NARRATOR•RobinsonCrusoeisboththenarratorandmaincharacterofthetale.POINTOFVIEW•Crusoenarratesinboththefirstandthirdperson,presentingwhatheobserves.Crusoeoccasionallydescribeshisfeelings,butonlywhentheyareoverwhelming.Usuallyhefavorsamorefactualnarrativestylefocusedonactionsandevents.TONE•Crusoe’stoneismostlydetached,meticulous,andobjective.Hedisplayslittlerhetoricalgrandeurandfewpoeticorcolorfulturnsofphrase.Hegenerallyavoidsdramaticstorytelling,preferringaninventorylikeapproachtothefactsastheyunfold.Heveryrarelyregistershisownfeelings,orthoseofothercharacters,andonlydoessowhenthosefeelingsaffectasituationdirectly,suchaswhenhedescribesthemutineersastiredandconfused,indicatingthattheirfatigueallowsthemtobedefeated.TENSE•PastSETTING(TIME)•From1659to1694SETTING(PLACE)•York,England;thenLondon;thenSallee,NorthAfrica;thenBrazil;thenadesertedislandoffTrinidad;thenEngland;thenLisbon;thenoverlandfromSpaintowardEngland;thenEngland;andfinallytheislandagainPROTAGONIST•RobinsonCrusoeMAJORCONFLICT•Shipwreckedalone,Crusoestrugglesagainsthardship,privation,loneliness,andcannibalsinhisattempttosurviveonadesertedisland.RISINGACTION•Crusoedisobeyshisfatherandgoesouttosea.Crusoehasaprofitablefirstmerchantvoyage,hasfantasiesofsuccessinBrazil,andpreparesforaslave-gatheringexpedition.CLIMAX•CrusoebecomesshipwreckedonanislandnearTrinidad,forcinghimtofendforhimselfandhisbasicneeds.FALLINGACTION•Crusoeconstructsashelter,securesafoodsupply,andacceptshisstayontheislandastheworkofProvidence.THEMES•Theambivalenceofmastery;thenecessityofrepentance;theimportanceofself-awarenessMOTIFS•Countingandmeasuring;eating;ordealsatseaSYMBOLS•Thefootprint;thecross;Crusoe’sbowerFORESHADOWING•CrusoesuffersastormatseanearYarmouth,foreshadowinghisshipwreckyearslater.Crusoedreamsofcannibalsarriving,andlatertheycometokillFriday.Crusoeinventstheideaofagovernoroftheislandtointimidatethemutineers,foreshadowingtheactualgovernor’slaterarrivalAnalysisofMajorCharactersRobinsonCrusoeWhileheisnoflashyheroorgrandepicadventurer,RobinsonCrusoedisplayscharactertraitsthathavewonhimtheapprovalofgenerationsofreaders.Hisperseveranceinspendingmonthsmakingacanoe,andinpracticingpotterymakinguntilhegetsitright,ispraiseworthy.Additionally,hisresourcefulnessinbuildingahome,dairy,grapearbor,countryhouse,andgoatstablefrompracticallynothingisclearlyremarkable.TheSwissphilosopherJean-JacquesRousseauapplaudedCrusoe’sdo-it-yourselfindependence,andinhisbookoneducation,Emile,herecommendsthatchildrenbetaughttoimitateCrusoe’shands-onapproachtolife.Crusoe’sbusinessinstinctsarejustasconsiderableashissurvivalinstincts:hemanagestomakeafortuneinBrazildespiteatwenty-eight-yearabsenceandevenleaveshisislandwithanicecollectionof
gold.Moreover,Crusoeisneverinterestedinportrayinghimselfasaheroinhisownnarration.Hedoesnotboastofhiscourageinquellingthemutiny,andheisalwaysreadytoadmitunheroicfeelingsoffearorpanic,aswhenhefindsthefootprintonthebeach.Crusoepreferstodepicthimselfasanordinarysensibleman,neverasanexceptionalhero.ButCrusoe’sadmirablequalitiesmustbeweighedagainsttheflawsinhischaracter.Crusoeseemsincapableofdeepfeelings,asshownbyhiscoldaccountofleavinghisfamily—heworriesaboutthereligiousconsequencesofdisobeyinghisfather,butneverdisplaysanyemotionaboutleaving.Thoughheisgeneroustowardpeople,aswhenhegivesgiftstohissistersandthecaptain,Crusoerevealsverylittletenderorsincereaffectioninhisdealingswiththem.WhenCrusoetellsusthathehasgottenmarriedandthathiswifehasdiedallwithinthesamesentence,hisindifferencetoherseemsalmostcruel.Moreover,asanindividualpersonality,Crusoeisratherdull.Hispreciseanddeadpanstyleofnarrationworkswellforrecountingtheprocessofcanoebuilding,butittendstodraintheexcitementfromeventsthatshouldbethrilling.Action-packedscenesliketheconquestofthecannibalsbecomequitehumdrumwhenCrusoenarratesthem,givingusadetailedinventoryofthecannibalsinlistform,forexample.Hisinsistenceondatingeventsmakessensetoapoint,butitultimatelyendsupseemingobsessiveandirrelevantwhenhetellsusthedateonwhichhegrindshistoolsbutneglectstotellusthedateofaveryimportanteventlikemeetingFriday.Perhapshisimpulsetorecordfactscarefullyisnotasurvivalskill,butanirritatingsignofhisneurosis.Finally,whilenotboastingofheroism,Crusoeisnonethelessveryinterestedinpossessions,power,andprestige.Whenhefirstcallshimselfkingoftheislanditseemsjocund,butwhenhedescribestheSpaniardashissubjectwemusttakehisroyaldelusionseriously,sinceitseemshereallydoesconsiderhimselfking.HisteachingFridaytocallhim“Master,”evenbeforeteachinghimthewordsfor“yes”or“no,”seemsobnoxiousevenundertheraciststandardsoftheday,asifCrusoeneedstoheartheego-boostingwordspokenassoonaspossible.Overall,Crusoe’svirtuestendtobeprivate:hisindustry,resourcefulness,andsolitarycouragemakehimanexemplaryindividual.Buthisvicesaresocial,andhisurgetosubjugateothersishighlyobjectionable.Inbringingbothsidestogetherintoonecomplexcharacter,Defoegivesusafascinatingglimpseintothesuccesses,failures,andcontradictionsofmodernman.ImportantQuotationsExplained1.“Odrug!”saidIaloud,“whatartthougoodfor?Thouartnotworthtome,no,notthetakingoffoftheground;oneofthoseknivesisworthallthisheap;Ihavenomannerofuseforthee;e’enremainwherethouartandgotothebottomasacreaturewhoselifeisnotworthsaving.”However,uponsecondthoughts,Itookitaway....2.Myislandwasnowpeopled,andIthoughtmyselfveryrichinsubjects;anditwasamerryreflection,whichIfrequentlymade,howlikeakingIlooked.Firstofall,thewholecountrywasmyownmereproperty,BasothatIhadanundoubtedrightofdominion.Secondly,mypeoplewereperfectlysubjected.Iwasabsolutelordandlawgiver,theyallowedtheirlivestome,andwerereadytolaydowntheirlives,iftherehadbeenoccasionofit,forme3.Iwasbornintheyear1632,inthecityofYork,ofagoodfamily,thoughnotofthatcountry,myfatherbeingaforeignerofBremenwhosettledfirstatHull.Hegotagoodestatebymerchandiseand,leavingoffhistrade,livedafterwardatYork,fromwhencehehadmarriedmy
motherwhoserelationswerenamedRobinson,averygoodfamilyinthatcountry,andfromwhomIwascalledRobinsonKreutznaer;butbytheusualcorruptionofwordsinEnglandwearecalled,nay,wecallourselves,andwriteourname“Crusoe,”andsomycompanionsalwayscalledme.4.Imightwellsaynowindeed,thatthelatterendofJobwasbetterthanthebeginning.ItisimpossibletoexpressheretheflutteringsofmyveryheartwhenIlookedovertheseletters,andespeciallywhenIfoundallmywealthaboutme;forastheBrazilshipscomeallinfleets,thesameshipswhichbroughtmylettersbroughtmygoods....5.Butnosoonerweremyeyesopen,butIsawmyPollsittingontopofthehedge;andimmediatelyknewthatitwashethatspoketome;forjustinsuchbemoaninglanguageIhadusedtotalktohim,andteachhim;andhelearneditsoperfectlythathewouldsituponmyfingerandlayhisbillclosetomyface,andcry,“PoorRobinCrusoe!Whereareyou?Wherehaveyoubeen?Howcomeyouhere?”andsuchthingsasIhadtaughthim.StudyQuestions1.Defoehashisheropracticetwodifferenttypesofwritinginthenovel.OnetypeisthejournalthatCrusoekeepsforafewchaptersuntilhisinkrunsout.Theotheristhefullertypeofstorytellingthatmakesupthebulkofthenovel.Bothareinthefirst-personvoice,buttheyproducedifferenteffects.WhydoesDefoeincludebothtypes?WhatdoesacomparisonbetweenthemtellusabouttheoverallpurposeofthenovelWithhisinterestinpracticaldetails,Crusoenaturallygravitatestowardthejournalasaformofwriting.Hisideaofjournalkeepingfollowstheexampleofacaptain’slogbookratherthanapersonaldiary:itisobjectiveandfactual,sometimestediouslyso,ratherthanemotionalorself-reflective.ButDefoecouldnotsustainthewholenovelasajournal,sincemuchofthemoralmeaningofthestoryemergesonlyretrospectively.Havingsurvivedhisordeal,Crusoecannowwritehisstoryfromtheperspectiveofonerememberingpastmistakesandjudgingpastbehavior.Theday-by-dayformatofthejournalisfocusedonthepresentratherthanthepast,anditmakesthiskindofretrospectiondifficult.Themoraldimensionofthenovelcanbestbeemphasizedthroughafullautobiographicalnarrative,withCrusoelookingbackuponearlierstagesoflifeandevaluatingthem3.Crusoespendsmuchtimeontheislanddevisingwaystoescapeit.Butwhenhefinallydoesescape,hisreturntoEuropeisanticlimactic.Nothinghefindsthere,notevenfriendsorfamily,isdescribedwiththesameinterestevokedearlierbyhisfortressorfarm.Indeed,attheendofthenovelCrusoereturnstotheisland.WhydoesDefoeportraytheislandoriginallyasaplaceofcaptivityandthenlaterasadesireddestination?Crusoe’sordealisnotmerelytheadventuretaleitseemsatfirst,butamoralandreligiousillustrationofthevirtuesofsolitudeandself-reliance.Atthebeginning,Crusoecanonlyperceivehisisolationasapunishment.Butafterhisreligiousillumination,andafterhehasturnedanuninhabitedislandintoasatisfyingpieceofrealestate,helearnstorelishhissolitude.Hispanicat
thesightofafootprintshowshowhehascometoviewotherhumansasthreateninginvadersofhisprivaterealm.HisfellowhumansinEuropeundoubtedlyalsorepresentnottheadvantagesofsociety,butthelossofempoweredsolitude,andsohedreamsofreturningtotheislandwherehewaskingalone.SuggestedEssayTopics1.Althoughheishappytowatchhisgoatandcatpopulationmultiplyonhisisland,Crusoeneverexpressesanyregretfornothavingawifeorchildren.Hereferstohispetsashisfamily,butnevermentionsanywishforarealhumanfamily.Whileheissadthathisdogneverhasamate,heneverseemssaddenedbyhisownthirty-fiveyearsofbachelorexistence.DoesCrusoe’sindifferencetomatingandreproductiontellusanythingabouthisviewoflife,oraboutthenovel?2.AlthoughCrusoeproudlyreportsthatheallowsfreedomofreligiononhisisland,givinghisCatholicandpagansubjectstherighttopracticetheirownfaiths,hedescribesFridayasaProtestant.HeattemptstoridhisservantofhisbeliefinthepagangodBenamuckee.WhydoesCrusoegenerallyshowreligioustolerance,butinsistonFriday’sProtestantism?3.DuringthereturnvoyagetoEnglandfromLisbonattheendofthenovel,CrusoeandhistravelingpartyencounterabearthatisfrighteninguntilFridayturnsitintoanamusingspectacle.Histeasingofthebear,whichpromptsthegroup’slaughter,isthefirstexampleofliveentertainmentinthenovel.ThereisnomentionofFridaytryingtoamuseCrusoeontheisland.DoesthisepisodeforeshadowanewroleforFridayafterhemovestoEuropefromtheCaribbean?WhatisDefoetryingtosymbolizeinhavingCrusoebringFridaywithhimtoEuropeatall?4.InmanywaysCrusoeappearstobethesamesortofpersonattheendofthenovelasheisatthebeginning.Despitedecadesofsolitudeandexile,warswithcannibals,andthesubjugationofamutiny,Crusoehardlyseemstogrowordevelop.IsCrusoeanunchangingcharacter,ordoeshechangeinsubtlewaysasaresultofhisordeal?5.Crusoe’sreligiousillumination,inwhichhebeholdsanangelicfiguredescendingonaflame,orderinghimtorepentordie,isextremelyvivid.Afterwardhedoesrepent,andhisfaithseemssincere.YetDefoecomplicatesthisreligiousexperiencebymakinguswonderwhetheritisinsteadaresultofCrusoe’sfever,orofthetobaccoandrumhehasconsumed.Wewonderwhetherthevisionmaybehealth-ordrug-relatedratherthansupernaturalanddivine.WhydoesDefoemixthedivineandthemedicalinthisscene?DoeshewantustoquestionCrusoe’sturntoreligion?Quiz1.WhenCrusoeeatseggsontheisland,fromwhatanimaldotheycome?(A)Seagull(B)Quail(C)Penguin(D)Turtle2.WhichofthefollowingdescribesRobinsonCrusoe’splaceinhisfamily?(A)Oldestson(B)Middleson(C)Youngestson(D)Onlyson3.CrusoenameshisservantFridayinhonorofwhat?(A)GoodFriday
(B)Thedayonwhichthenative’slifewassaved(C)Thelastworkdaybeforetheweekend(D)ThedayonwhichCrusoe’slifewassaved4.InwhatcenturyisRobinsonCrusoeset?(A)Sixteenth(B)Nineteenth(C)Eighteenth(D)Seventeenth5.WheredoesCrusoeserveasaslave?(A)NorthAfrica(B)Sub-SaharanAfrica(C)Spain(D)Brazil6.TowhatdoesthenameXuryrefer?(A)TheAfricanportwhereCrusoeisenslaved(B)TheBraziliantownwhereCrusoesettles(C)ThenameofFriday’sfather(D)Thenameofaslaveboy7.HowdoesCrusoefirstgrowgrainontheisland?(A)Fridaygiveshimseeds(B)Hethrowsseedsbyaccidentwhenhediscardscornhusks(C)HesalvagesseedsfromtheSpanishwreck(D)Hetransplantsgrainfromanotherareaoftheisland8.TowhatdoesthenamePollrefer?(A)Awidow(B)Apetbird(C)Aservantgirl(D)Aship9.Ofwhatnationalityarethemutineersontheshipthatarrives?(A)Spanish(B)Brazilian(C)Moorish(D)English10.WhatdoesCrusoedoafterdrinkingarumandtobaccomixture?(A)ExpresseshislovetoFriday(B)Paddleshiscanoeintoadangerouscurrent(C)Accidentallysetshishutonfire(D)Experiencesareligiousillumination11.WhyisFridayexcitedwhenheseesthecannibals’captiveintheboat?(A)ThecaptiveisFriday’sfather(B)ThecaptiveisFriday’shatedenemy(C)ThecaptiveisFriday’sbrother(D)ThecaptiveisFriday’sfiancée12.Crusoeisfrightenedinacavewhenheseeswhoseeyes?(A)Agoat’s(B)Acannibal’s(C)TheSpaniard’s(D)Thecaptain’s13.WhydoesCrusoe’sfirstattemptatmakingacanoefail?(A)Thewoodisrotten(B)Thecanoeistoofragile(C)Thecanoeistooheavy(D)Termiteseatthroughthebottom14.WhatlivestockmakesupRobinson’smeatsupplyontheisland?(A)Rabbits(B)Wildfowl(C)Goats(D)Cows15.TowhatdoesthenameBenamuckeerefer?(A)Friday’sfather(B)Friday’scannibalfeast(C)Friday’stribe(D)Friday’sgod
16.Crusoe’sfatherwisheshissontogointowhichprofession?(A)Law(B)Medicine(C)Business(D)Farming17.HowdoesCrusoeimpressthenativesontheAfricancoast?(A)Showingthemhiswatch(B)Killingaleopard(C)Givingthemrum(D)Sailingtheboatincircles18.ThecrossthatCrusoeerectsontheislandservesaswhat?(A)Areligiousicon(B)Ascarecrow(C)Acalend(D)Asignforpassingships19.WhenCrusoedepartsonhissecondtradingvoyage,withwhomdoesheleavessomeofhismoney?(A)Awidowfriend(B)Hisfather(C)Hissister(D)ALondonmerchant20.TowhatdoesthenameSalleerefer?(A)Crusoe’sfirstship(B)ANorthAfricanterritory(C)TheriverborderingCrusoe’splantation(D)Aweaponusedbythecannibals21.InEurope,Crusoeencountersravenouswolvesinwhichcountry?(A)England(B)France(C)Belgium(D)Spain22.WhichtypeoffruitdoesCrusoelearnhowtodry?(A)Bananas(B)Grapes(C)Pineapples(D)Apples23.Twoyearsafterdiscoveringthefootprint,withwhatdoesCrusoefindtheshorestrewn?(A)Clothing(B)Theremainsofaship(C)Humanbodyparts(D)Goatcarcasses24.AfterreturningtoEngland,whatdoesCrusoefindoutabouthisfamily?(A)Theyaredeadexceptfortwosisters(B)Theyaredeadexceptforonebrother(C)Theyarenotoverjoyedtoseehimalive(D)TheyhavemovedawayfromEnglandyearsearlier25.Whydoesn’tCrusoetakehiswifebacktotheislandwithhim?(A)Sheispregnant(B)HerealizeshedoesnotloveherlikehelovesFriday(C)Shedies(D)SheistoopronetoseasicknessDCBDADBBDDAACCDABCABDBCAC
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