitudetowardseverything.Comparedwithotherplaces,thecave,luckilyenough,justhastheperfectdesignationashewishes.However,othertransformationshetakescompletelyfollowhisownwishandwiththestrongaimofturningthisisolatedislandintohis"plantation."1.2Crusoe'sUtilitarianAttitudetowardsAnimalsAnimalsasanindispensiblepartofthenature,andtheycanalsoreflectCrusoe'santi-naturenatureandanti-ecologyconsciousness.Inthisbook,,,,“,,” 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,,, Crusoe;anAnti-natureHerooriginalwayoflifeandmakethemhiscompanion,servantsandfoodsuppliersinthelongrun.ThisisanotherterribleactionthatdirectlyreflectsCrusoe'sutilitarianattitudetowardsthelivingcreaturesontheisland.Andhisdomesticationsofanimalsaremainlyembodiedinthefollowingaspects.First,thedog,anothersurvivoroftheshipwreck,,,”,“ 四川师范大学硕士学位论文“”(,, Crusoe;anAnti-natureHero“”,”“”,“,”(“,’,“, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文 Crusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenChapterTwoCrusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenEcocriticismnotonlypaysattentiontotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature,,,,“‘’,,“” 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,“‘,,“,,“”,“”,,, Crusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenofthenation,themanagementofhouseholdcontainsthreeparts:themanagementofslavery;theexertingofpaternitytowardchildrenandthecontrolofwomen.Menarebetterthanwomeninenactingthelaws(qtd.in级匕仁权,,仁权,,,,“,,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,“”(,“”(, Crusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenmenandinferiortothem.2.2Crusoe'sInstrumentalAttitudetowardsWomen'sExistenceThesubordinatestatusofwomen,astherepresentationofCrusoe'sdepreciationofwomen'sstatus,,,,,,“”(, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,““,”,” Crusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomentospendmorespacetodescribetheirsituations.Astothedeathofhiswife,,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,“,“‘’”,,“ Crusoe'sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenname.Beingsuchaloweststatus,women'saphasiaisdoomed.Accordingtoenvironmentaljustice,women'ssubordinatestatusinmanyfieldsofthesociety,theirinstrumentalvaluesinrealityandtheouterrepresentationoftheirlossofidentityarealltheevidencesofCrusoesexistdiscriminationagainstwomen.Theideologycomingfromthemformsakindofconceptionframeworkaboutdomination.Andsuchkindofworldviewislessvisiblebutdefinitelyimportantwhichhelpstobringaboutmanyecologicaldilemmas.Onlywhenthisideologyiscrumbledcompletelycanpeoplegetaharmoniousworld.27 四川师范大学硕士学位论文 Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismChapterThreeCrusoe:ANotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismEnvironmentaljusticeprovidesreadersanewperspectivetoprobethespecialrelationshipbetweenmanandman.Fromsuchpointofview,RobinsonCrusoeisnotmerelyasexistagainstwomen,butaccordingtothepostcolonialecocriticism,heisalsoacolonisttowardsnativepeople.Theformerchaptermainlyinterpretsthewomen'ssituation,sothischapterwillfocusontheunfairtreatmentofnativepeople,inwhichCrusoeactsasanotoriousrepresentativeofthewesterncolonialism.3.1Crusoe'sHierarchicalPerspectivetowardsOthersForcenturies,Englandisahierarchicalcountry.Peoplearedividedintoseveralgradesaccordingtotheirbirth,power,wealth,land,andsoon.Thenwiththedevelopmentofeconomyandpolitics,thisdivisionalsodevelops.In18^^century,thesocietyhasalreadyformedthreelargecamps,andtheyarearistocrats,bourgeoisies,andthecommons,whichisatypicalhierarchy.Besidesthis,eachcamphasitsowngrades.Theoriginofthisphenomenoncanbetracedbacktothebeginningofthecivilization.TherewritingofthebiblicalstoryNoah'sArk,TimothyFindley'sNotWantedontheVoyage(1985)exposestheestablishmentofthehierarchy.AccordingtoHugganandTifin, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,,,,, Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismandfindslavesafterhissettlementinBrazil,wherehecanalsoleadamiddleclasslife.Buthementions:Iwasgottenintoanemploymentquiteremotetomygenius,anddirectlycontrarytothelifeIdelightedin,,,,“,’““,,,“ 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,”,,, Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismsymbolofcolony'scallingfornationalidentityandindependence.Inthismarvelousbook,Jefersonmentions,“,,,“,“ 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,“,,,“,, Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismsubjected.Iwasabsolutelordandlawgiver;theyallowedtheirlivestome,andwerereadytolaydowntheirlives,iftherehadbeenoccasionofit,forme.(185)TheannouncementisCrusoe'sdeclarationofhisabsoluterightandcontrolofthisislandandthesenatives.Theyaredeprivedoffreedom,,,”“”,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,”, Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismfeverishhallucination,hemeetsananglewhoisangrywithhimandtalkstohim,"[sjeeingallthesethingshavenotbroughttheetorepentance,nowthoushaltdie”(“,,,,,,,厂」 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,’,”,,”,,,” Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismBibleafterknowingthebasicknowledgeaboutGod.ThispracticeisusedtogetmoreknowledgeaboutGodandmakestheirunderstandingaboutthereligiondeepen.Sothetwomenusuallysharetheacknowledgedmeaningsthroughreadingit.NowFridaystartstoaskmanyseriousreligiousquestionsandbecomesmorehardworkingandactive.ThiswayseemsmoreusefulforCrusoetochangeFridaycompletely,soitbecomesaroutineintheirdailylife.InCrusoe'smind,thisguidancefromtheBiblecanpromoteandenlightenthissavageservant,andmakehimafaithfulChristianintheend.Besides,themoreFridayreads,themorefaithfulhebecomes.StrictlyfollowGod'swillbecometheguidanceofhisactions,togetherwiththethinkingofanthropocentrism.Thesuperiorityofmanamongothersbecomesnaturalized.Thirdly,thetransformationgoesonverywellasCrusoeexpected.Atthismoment,theunderstandingbetweenthetwomenisdeeperthatCrusoebeginstotellFridayhisadventurouslifeexperience.Andheneverforgetstomentionaboutthereligiouslifeofhimselfandhishomeland.ThroughthiswayCrusoestartstointroducethewayoflivinginEngland.Soatthisstage,theirdailypracticeseemsmoreimportantwhichgivesFridayagoodmodeltofollowandhelpsFridaychangeintoarealChristianslave.Thetransformationnearlycompletesexceptyearsofpractice.Duringtheprocess,Crusoeactsasageneralguide.Facingmentalandphysicaldilemmas,Crusoevaluesspirithigher,anditiswhyhedoesnotcurephysicalpainfirstbutchoosestorepentandpraytoGodforforgiveness.Withthesamelogic,tochangeapersoncompletely,oneneedstodothebrainwashing,especiallyabouthisbelief.Therefore,thechangeofFriday'sreligionservesasoneofthemostimportantstepstoachievecompletelytransformation.Inaddition,,,“,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,“,“,”,,, Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismanunbridgeablegapbetweenthem.Gesture,atthismoment,becomesausefulwayfortheircommunication.Crusoeusesittoissueorderswithoutsayingwords.Butitseemsineficient,soCrusoebeginstoteachhimEnglish.Evenfromthismatter,Crusoe'scolonialactislaidbared.AsprofessorZhangBoxiangmentions,"Crusoeisnonethelessveryinterestedinpossessions,‘,‘,‘,,,,,“““,,“ 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,”,,,, Crusoe:aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismembodied.Thosewesternersstaywithnativepeoplepeacefullyfornearlyfouryears,andwithoutbeingeatenortransformedtheyareoftenhelpedbythese“”,,“” 四川师范大学硕士学位论文 ConclusionConclusionAsamarvelousbook,RobinsonCrusoeiswrittenbyDanielDefoewiththerealisticwritingstyle.Therefore,thisbookservesasthesuccessfulcreationofthereality.Theprotagonist,RobinsonCrusoeisthecombinationofDefoehimselfandatruesailorAlexanderSelkirk.ThestoryofCrusoe'srisinginspiresgenerationsofwesternpeople,sothisbookcanbeseenasthewritingofthenewlyrisingbourgeoisie.Crusoe,regardedasthefirstpositiveexampleofthecapitalistclass, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,, ConclusionCrusoeisamanwhopromotesanddeepensourecologicalcrises.Hisexploitationoftheland,animalsandplants;hissexistdiscriminationagainstwomenandhisexploitationofnativesareallrevealedinthispaper.JustasRichardLehandeclares,“ 四川师范大学硕士学位论文 BibliographyBibliographyEnglishWorksAdams,Hazard,andLeroySearle.CriticalTheorySincePlato.3rded.Beijing:BeijingUniversityPress,2006.Print.Adamson,Joni,MeiMeiEvansandRachelStein.TheEnvironmentalJusticeReader;Politics’,,“,, 四川师范大学硕士学位论文,,,,,, 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AcknowledgementsFirstofall,Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmestgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorHuZhihong.Itishimwhoguidesmeembarkonaresearchcareer,teachesmehowtodoresearchandwriteagoodpaper.WheneverIaminconfusion,healwaysgivesmeahand,guidesmeandencouragesmeuntileverythinggoesonwell.Afterthat,mygratefulthanksgotoalltheteachersattheSchoolofForeignLanguagesatSichuanNormalUniversity.ItistheirhelpthatIcouldacquiretheknowledgeandskillsofmymajorduringthreeyears'study.Inparticular,totheseteacherslikeProfessorXiaoMinghan,ProfessorMengXueqin,ProfessorJiMin,ProfessorZhangShunfu,ProfessorQinSujue,ProfessorLiuJin,ProfessorXiangLin,ProfessorHuangGuiping,ProfessorZhangCha,ProfessorWangRong,ProfessorXieDanandsoon.Withouttheirhelp,