四川师范大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明：所呈交学位论文《盘渲逊漂逋望》的生态批证鲢这，是本人在导师塑圭红指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。本人承诺：已提交的学位论文电子版与论文纸本的内容一致。如因不符而引起的学术声誉上的损失由本人自负。学位论文作者：月饼吁签字日期：2。B年6月箩日四川师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书本人同意所撰写学位论文的使用授权遵照学校的管理规定：学校作为申请学位的条件之一，学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在大学拥有学位论文的部分使用权，即：1)已获学位的研究生必须按学校规定提交印刷版和电子版学位论文，可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库供检索；2)为教学、科研和学术交流目的，学校可以将公开的学位论文或解密后的学位论文作为资料在图书馆、资料室等场所或在有关网络上供阅读、浏览。本人授权万方数据电子出版社将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》，并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。同意按相关规定享受相关权益。(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)学位论文作者签名：囤坍签字日期：岛侈年6月j日导师签名：签字日期：年‘月孓日卫pB
摘要《鲁滨逊漂流记》的生态批评解读英语语言文学硕士研究生：周姗指导教师：胡志红摘要丹尼尔·笛福(DanielDefoe,．1660．1731)是英国18世纪第一位现实主义小说家，他被誉为“英国小说之父”且以写实的手法而闻名于世。他发表了众多脍炙人口的作品，其中第一部小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》(RobinsonCrusoe，1791)发表后，立马获得了成功，同时也被认为是继《圣经》后广为阅读的一部著作，故而深受历代中西方读者的青睐。该著作不仅展现了主人公的勇敢，而且也体现了资本主义的进取精神和启蒙意识。该小说主人公鲁滨逊·克罗索(RobinsonCrusoe)被认为是第一个资产阶级的正面典型，因而笛福也被认为是西方新兴资产阶级的代言人。然而，后殖民评论家和生态评论家对这部经典却持有不同的看法，他们认为当克罗索为了建造一个属于自己的殖民地而去征服自然和人类时，此时的他不再单纯的是位勤劳的劳动者，更是一位贪婪的资产者和殖民者。他并不满足于自己所拥有的，而是渴望拥有更多的财富和更高的权利。这完全有悖于生态批评的基本观点，即生物圈的每一实体都享有平等权利。因此，笔者通过生态批评的视角从自然、性别、种族这三个方面来分析克罗索的殖民行径。如今克罗索不再是名民族英雄，而是成为西方殖民主义思想的代表。首先，克罗索对土地、动物及植物的剥削和占有，反映出他反自然的本性，同时也暴露出他的贪婪和功利主义的个性。再者，文本也体现出克罗索对女性的性别歧视。作品中女性人物成为男性的附属品，如同自然一样仅仅享有工具价值，并丢失了她们的身份。最后，由于种族因素而被认为是低人一等的土著人，被克罗索剥夺了最基本的人身权利，以及进行文化殖民，而这些行径都反映了他的殖民主义思想。T
四川师范大学硕士学位论文克罗索不仅把自己的意志强加于自然，而且还运用现代工具操控、剥削动物、妇女以及土著人，从而展现了一个新的克罗索形象。这种见解会对后来的读者和作家产生深远的影响，因为这种反传统的新形象会让读者对这部经典有新的认识，同时也让人们对生态危机的历史文化根源有更为深刻、更为全面了解，进而探寻更为全面、更为现实，且能指引人们走出环境危机的文化路径。关键词：丹尼尔·笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》生态批评生态殖民文化殖民H
AbstractAnEcocriticalInterpretationofRobinsonCrusoeMACandidate：ZhouShanAdvisor：HuZhihongDanielDefoe(1660．1731)isthefirstrealisticnovelistin18mcenturyEngland．RegardedasthefatheroftheEnglishnovel，heisfamousfortherealisticwritingstyle．Hepublishesmanyworks，whichwinuniversalpraise．Hisfirstnovel，RobinsonCrusoe，publishedin1791，isagreatsuccessandbecomeswidely—readbookafterBible．Therefore，itiswarmlywelcomedbymillionsofChineseandWesternreadersfromgenerationtogeneration．Thisworknotonlyshowsthebravenessoftheprotagonist，butalsorevealsthespiritofenterpriseofthebourgeoisieandconsciousnessofEnlightenment．ThemaincharacterRobinsonCrusoeisconsideredtobethefirstpositiveexampleofthecapitalistclass．Becauseofthis，Defoeisalsoconsideredasthespokesmanofthenewlyrisingbourgeois．However,thepostcolonialcriticsandecocriticshavedifferentideastowardsthisworldclassic．TheyarguewhenCrusoeconquersthenatureandthepeopletobuildacolonyhimself,heisnotmerelyahardworkinglaborer,butmoreagreedybourgeoisandacolonizerwhoisnotsatisfiedwithwhathehasgainedandeagerformorewealthandhigherpower．Thisgoesagainstthebasicdoctrineofecocriticismthateveryentityinthebiosphereenjoystheequalrights．Therefore，thewriterofthisthesistriestouseecocriticismtoanalyzeCrusoe’Scolonizationactionsfromtheaspectsofnature，genderandrace．Nolongerappearsasanationalhero，Crusoenowstandsforthewestemconqueringspirit．Firstofall，Crusoe’Sexploitationandoccupationoftheland，theanimalsandtheplantsrevealhisanti-naturenature．HisgreedyandutilitarianIII
四川师范大学硕士学位论文personalityisalsoexposed．ThenthisworkstillreflectsCrusoe’Ssexistdiscriminationagainstwomen．Beingmale’Sstooge，thesefemalecharactersonlyenjoytheirinstrumentalvalueslikeanimalsandlosttheirownidentities．Finally,thoughttobeinferiorbecauseoftheirrace，thesenativesaredeprivedofthebasicrightsandculturalcolonizedbyCrusoe．AlltheseactionsembodyCrusoe’Scolonialthought．Crusoenotonlyimposeshiswillonnature，butalsousesthemodemtoolstomanipulateandexploittheanimals，thewomenandthenatives，whichhaspresentedanewimageofCrusoe．Thisoutlookwillindeedexertprofoundinfluenceonlaterreadersandwriters，becausethisnewunconventionalimagegivesthemafreshunderstandingaboutthisclassic．Meanwhile，itmakespeoplehaveafurtherandmorecompleteunderstandingaboutthehistoricalandculturalrootofecologicalcrises，丽mthepurposeofsearchingforamorecompleteandpracticalculturalwaywhichCanguidepeoplewalkouttheenvironmentalcrises．Keywords：DanielDefoe，RobinsonCrusoe，ecocriticism，ecologicalcolonization，culturalcolonizationIV
Contents摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．IABSTRACT．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯IIIIntroduction．．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．1ChapterOneCrusoe：AnAnti-·natureHero．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．71．1Crusoe’SExploitationoftheLand．⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．．⋯．⋯．⋯7】1．1．1TheConquestoftheLand．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．81．1．2TheTransformationoftheIsland⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．111．2Crusoe’SUtilitarianAttitudetowardsAnimals⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．131．3Crusoe’SUnscrupulousAttitudetowardsPlants．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．16ChapterTwoCrusoe’SSexistDiscriminationagainstWomen．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．192．1Crusoe’SDepreciationofWomen’SStatus⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．192．2Crusoe’SInstrumentalAttitudetowardsWbmen’‘sExistence⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．232．3Women’SLossofIdentity．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25ChapterThreeCrusoe：ANotoriousRepresentativeofWestemColonialism．．．．．．．．．．．．293．1Crusoe’SHierarchicalPerspectivetowardsOthers⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．293．2Crusoe’SExploitationofNativePeople．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．323．3Crusoe‘SCulturalColonizationofNativePeople．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．353．3．1TheTransformationofReligion．⋯．．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．363．3．2TheChangeoftheWayofLife．⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．．40Conclusion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．z}5Bibliography．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯49Acknowledgements⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．．．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯．．．．53V
四川师范大学硕士学位论文VI
IntroductionAsoneofthemostimportantnovelistsinliterature，DanielDefoeisamanofmanyidentities．BomintoaPuritanfamily,influencedbymiddleclassvalues，hebecomesamerchant，socialthinker,journalist，andnovelist．Becauseofhisturbdentlifeexperience，hehimselfrepresentstheriseofmiddleclassofhisage．BesidesthepublicationofhismasterpieceRobinsonCrusoe，Defoeisregardedasthespokesmanofthenewlyrisingbourgeoisie．Inreallife，heisinfavorofdevelopingcapitalistindustryandcommerce，eMargingcolony,butcriticizingautocracyandhierarchy诵t11thepurposeofwinningmorerightsandhighersocialstatusforhisownclass．Allofhisthoughtsaremainlyinfluencedandshapedbyhishistoricalcontext．11118tIlcentury,the“gloriousrevolution’’inEnglandpavedthewayof‘‘constitutionalmonarchy．”Thenparliamentbecametherealpower,holdingthesystemofcapitalism，whichpromotedcommerce，especiallytrading．Inmilitaryaffairs，Englandbecamethefirstratepower向lnavalcountrybydefeatingFrance．Allthoseeventscontributetocolonialexpansion，thencommercialexpansion．Then、Ⅳiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,the18t11centuryofEnglandisalsocalledall“AgeofReason．”JustasChenJiamentions，“thechiefmeansforthebettermentofthesocietywas‘enlightenment’or‘education’forthepeople，”(5)whichdeclarestherealpowerofreason，SOduringthatperiod，reasonbecomesthemeasureofallthings．Stronglyinfluencedbythisenvironment，DanielDefoecreatedamarvelousnovelcalledRobinsonCrusoein1719，whichbecamepopularatonce．Appearedasamostfamousadventurestory,thisnovelisthewritingofDefoehimself,fortheprotagonistinthenovelhasthesamelifeexperienceandexpectationliketheauthorDefoe，andthecreationofthisstoryisindeedbasedonarealadventureaboutAlexanderSeilkirk，arealsailor．Therefore，DefoeisconsideredasthefirstimportantnovelistinBritishliterature1
四川师范大学硕士学位论文towriterealisticstories．Becauseofthis，DennisPoupardholds“DefoehasbeencalledthefatheroftheEnglishnovel．Hiseconomicandsocialinterests，hispowerfulimaginationandinquisitivemind．．．enabledhimtogiveinfictionanunparalleledaccountoflifeintheeighteenthcentury”(WangLei78)．SothisbookisthetruedepictionofEnglishsocietyinthe18mcentury．Andtocertainextent，itsymbolizestherisingofmodemcapitalistsociety．TheappearanceofRobinsonCrusoeshocksthesociety．Itisabookthatisfamousforitssubject，notitstechniques．Itisaclassicofalltime，thefirstmiddleclassbook，inwhichCrusoeappearsasthefirstbourgeoisiepioneerandcolonizerwithpositiveimage．Astheworkoftheage，thisnovelreflectstheseekingofmaterialwealthincapitalistsocietyandthespiritofself-straggle．JustasZhangBoxiangmentions，“RobinsonCrusoehasbeenreadbysomeasanodetotheWestern(rational，utilitarian，colonizing)spirit，⋯[and】theoriginalmythofbourgeoissociety'’(232)．Forcenturies，thebestquantitiesofCrusoe，suchas：perseverance，independence，resourcefulnessandshrewdness，arepraisedbygenerationaftergeneration．However’RobinsonCrusoeisalsoaworkrepresentingWesterncolonization，whichiscriticizedbymanymodemscholars．InthecooperativeworkofZhangDingquanandWuGang，theythink‘‘toreaditpolitically,wemayinterpretthestoryasanartisticprojectionofcolonialexpansion”(128)．AccordingtoMaxNovak，RobinsonCrusoeis‘‘lessadefenseofcolonialismthanitisadirectattackuponthetreatmentofthenativesbytheSpanishintheirconquestofAmerica”(51)．Allofthesecommentspointtotheprotagonistofthisnovel，RobinsonCrusoe，asailor,amiddle—classbusinessman，aplantationowner,aslavetrader,anempirebuilderandcolonist．WithSOmanymultipleidentities，Crusoeisamanwhohasmoreflawsthanmerits．ZhangBoxiangsuggests，“[some】criticsthinkthatCrusoeembodiestheconquestofNorthAmericanpeople，thedominationofnature，thetransformationofwildemessintoculture，andeventually,thevictory'’(232)．Tosomeextent，thisisamorecompleteevaluationonCrusoe．Today，manyecocriticsholdthesameopinionlikeZhang．Intheireyes，Crusoeiseitherananti·natureheroorawesterncolonizer．2
IntroductionEcocrificismthattheseecocriticspraisehighlyisallumbrella-liketerm，whichcoversmanyfields．FirststartedfromAmericain1972，ecocriticismisanewly-risingtheory,andthedevelopmentofwhichCanbedividedintotwostages．Thefirstperiodiscalledecocentrictypeecocriticism，withecocentricphilosophies，deepecologyinparticularasitsideologicalfoundation．Duringthistime，ecocriticsfocustheirattentionontheoppressionhumansimposedonnature．Therefore，thestruggleismainlybetweenhumanandnature．Thesecondperiodistheturnofenvironmentaljustice．Atthistime，theecocriticspointouttheshortcomingsofecocentrism，whichjustcareabouttheunequaltreatmentstowardsnature，ignoringtoseeworldfromawiderrange．Nowtheymovingintoanewdirection，humanbeingsshouldalsobeincluded．Throughthisperspective，theytrytorevealtheintemalrelationbetweentheenvironmentinjusticeandthesexistandracialprejudices．EversincethepublicationofJosephW．Meeker’Sbook，TheComedyofSurvival：StudiesinLiteraryEcology(1972)，ecocriticismforthefirsttimeappearsonthestage，whichinitiallyputsforwardthe“literaryecology．”In1978，LiteratureandEcology．"AnExperimentinEcocriticismbyWilliamRueckertmarksthebeginningofthistheory,laterSOmanysubsequentstudieshavebeenmadebydifferentscholarsfrombothhomeandabroad．BillDevallandGeorgeSessionsintheirfamousworkDeepEcologyLivingasifNatureMattered(1985)，holdthatamorerationalandtotal—fieldperspectivemustbeheldcompletelytoeliminatetheanthropocentrismandtoreachthevisionofecocentfism．In1996，TheEcocriticismReader：LandmarksinLiteraryEcology，acooperativeworkmadebyCheryllGlotfelWandHaroldFromm，isanotherrepresentativebookofthistheory,whichhasreceivedwiderattention．In2002，JoniAdamson’STheEnvironmentalJusticeReader：Politics,poeticsandpedagogy,marksthetransformationofecocriticism，whichrepresentsthesecondperiodofthistheory．GrahamHugganandHelenTiffin’SPostcolonialEcocriticism，publishedi112010，isafurtherdevelopmentofthistheorywhichexaminestherelationshipsbetweenliterature，animalsandenvironment．Asidefromtheoverseastudies，manydomesticscholarsalsohavemademany
四川师范大学硕士学位论文greatcontributionstowardsthisfieldbutalittlebitlate．In2000，professorLuShuyuaninhisfamousbookEcologicalResearchinLiteratureandArtmarksthebeginningofChineseecocriticism．LaterprofessorHuZhihong’SAStudyofWesternEcocriticism(2006)doesafurtheranddeeperresearch．ScholarslikeZengRengfan，WangLuoalldevotethemselvestothistheory．Whenitcomestotheworkitself,RobinsonCrusoe，amarvelousbook，isheavilyresearchedbymanyEuropeans．Asalandmarkof18tllcentury,thisbookisinterpreteddifferentlybymanyscholarsbothhomeandabroad．MaxNovakinhisDefoeasanInnovatorofFictionalFormargues，“RobinsonCrusoeinevitablyraisestheproblemofcolonialism．．．．Crusoeisrepresentativeofthecolonizingmind．．．understandsthe‘powerofnaming’asaformofpossession”(Richetti50-51)．LuoJingguomentions，“[the】novelissignificantasthefirstEnglishnovelwhichglorifiestheindividualexperienceofordinarypeopleinplainandsimplelanguage，andalsoasavividandpositiveportrayaloftheEnglishbourgeoisieasitsearlystageofdevelopment”(240)．However,intheIntroductiontoRobinsonCrusoe,DoreenRobertsdescribes，“Crusoetakestheroutesofthemerchants，colonialexplorersandslavetraders⋯．herepresentsbothimperialismanddemocraticindividualism”(Danielxix)．Eversinceitwaspublished，manyscholarshavedonemanyresearchesonthiswork，thoughfromdifferentperspectives．In2003，ProfessorJianChanghuaihaswriaenanarticlenamedRobinsonCrusoeandthePatriarchalEmpire，whichisfromthepostcolonialperspectivetocriticizethemisreadingoftheEuropeanauthoritativewriters．ThefollowersalsocontainYuanBingbing，forhermater’SthesisisTheResearchonRobinsonCrusoefromthePerspectiveofPost-colonialTheory(2008)．Ayearlater,ZhongSuhua’STheDualInterpretationofRobinsonCrusoeillustratesthedualartisticfeaturesinthisclassic，whichgivesafullinterpretationoftheprotagonistandpavesthewayforthecomingoftheecocriticism．In2009，ChengXiaoling’SarticleOntheAnti．．1iterary．．ecology-·centrisminRobinsonCrusoereinterpretsRobinsonCrusoebyadoptingthetheoryofecologicalliterarycriticisminordertorevealtheanti-literaryecologycentrisminthisnovel．Againin2011，thecooperativeworkofZhuFuminand4
ShenFuying，DilationofAnthropocentrism．AnAnalysisontheImageofRobinsonfromthePerspectiveofEco-criticismismainlyfromtheaspectsofnatural，socialandspiritualecologytointerpretthemaincharacterCrusoe．Therefore，thesescholarsaremainlyinfavorofCrusoe’Sexploitationtowardsnatureorcolonizationtowardstheothers．Generallyspeaking，peoplehavemainlytwokindsofopinions，somefromthepost-colonialismperspective，someofthemfromtheperspectiveofecocriticism．However,bothofthesetwotheoriesarenotcomplete．Becausejudgingfromthewholetext，thecolonizationactionofCrusoecanbeanalyzedfromtwosimultaneousways：thedominationofnatureandtheothers．Buttheformerscholarsdidnotcombinethesetwotogether．Therefore，theauthorofthispaperfocusesattentiononbothkindsofdomination，withthehelpofthetheoryofecocriticismandothertheories，suchasfeminismandSaid’Spostcolonialtheories．BecauseasfarasHugganandTiffinconcerned，“[p]ostcolonialism’Sconcernswithconquest，colonization，racism，andsexism，along、Ⅳitllitsinvestmentsintheoriesofindigeneityanddiasporaandtherelationsbetweennativesandinvadersocietiesandcultures．arealSOthecentralconcernsofanimalandenvironmentalstudies”(HugganandTiffin6)．Thesetheoriestogethercreateacompletenewversionofcriticalreading．Therefore，thearrangementofthisthesisisnotonlybasedonthesetwokindsofdominationthatCrusoedoes，butalsobasedonthedevelopmentofecocriticism，inwhichRobinsonCrusoeCanbeanalyzedfromthreeaspects．Thefirstoneisfromtheaspectofthenature，andtheauthorofthisthesisismainlyfromtheecocentricperspective，thefirststageofecocriticism，tointerpretCrusoe’Sexploitationofthelandandalllivingentitiesontheisland．Thenexttwoarefromthedominationofpeople，moreprecisely,womenandnativepeople，whichrevealCrusoe’SdominationoftheOthers．Theyaremainlyfromtheperspectiveofenvironmentaljustice．Asthesecondperiodofecocriticism，itmakesuptheshortcomingofthefirstperiod，andpaysmoreattentiontominoritygroup．Inparticular,theoppressionofgenderandraceinthecolonyiswhatecocriticscaremoreabout．Henceecofeminismandpostcolonial5
四川师范大学硕士学位论文ecocriticism，asthecertainstageofecocriticism，areaddedinChapterTwoandChapterThreerespectivelyservingasthecomplementandexplanationofenvironmentaljusficetoworkforthethemeofthisthesis．Especially’postcolonialecocriticismaimsto‘'makeexploitationanddiscriminationofallkinds，bothhumanandnonhuman，visibleintheworld；and，inSOdoing，tohelpmakethemobsolete”(HugganandTiffin16)．Atthismoment，allthethreechapterssharethesameparadigmofoppression．Thisthesisconsistsoffiveparts．ThefirstpartisIntroduction，whichcontainsthegoalofthispaper,thebackgroundoftheproject，thetheoreticalintroductionofecocriticism，especiallyitsnewtrend，theargumentsandbasicreasons，andthemainideaofthisthesis．ThesecondpartisChapterOne．ThispartfocusesonCrusoeasananti．natureherofromtheecocentricperspective，thefirstperiodofecocriticism．TheauthorofthispapertriestoexplainandcriticizeCrusoe’Sactionsfromthreeaspects⋯land，animalandplant，whichallcontributetothemainidea．ThethirdpartisChapterTwo．ItcentersonCrusoe’Ssexistdiscriminationagainstwomenfromtheperspectiveofenvironmentaljusticeandecofeminism，thesecondperiodofecocriticism．Thesubordinatestatus，theinstrumentalvalueandtheaphasiaofwomenasthesexistdiscriminationagainstwomeninhistoryareallrevealedhere．ThefourthpartisChapterThree，mainlyfromtheperspectiveofenvironmentaljusticeandpostcolonialecocrticismtoillustrateCrusoeasanotoriousrepresentativeofwesterncolonialism．Asismentionedinenvironmentaljustice，raceisanotherissueweshouldnotice。ThispartmainlypaysattentiontoCrusoe’Sharshmistreatmentofnativepeople，therepresentativeofwhichisFriday．Therefore，fromthesepointsofview,wecanunderstandwhatkindofpersonCrusoereallyis．ThelastpartisConclusion．Thispartisthesummaryofthewholethesisandrestatementoftheargument．6
Crusoe：粕Anti-natureHeroChapterOneCrusoe：AnAnti．natureHeroCrusoeisregardedasanationalherobygenerationsofwesterners，becauseheisamanwhosurvivesonanisolatedislandfortwenty-eightyears，moreoverhebuildsavastempkethroughcolonizationatthesametime．Thushisactionsinspiremanyambitiousmenwhoarewillingtofollowhissteps．JustasLuoXunmingmentions，“Crusoedoesmorethanmeresurvival，forheestablishesaplantation，opensupacolony,andcreates．evenacivilization．inthewildemess’：(35)．Duringhis⋯nearly．thirtyyearsawayfromhome，heusesthemodemtoolstosatisfyhisambitionsbyconqueringthoseplacesandthenatives．Hisactionsgoagainstthedoctrineofecocriticism．AndCrusoe’Stwindominationsofnatureandmanincurmoredenouncementandblamefrommanyecocritics．Hisactionofimposinghiswillfreelyonnatureiscriticizedbythespokesmenofnaturewhostronglyholdecocentrism．Intheireyes，Crusoe’Sexplorationoftheland，theanimalsandplantsneedstobecriticized．Heisthoughttobeananti—naturehero．Inaddition，ZhangBoxiangbelieves，“Crusoerepresentsthewholehumanbeinginfightingagainstandconqueringnaturetoestablishhumancivilization’’(232)．Therefore，thischapterwillfollowthesethreeaspectstoillustratehisanti-naturenature．1．1Crusoe’SExploitationoftheLandSinceCrusoeleaveshome，hechoosestogiveuphismiddlestatewhathisfatherstronglyadviseshimtobe．Theonlyreasonisthatheisnotsatisfied、航ththemiddle7
四川师范大学硕士学位论文classstatusandwantstobehigherinstatusandricherinwealth．Therefore，power,rightandmoneybecometheallimportantelements，whichpromotehimtogoondangerousexpeditionsonthesea．Duringtheearlyseaexperiencehehasalreadyearnedmoneythroughtrading，andwhenlandingontheground，owninglandbecomesanotherimportantwaytogainwealth．Thereafter,theexplorationofthelandbecomesanecessitytorealizehisdream，whichisdividedintotwostages．Thefirstoneistheconquestofland；theotheristhetransformationoftheisland．1．1．1TheConquestoftheLandAfterescapingfromtheMoorishpirates，CrusoeandXuxysailonthevastoceantillakindPortugalcaptainsavesthemandbringsthemtoBrazil．ItisherethatCrusoestartshisownbusiness．Whenheseesabigprofitofowningaplantation，hetrieseverymeantobeaplanterwhowouldgrowrichovernightandenjoyluxuriouslife．Therefore，Crusoenearlyspendsallhismoneytobuyalargepieceofvirginsoilandbeginstoplanhissettlementandplantation．ThisisthefirststepofCrusoe’Sconquestoftheland．Landisthenprovedtobeaquickerwayofmakingmoney．Thereforeafterhistwoyears’hardwork，theuncultivatedlandiscompletelyinorderandgainsprofits．Unsatisfiedwithwhathehasgained，againhebuysalargepieceoflandtoplanttobaccoandcanesatthethirdyeartoincreasehiswealth．Althoughthisisagoodphenomenonofgoingbacktohisformermiddlestatelife，Crusoeisheavilyshockedbythecomparisonwhenhecomparesthelifehere、析mthatwasinEngland．Besidesanger，heseemstobedeterminedtochangethesituationatanycost．Tobuyallthenecessityofplantingisthefirstthingheneedstodo．ThisalsoCanbeseenasthefirstimpulsetopromotehisanti—natureaction．Seeingthecurrentsituation，Crusoeconcludes，togetherwithallsortsoftoolsandironwork，servantsaredesperatelyneeded．Thiscanbeseenasakindofomenofthedominationofman，whichwillbediscussedinchapterthree．Withallthesethings，CrusoeCancreateanothernewrecordandobtaingreatersuccessbyconquestoftheland．Thisisthedirectreasonwhyhepurchasesalargepieceofland8
Crusoe：anAnti．natureHeroagainandagain．Nowhebecomesaman谢thsomanynewtoolsandservants，andheshouldbesatisfied、航mthesuccesshecreatesontheplantation．However,、^，i也ahigherambitionanddrivenbythehighprofitofsellingNegroes，CrusoechoosestOgoonavoyagetoGuineawithoutreasonableconsideration．Thentheconquestoflandisgrantedtotheisolatedisland．TheshipwreckmakesCrusoeanonlysurvivoratthislonelyisland．Anewwayoflifegraduallyformsduetotheobjectivesituation．Trappedinahorriblesituation，noclothestochange，nofoodtoeatandnoarmstouse，Crusoeisnowingreatagonyaboutthelifewithoutprospect，evenifhenarrowlyescapesfromtheterriblestorm．Thelandhereseemsmysteriousanddangerous，SOsurvivalseemsmorecrucialthananyotherthingsatthismoment．Compared谢ththelandinBrail，theconquestofthelandhereisthewidestfantasyandcompletelybeyondhisimagination．TherealityisthatfindingfreshwatertodrinkorasafeplacetosleepatindeedCanbringhimgreatjoy．Thentheappearanceoftheshipwreckedshipreversesthesituationtotally．Theshipbringshimalotofusefulthings，suchas：food，clothes，tools，ammunitionandarms．Withthosethings，Crusoenolongerfeelspityforhimself．Insteadhearmshimselfwiththemodemtoolsandbeginsto‘‘viewthecountry．’’ItisherethatCrusoebeginshisconquestoftheisland．Armedwiththefowling—piece，pistolandpowder,Crusoestartshisexpeditiononthisisland、Ⅳimtheaimtofindthedetailinformationaboutthestrangeplace．“[A】nislandenvironedever3,waywiththesea，nolandtobeseen，exceptsomerocks⋯andtwosmallislands⋯theisland1wasinWasbarren⋯uninhabited”(39)istheresultofthefirstexpedition．ThisfoundingpavesthewayofCrusoe’Snextstep⋯lookingforasuitableplacetolivein．Aftercarefulconsideration，acave-likehollowplaceisfoundandbecomeshisfirstsettlement．ThisisregardedasCrusoe’SIn'stbelongingontheislandandhisfirstconquestoftheisland．However,aftertheearthquakeandterriblestorm，foreseeingthepotentialdangerofthisnewly—builtsettlement，hedeterminestofindanotherplace，ignoringthetimeandenergyhespentonthecave．Forhim，thetruthisthatsecurityisthefirstissue．Suchpragmaticwayofthinkingdominateshisactions9
四川师范大学硕士学位论文allthetime．Therefore，Crusoeagainbeginshisspecificsurveyabouttheislanduntilfindsa‘'plantedgarden．’’Attractedbythenaturalbeauty,massivefoodandabsolutesecurity,Crusoedecidestomakeanewhouseherewithhardenfence．ThisisthesecondtimethatCrusoestartshisconquestofland．Duringhisprocessofdiscovery,hementions，Idescendedalittleonthesideofthatdeliciousvale，surveyingit诹thasecretkindofpleasure，thoughmixed诚tllmyotherafflictingthoughts，tothinkthatthiswasallmyown；thatIWaskingandlordofallthiscountryindefeasibly,andhadarightofpossession；and；ifIcouldconveyit，ImighthaveitininheritanceascompletelyasanylordofamanorinEngland．(76)ThisisCrusoe’Sdeclarationwhichbarelyexpresseshisambitiousandhisconquestoftheland．Asitmentionsthateverythingontheislandishis，therefore，Crusoecandowhateverhelikeshere．Accordingtoecocriticism，owingtheabsolutesovereignistheman-madeexcusethatiStocoverhiscrimeofthetransfornlationoftheland．NowCrusoehastwohouses：oneis‘‘countryhouse’’andtheotheris‘‘sea-coasthouse．”Thiskindofluxuriouslivingisagainsttheessenceofecocriticism．AccordingtoAStudyofWesternEcocriticism，HerbertMarcuse，arepresentativeofFrankfurtSchool，arguesthattheconflictbetweenmanandnatureiscausedbyhumans’greedyseekingofmaterialcomforts．Inordertoke印t11e11ighcostliving，oneneedstoexplorethenature，whichinfactmeansdestroyandexploitnature(胡志红69)．ThisisalsodifferentfromThoreau’Saction．BeingfamousforWalden，heisregardedasthesaintofenvironment．Heuseshisactiontoadvocate“simplelivingandhighspirit．”Therefore，simplicityisthedoctrineofhiswayoflife．Besides，RichardLehaninLiteratureandValues：TheAmericanCrusoeandtheIdeaoftheWestmentions，Thoreauwouldratherliveinharmony、ⅣimnaturethanimposehiswilluponnaturelikeCrusoe．Healsoadds，“mancouldlosewhenhemadehimselfpartofthemeans⋯thatis，thesystem⋯oftransformingtheland，and[Thoreau’S】retreattoWaldenWasanexperimentalefforttoreversethatprocess”(180)．Howdifferentbetweenthetwocamps!Howdifferentbetweenthecolonistandtheecocritic!
Crusoe：allAnti．natureHeroLivingalone，Crusoebeginshislifeontheisland．Aftermanydifficulties，Crusoegetsinabumperharvest．Nowthereapingofthecropbecomesthedrivingforceofhisnextexploitationaction．First，morelandsaredesperatelyneededbecauseofplanting．Then，thebamalsoneedstobeenlargedfortheincreasingofcorn．Besidesthat，theenclosureswhichareusedtokeepgoatsareincreasedinnumberandinsize．Seeingalltheseachievement，Crusoesigns，“Ihadnothingtocovet，forIhadallthatIWasnowcapableofenjoying．IWaslordofthewholemanor；or,ifIpleased，ImightcallmyselfkingoremperoroverthewholecountrywhichIhadpossessionof．Therewerenorivals；Ihadnocompetitor,nonetodisputesovereigntyorcommandwithme”(98)．Thismonologuetrulyreflectsthesituationhere．Astheonlyperson，Crusoecouldexerthisabsolutepoweroverallthebelongingshere．Hecoulddowhateverhelikestochangethisworld，andmakehislifebetterandmorecomfortable．However,SOtotheluxuriousandcomfortablelife，Thoreauholdsacompletelydifferentidea．InhisfamousbookWalden,heholds，Mostoftheluxuries，andmanyoftheSO-calledcomfortsoflife，arenotonlynotindispensable，butpositivehindrancestotheelevationofmankind．Withrespecttoluxuriesandcomforts，thewisesthaveeverlivedamoresimpleandmeagerlifethanthepoor．Theancientphilosophers．．．wereaclassthanwhichnonehasbeenpoorerinoutwardriches，noneSOrichininward．(16)AllthosefactspresentstrongevidencesaboutCrusoe’Sconquestofland，thefirststepofhisexploitationoftheland．ThisalsopavesthewayofCrusoe’Snextactionofthetransformationoftheisland．Crusoe’SfreelyimposinghiswilluponnaturalthingswiththepurposeofobtainingtheabsoluterightsoverthereCanbebestembodiedinthenextchapter．1．1．2TheTransformationoftheIslandThetransformationoftheland，anothersignthatCrusoeimposeshiswilluponnaturalthings，canbeseenasthefurtherstepoftheconquestoftheland．Duringthe1l
四川师范大学硕士学位论文twenty—eightyears，thisisolatedislandhasbeengraduallychangedintoacolony,whichiscompletelydesignedbyhimself．Thiskindofdeliberatechangegoesagainstthedoctrineofecocriticism．AccordingtoASandCountyAlmanac，AldoLeopoldexpressed‘‘humanare‘plaincitizens’ofthebioticcommunity,notlordandmasteroverallotherspecies”(qtd．inDevallandSessions，547)．OnthisislandthecaveCrusoelivesbecomesthefirstsiteofhisbelongingandfirstsignofhistransformationofland．Astohim，Crusoedoesnotsatisfiedwimthenaturalsiteofliving，SOhebeginshisreconstructionhere．Firstbeingcautiousofthepotentialthreat，hebuildsastrongfencewimstakesandcable．Thenaftersolvingthesecurityproblem，Crusoebeginstodigrockstobuilda“cellar'’afterhistent．Laterhestartstoenlargethecave．Allthesetransformationsareentirelyconductedforhisownsake．Thisisthetypicalfeatureofanthropocentrism，therootofecologycrisis，whichconsidershumanbeingisthecenterofbiosphereandthemeasurefora11．Nowthecaveisonlongerwhatitusedtobe，aftertheunbridledchange“itlookedlikeageneralmagazineofallnecessarythings”(52)．ThistransformationpavesthewayofhislaternotoriOUSactions．Thebower,ashissecondhouse，issurroundedbyastrongandhighfencefilled、析mbrushwood．Soaladderisusedtogetinandout．Thistypicalman—madehouseisanotherproofofCrusoe’Sfurthertransformation．Withthetimegoesby,theenlargementofbarnandenclosurebecomeanecessityforthefoodsupplyandthesafetyisthebigissuesforhim．Afterthetransformation，theseplacesarecompletelylosttheiroriginaloutlooks，andbecometheman—madeworkshop．Theyareanothergoodexampleofhistransformationontheisland．However,differentfromthesetransformedplaces，anaturalcaveistheonlyplacewhichisnotbeingchanged．Itisasmoothanddrygroundwithnoharmfulanimals，whichisregardedbyCrusoeasaperfecthidingplaceand‘‘aplaceofsecurity．’’Becauseofalltheseconsiderations，anykindoftransformationseemsunnecessary．It’StheonlyplacethatCrusoesatisfied埘mitsoriginaloutlook．Nottakenanychange，itkeepswhatitusedtobe．Soonthesurfaceitseemsgood，butthemotivationbehindisbad．Italso12
Crusoe：姐Anti-natureHeroreflectsCrusoe’Spragmatismattitudetowardseverything．Comparedwithotherplaces，thecave：luckilyenough，justhastheperfectdesignationashewishes．However,othertransformationshetakescompletelyfollowhisownwishandwiththestrongaimofturningthisisolatedislandintohis“plantation．’’1．2Crusoe’sUtilitarianAttitudetowardsAnimalsasanindispensiblepartofthenature，andtheyCanalsoreflectCrusoe’Santi-naturenatureandanti—ecologyconsciousness．Inthisbook，fromthebeginningtotheendofthenovel，animalsarenevertreatedequally．Theyactuallyserveasakindofentertainment，foodsupplier,helperandservant．Andtheirexistenceistotallyforthehumanbeing，notthemselves．AccordingtoBible，themostauthorizedbookofChristianity,Godsays，“[1]etUSmakethemaninourimage，inOurlikeness，andletthemruleoverthefishoftheseaandthebirdsoftheair,overthelivestock，overalltheearth，andoverallcreaturesthatmovealongtheground”(Ge．1：17．2)．Thisisthetypicalthinkingofanthropocentrismthateverythingonearthisdesignedforman，manhavetheabsolutefightstodominateallthesethings．Towardsanimals，Crusoemainlytakestwoactionsintermsofpracticalvalues．Inordertogainimmediateresult，suchasentertainment，food，clothesandsecurity,thefirstactionCrusoetakesistokill．Thisactionistakenusuallywiththehelpofthemodemtools．ThisisalsothereasonwhyCrusoehasguns、析t11himallthetime．Byusingthemodemtools，Crusoemakesthemunderhiscontr01．Moreover,hecalldowhateverhelikestomakehislifecomfortable．Atthesametime，gunscanbeseenasthemodemequipmenttoconquestthenature．Beforelandingtheisland，Crusoealreadybeginshisdominationofanimals．rMD．ensailingontheocean，heandXuryencountermanymonsters．Withoutbeingattackedbythesehugeanimals，theyshootthemjustforfun，butmoreimportantforthefood．Butwhenittumsouttheworthlessoftheirmeat，theypeelofftheirskins．How
四川师范大学硕士学位论文utilitariantheyaretowardstheseanimals．Tohim，theyhavenouseexcepttheirskins．Whenlandingontheisolatedisland，animalsseemmoreimportantthanothers；fortheybecomeanecessityofhissurvive．Therefore，heismoreofahunterthanapoorsurvivor．Byusingthegun，hegoesouttofindfoodatcertaintimeeveryday．Thoughthereappearflgreatamountoffowls，fortheirmeatisnotfitforeating，Crusoeconcludes，theyarecompletelyworthlessandonlywastingbullets．Sothefoundingofgoatsreallydelightshim，forhedoesnotneedtoworryaboutfood，especiallyaftertheappearanceofturtlesandtheireggs．However，duringthekilling，Crusoe’Smercilessandcrueltyraisemoredenouncementamongmanyecocritics．Howterribleishisactionwhenheshootsafemalegoatwhoisfeedingthelittlekid．Whatmakespeopleangrieriswhenthelittlekidrefusestoeatfoodashewishes，Crusoecruellykillsitforfearoflosingmeat．Withoutanycompassion，Crusoejustdowhatcouldmakehislifeplentifulandcomfortable．Besidesfood，animalscanalsoprovidehimfurtomakeclothesandotherthings．Sotheobjectiveofkillingisaspracticalasthekillingforfood．ThebeastswhichheandXuryencounteredarekilledwithoutanyhesitant，thereasonsofwhicharemainlytwo：oneisforentertainment，theotherisfortheirforeseeingofthepotentialthreat．However,whateverthereasonis，theypeelofftheirskinsaftertheirdeath．Andtheskinshesavedareusedtomakeclothesafterdriedinthesun．Thingssuchas，cap，waistcoat，breechesandevenumbrellaheusesinlaterlifeareentirelymadeoffurtokeephimfromtheburningsun，thecoolandtherain．Evenlater’CrusoemakesclothesforFridayinordertochangehis“barbaric’’traditionandmakehimmorecivilizedlikehimsel￡Evenfromthissmallaction，Crusoe’Shierarchyperspectiveisfullyembodied．Astoanimals，theirexistenceisforhuman’Ssurvival；astonativepeople，theirinferiorinbirthdoomstheirlowerstatescomparedwimthewhiteEuropeans．Havingnoregretoftheseactions，hestilldoeswhathewisheswithoutanyrestraint．SothenextactionCrusoetakes，thedomesticationofanimals，isbasedonthefirstaction．ToCrusoe，fortheful'therconsideration，domesticationofanimalscanbeseenasakindofsustainablewayofhissurviveshere，whichmeanstochangetheir
Crusoe：allAnti．natureHerooriginalwayoflifeandmakethemhiscompanion，servantsandfoodsuppliersinthelongrun．ThisisanotherterribleactionthatdirectlyreflectsCrusoe’Sutilitarianattitudetowardsthelivingcreaturesontheisland．Andhisdomesticationsofanimalsaremainlyembodiedinthefollowingaspects．First,thedog，anothersurvivoroftheshipwreck，stayswithCrusoeallthetime．Thisloyalservantisagoodbutsilentcompanion．Lonelyinthisisland，Crusoe’Sthinks，animalscanalsobetreatedasakindofservantorcompaniontorelievehisloneliness，besidesthepracticaluseoffoodorskin．Thisisalsothereasonwhyhecatchesalittleparrotand“havekeptittobetame，andtaughtittospeak'’(83)．Withthetimegoesby,thedomesticationgraduallyworks．TheparrotbecomestamedandistaughttospeakEnglish．Atthesametime，Crusoeregardsthiskindofteachingasasortofentertainment．Inparticular,whenitcanspeakhisnameout，thisactionindeeddelightshim．ThisisonereasonwhyCrusoebeginshisdomestication．Second，caughtbythedog，thelittlegoatisbroughthomewiththepurposeofbeingtamedandbecomingthecontinualfoodsupply．Pennedwithinthelittlecircle，thispoorkidisnearlydyingforstarving．Withouteatinganythinginoneweek，whenthislittlewildgoatisseducedbytheboughsoftrees，itbecomesSOtamed，SOgentleandSOcute．Thedomesticationofthegoatrumsouttobeagreatsuccess，whichindicatestherichfoodsupplyinthefuture．Withthetimepassesby,themoreyearshespendsontheisland，thefewerbulletsheowns．Soforthefurtherconsideration，domesticationisanecessityforhissurvival．Uptonow,Crusoebeginstothinkaboutthewayofhowtocatchgoats，andhowtotamethemeasily．Withtheenlargementoftheenclosures，thesegregationbetweenthetamedgoatsandwildgoatsbeginsforfearthatthosetamedonesmayreturntowildagain．Howsatirethesegregationhetakestothoseanimals，whichisthesameaswhattheearlycoloniststakeinthecolony．Seeingwhathehasdone，Crusoeargues，“[t]herewasmymajesty,theprinceandlordofthewholeisland；Ihadthelivesofallmysubjectsatmyabsolutecommand．Icouldhang，draw,giveliberty,andtakeitaway；andnorebelsamongallmysubjects”(113)．Domesticationofanimalsistochangetheirwayoflifeaccordingtopractical
四川师范大学硕士学位论文values．Itismen’sfurtherexplorationactiontowardsnature，inparticular,theanimals．Consideringwhathehasdonetothosepooranimals，CrusoeistrulyapracticalmalllikeotherEuropeans．Everythingintheirmindhasthevaluetheyendow,notitsvalueitself,thereasonofwhichisbasedonthethinkingofanthropocentrism．ItiswhyCrusoe’Sutilitarianattitudetowardseverythingappears．1．3Crusoe’SUnscrupulousAttitudetowardsPlantsBesideslandandanimals，plantsaretotallyusedpracticallyandneverbetreatedequalityaslivingthings．Theycouldnotcreatewealthlikeland，norcouldtheybeusedorplayedlikeanimals．Therefore，theyarenomorethansilentthingswithoutanyemotion．AsfarasCrusoeconcerns，theirexistenceiscompletelyworthlessexceptforasthesupplyofhumanbeings．Duringhislonglivingontheisland，Crusoeuncontrollablyusesalltheseplantsinordertomakehislifecomfortable．Itisherethatasmallbranchoftreecanbeusedforself-protection；thestakescutfromthetreesareusedtomakepaletoprotecthishabitation；theturfscanbemadeofwalloftwofeetthick!SomanyexamplesCanembodythatCrusoeusesplantswithoutanyrestrainttofulfillhisidea．Astothosepoorplants，theprofligacyactiontowardsthemisthefirstcrimethatCrusoedidtonature．ThewasteisSOobvious．Forheargues，“if1wantedaboard，Ihadnootherwaybuttocutdownatree，setitonanedgebeforeme，andhewitflatoneithersidewithmyaxe，tillIhadboughtittobethinasaplank，andthendubitsmoothwithmyadze”(51)．ThroughthiswayCrusoemakesabroad．Inhisutilitarianworld，tosomeextenttheboardequalstoawholetree．Heonlyseesthevalueofwhathewantstomake，notthevalueofthematerialitself．Howterriblethesewasteactionsare!Hownotorioustheinvadersare!However,comparedwithCrusoe’Slateraction，whathedidbeforeisonlyasmallpieceofcake．Livingonthisislandforyears，heregardshimselfastheownerofeverythinghere．HeCandoanythinghelikestoenjoyhislife．Justtakethemakingof16
Crusoe：allAnti．natureHero‘'periegua”asallexample，tryingtoimitatethenativepeoplesailingonthesea,Crusoewantstomakeacanoeoutofabigtree．Withoutcarefulconsideration，hetakesactionatonce．Onlywhenmostofthetime，energyandthematerialsareallused，andabigboat、衍ththecapacityof26peopleisalreadymadedoesherealizethisisindeedacrazyidea．Letsuchabigboatfloatingontheseaneedmoreenergyandtimetodiganewchannelandwhathehasdoneonlyturnsouttobeasmallstepofthehugeproject．SuchevidenceshowsthatCrusoejustdothings1IⅣitlllittleplanning，evenwithoutanylogicthinking．Becauseofthis，SOmanythingsmadebyhimarecompletelyuseless．ThetotalwasteoftheseplantsisthefurthercrimethatCrusoedidtowardsplants．Facingtheresult，Crusoeonlygrievesfortheenergyhelost，forhesummaries，‘‘thefollyofbeginningaworkbeforewecountthecost，andbeforewejudgerightlyofourownstrengthtogothrough讯thit”(98)．Notshowinganysorrowtothewasteoftrees，insteadheagainclaimshisabsoluterightsofpossessingeverythinghereandcallshimselfthe“king”oftheland，whichservesasthecoverofhiswrong—doings．Crusoe’Sutilitarianandunscrupulousattitudetowardsplantsandgreedyarefullyexposed，especiallywhenheargues，“Ihadtimberenoughtohavebuiltafleetofships．Ihadgrapesenoughtohavemadewine，ortohavecuredintoraisins，tohaveloadedthatfleetwhentheyhadbeenbuilt”(99)．Withsuchthoughts，hiscolonizationactionsbegintospread．ThisisquitedifferentfromthosepoorIndianwomen，whousetheirbodiestoprotectthetreesandtoprotecttheirhomeland．Thisfamousmovementcalled“Chipko’’marksasallecologicalmovement．Oppositetothisaction，whatCrusoedidistoexploitandconquerwhichaimstogetwhathewantsatutmost．ConsideringCrusoe’Searlyyears，especiallytheyearsontheisland，henotonlyexploitstheland，animalsandplantstoservehispersonalneeds，butalsoclaimstheownershipofallthosethingstomakehisnotoriousactionsauthorized．EcocriticLawrenceBuellsuggests“natureandnaturalelements(1andscape，floraandfauna，etc．)asself-standingagents，ratherthansupportstructuresforhumanaction’’(HugganandTiffin13)．However，inthisworldclassiceverythingherelosesitsownvaluesandrights，atthesametime，theyserveasthelimitlesssupplyofCrusoe．Suchhuman-centered
四川师范大学硕士学位论文wayofthinkingandactionsgoagainstthephilosophyofecocentrism．Itevendeprivesthebasicrightsofthosenaturalorganismstomeethuman’Sneeds．Undersuchabigcover,Crusoefullydeservesthenameofanti—naturehero．
Crusoe’SSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenChapterTwoSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenEcocriticismnotonlypaysattentiontotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature，thekeythemeofthefirstperiodofecocentrism，butalsofocusesontherelationshipbetweenmanandman，especiallythespecialrelationbetweenmailandwoman，whichisoneofthekeythemesofenvironmentaljustice．Therefore，thischapteraimstoexploresuchspecialrelationshipinRobinsonCrusoe，inparticular,Crusoe’Ssexistdiscriminationagainstwomen．2．1DepreciationofWomen’SStatusInthisnovel，thereappearafewwomencharacters，mostofwhomarejustportrayedinafewlines．Withoutdoubt，thisisthetruereflectionofdepreciationofwomen’Sstatusatthattime．Duringthe18mcentury,Englandenjoystremendoussuccessinpolitics，military,economyandscience．Thecomparativepeacefulsocialandpoliticalenvironmentprovidesasuitablesituationfortheestablishmentofcapitalismandtheindustrialrevolution．Sucheconomicgrowthhelpstocontributetotheemergingofnumerousintellectualwritings．Inaddition，theriseofEnlightenmentadvocatestheeducationofthepeople，asChenmentions，‘蚀echiefmeansforthebettermentofthesocietywas‘enlightenment’or‘education’forthepeople”(ChenJia5)．Asarepresentativeofthisperiod，DefoeisalsooneoftheseEnlighteners，theoneswhosupportthetraditionbelief,butstillbelievethe‘'partialreformswouldbesufficient'’(ChenJia9)．Therefore，holdingthisbelief,Defoepays19
四川师范大学硕士学位论文muchattentiontothepoliticalpamphleteering．Differentfromothers，heisconcernedaboutfemalesituation．AnAcademyfo，Womenishissuggestionforwomen’Shighereducation．“TheReview'’publishedbyhimin1704isawritingofhisownpoliticalideas，andwomen’Spositioninsocietyisalsoincluded．EvenhavingdoneSOmuchforfemale，hestillcouldnotholdarighteousattitudetowardswomen’Sstatus．Soasanindispensiblepartin18tllcenturyEngland，Women’Ssituationinsocietyneedstobediscussed．Ithasalonghistorywhichcanbetracedbacktotheoriginofthewesterncivilization．AccordingtoProfessorWangZuoliang，oneofthetwooriginsofthisoldcivilizationisJudeo．Christian．Regardedasamostauthorizedbook，HolyBiblegivesafulldescriptionoffemalepositionintheworld．AfterGodcreatestheearth，Hemakesthefirstman，Adamandthefirstwoman，Eve，whichisaribfromAdam．AstoEve，Adamsays，‘‘[t]hisisnowboneofmybonesandfleshofmyflesh；sheshallbecalled‘woman，’forsheWastakenoutofman'’(Ge．2：16．4)．Thisargumentclearlymentionswomen’Sinferioritycomparedwithmen，anditisalsoreinforcedbyJohnCalvin，afamousProtestantleaderinFrance．Becauseofhisstrongreligiousbelief,heendorsesthatwomenshouldactashelpersandsubjecttoherhusbandwhoisthe‘‘rulingintellectualhead”fortheirinternal．sin．Asthepunishment，theyaredoomedintoservitude(Merchant147)．Therefore，theyprovidereligiousevidencesofwomen’Ssubordinatestatusinsociety．TheotheroriginofwesterncivilizationisGreco。Roman．TheancientGreek，whichisfamousforitscitizenship，mentionswhatisatruecitizen．JustasProfessorWangsays，AthensWasademocracy．Democracymeans‘‘exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butby‘‘thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlyadultmalecitizens，andcitizenshipWasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather．Women，children，foreignersandslavewereexcluded．Theyhadnorights．(WangZuoliang3)Withoutrights，womencouldnotbetreatedequallylikemen．What’Smore，Aristotle，thepupilofPlato，isoneofthegreatestphilosophersinancientGreek．OnceinhisfamousbookPolitics,heargues，fromtheperspectiveofhumanbeings，likethecontrol
Cmsoe’sSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenofthenation，themanagementofhouseholdcontainsthreeparts：themanagementofslavery；theexertingofpaternitytowardchildrenandthecontrolofwomen．Menarebetterthanwomeninenactingthelaws(qtd．in姚仁权，14)．Thebraveryofmencanbeseenintheirenactingthelaws，however,women，intheirperfectsubmission(qtd．in姚仁权，16)．AlltheseevidencescometoanunchangeableconclusionthatEnglandisatypicalpatriarchalsocietywheremallissuperiortowomanasitsdistinctiveForcenturies，suchthinkinghasalreadybeendeeplyplantedinwesternpeople’Smind．Althoughin18mcenturyEngland，thesocietyhasimprovedalot，theandocentricbeliefstillexists．Stronglyinfluencedbysuchenvironment，Crusoe’Sdepreciationofwomen’Sstatusisjustanaturalthing，whichwomen’Ssubordinatestatueisthebestembodiment．Towardswomen’Slowerpositioninsocietyandthefunctionoftheirexistence，ValPlumwood，afamoustheoreticianofecofeminism，argues：Womenaresystematicallybackgroundedandinstrumentalisedashousewives⋯．Theirlabourintradi．tionalrolesisalsosystematicallyomittedfromaccountintheeconomicsystem(Waring1988)andomittedfromconsiderationwhenthestoryofwhatisimportantinhumanhistoryandcultureistold．．．．especiallyintheirrolesasmothers．．．．Themotherherselfisbackgroundandisdefiedinrelationtoherchildoritsfather．(Plumwood22)Thisisthetypicalfeatureofwomeninpatriarchalsociety．Womenarethoughttobephysicallyandmentallyinferiortomen．Inpeople’Smind，theycannotmakefulldecisionontheirown．Therefore，theyarerestrainedandprotectedinmanywaysinsociety,whichdeprivethemmanybasicrightsandfreedom．Onlysubmissionistherightwayforthemtofollowjustasthesocietyrequires．Thisiswhatecocriticscondemn．Women’Ssubjectiontomen’Swillandauthorityhelpstoform“aworldview,’’whichisoneoftherootsofourecologicalcrisis．SoEvenLynnWhitearguesinhisfamousarticleTheHistoricalRootsofOurEcologicD括括(1967)thattheChristianity,oneoftheoriginsofwesterncivilization，iscauseandthesolutionofcurrentecological2l
四川师范大学硕士学位论文dilemma．Surroundedbysuchenvironment，accordingtoLiWeipin，althoughDefoepaysmuchattentiontowomen’Sproblemsinrealityandmakessomeattemptstohelpthem，hisbiastowardswomen’SstatusisSOdeep-rootedthathedoesn’ttrulyunderstandwhatliebehindsuchphenomenonandthereasoncausingthat．Therefore，hisattemptsseemworthless，nottomentionsomeconstructivereforms．HenceallhisfemalecharactersinthenovelwithoutexceptionCannotfindarighteffectivewaytogainrealfreedomandequality．HismasterpieceRobinsonCrusoeisthebestillustrationofthisargument，andCrusoe’Sdepreciationofwomenisalsoexposed．Firstofall，consideringallthefemalecharactersappearinginthisnovel，onlyafewlinesareusedtodescribethem．Suchfactreflectsfemale’Sinferiorpositioninliterature，morebroadly，incultureandsociety．Thenatthebeginningofbook，thepresentationofCrusoe’Sfamilymembers，especiallythedescriptionofhisparents，showstheirdiversestatus．Astomunl，hesays，“mymother,whoserelationswerenamedRobinson，[isfrom】averygoodfamilyinthatcountry”(1)．However，towardsfather,afterbriefintroductionabouthisbackground，healsomentions，“[heis】awiseandgraveman，givemeseriousandexcellentcounsel”(1)．Suchdifferenceindicatesmen’ssuperiority．Again，takinghisfamilyforexample，whenhedecidestogoabroad，whichgoesagainsthisfather’Swill，hestillmakesuphismindtodothat．Asusual，heconfessesthattohismotherfirst，andthen、Ⅳitllthehelpofhismother,hesuccessfullyletshisfatherknowthefact．Thisisatypicalpatriarchalbehavior．Crusoeargues，“for[mother’S]part，shewouldnothaveSOmuchhandinmydestruction，andIshouldneverhaveittosay,thatmymotherWaswillingwhenmyfatherWasnot”(4)．Thisisalsoatruefeatureofpatriarchalfamilyinwhichfatherisinchargeofeverything．Last，thewidow,aloyalkeepertoCrusoe，isdeeplyindebtafterthedeathofherhusbandandfmallyneedstodependonCrusoe．Suchdepictionportraysaweakimageofwomen．Thisisalsoanothertypicalfeatureoffemaleinthemaledominatedsociety．Andalltheseevidencesprovewomen’SsubordinateStatuinsociety．Accordingtoecocriticism，sharingthesamedominationparadigmlikenature，womenarethoughttobeoppositeto
Crusoe’SSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenmenandinferiorto也em．2．2InstrumentalAttitudetowardsWbmen’sExistenceThesubordinatestatusofwomen，astherepresentationofdepreciationofwomen’Sstatus，isthehistoricMandsocialinterpretationofwomen’Spositioninsociety．Asanauthorizeddoctrineinpatriarchalworld，women’Sinferiorityisembodiedinmanyfields，mainlyrevealedinpoliticsandeconomics．Womenaredeprivedofmanyfightsfortheman-madeexcusesoftheirinbomweaknature．However,therealreasonoftheirexistenceliesintheirinstrumentalvalues．Therefore，environmentaljustice，thesecondwaveofecocriticism，whichconcernsmoreaboutthegenderandsexualequality,condemnssuchkindofinequality．IntheOldTestament，GodcreatesthefirstmanAdam，butinHismind，“[i】tisnotgoodforthemantobealone．1willmakeahelpersuitableforhim”(Ge．2：16．4)．ThenappearsthefirstwomanEve，sheisonlyaribfromAdam．SothebirthofEveisoutl。ofthepurposetohelpAdamtomanagetheGardenofEdenandtoaccompanyhimincasehefeelslonely．Thisisthefirstauthorizedinstrumentalvalueofwomen．Later、Ⅳit}lthedevelopmentofthesociety,womenexistinthisworldastheoppositesex，butquitedifferentfrommen．Accordingdualism，thespecialproductofpatriarchy,ifmenstandforreason，strength，civilization，subject；thenwomensymbolizeemotion，weak，primaryandobject．Astheothersex，womenaredevaluedandexcludedfromthecommunity,especiallytheprivilegesthatmenenjoy．What’Smore，theybecomethevictimsofmenandsociety,deprivedofmanybasicrights．AccordingtoTheVictorianHeroinewrittenbyPatriciaThomson，onlymenhavetherightofinheritance．Onceawomangetsmarried，shewilllosealltheownershipsofthewealth，insteadtheybelongtoherhusbandevenincludingtheiressentialclothes(87)．Therefore，womencompletelybecometheaccessoryofmen，notcompleteindividuals，nottomentionthesamerightsasmen．Thisstronglygoesagainstthedoctrineofecocriticismthateveryorganismisequalinthebiosphereandhasthesamerightstoliveandflourish．Compared谢mmen，
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Womenusuallystayathomeandactaswives，mothersandlabors，theoccupationofwhichobviouslyreflectsthestronginstrumentalvalues．InRobinsonCrusoe，Defoedescribessomefemaleswhoaretherepresentativesofsuchphenomenon．Duringthedescription，themaincharacterCrusoe’Sinstrumentalattitudetowardswomen’Sexistenceistotallyrevealed，whichwomen’Sinstrumentalvaluesisthebestembodimem．WhenCrusoeagainlandsonhisownisland，hebringsmanynecessarythingstohispeople，suchasarms，powders，clothes，tools．Allofthemarenecessariestotransformtheislandjustaswhatheonceusedtochangethewilderness．Thenthenexttime，asusual，hebringssomenecessitieswithhim．Thedifferenceisthathebringssomewomenwithhimforcertainpurposes．Hesays，“Isentsevenwomen，beingsuchasIfoundproperforservice，orforwivestosuchaswouldtakethem”(235)．ClearlyCrusoedividesthosewomenintotwoparts，laborswhowouldcarrymuchhardworkasservantsandwiveswhocouldgivebirthtomanychildrenbybearingheavyburdenofreproduction．Themotivationbehindtheseactionsistoconsolidatehisownershipofcolony,forheadds，“【a]stotheEnglishmen，IpromisedthemtosendthemsomewomenfromEngland，withagoodcargoofnecessaries，iftheywouldapplythemselvestoplanting；whichIafterwardsperformed；andthefellowsprovedveryhonestanddiligentaftertheyweremastered”(235)．Howthoughtfulishetowinpeople’Sheartandpeopledhiscolony．However,withoutanyrespect，hecompareswomenascargoestoserveforhisneeds．Thecomparisonnotonlyshowswomen’Ssubordinatestatusinsociety,butalsoproveswomen’Sinstrumentalvalues．Meanwhile，Crusoe’Sinstrumentalattitudetowardswomen’Sexistenceiscompletelyexposed．Asforwomen，hehasnofeelings．Eventohismotherorhis、Ⅳife，heneithershowsanycarenorexpressesanyofhissympathytowardstheirdeath．“Iinpartsettledmyselfhere，for,firstofall，Imarried，andthatnoteithertomydisadvantageordissatisfaction，andhasthreechildren，twosonsandonedaughter,butmy丽fedying”(234)isthebriefdescriptionofhisfamily晰tllnocompassion．What’Smore，itistheonlydescriptionappearedi11thisnovel．Heisindifferenttoallofthemandnotwilling24
Crusoe’SSexistDiscriminationagainstWomentospendmorespacetodescribetheirsituations．Astothedeathofhis谢fe，hehasnomoretosay,whichbestreflectshiscrueltyandindifference．Besides，women’Sinstnmaentalvaluesarefurtherintensified．Asfaraseccriticismisconcemed，anthropocentrism，thehistoricalandculturalrootofecologicalcrisis，arguesthatmenarethecenteroftheuniverseandthemeasureofall，enjoyingtheirownvalues．However'othersonlyhaveinstrumentalvalues．Obviouslywomenareexcludedasothersandtreatedlikeinstruments．Basedonsuchthinkingthatwesternersfirmlybelieve，Crusoe’Sinstrumentalattitudetowardswomen’Sexistenceisjustacceptedascustom．2．3Women’SLossofIdentityTheformerpartisfromthehistorical，socialaspectstoillustratethesubordinatestatusofwomen，andthenfromeconomicalandpoliticalsidetointerpretwomen’Sinstnmaentalvaluesinsociety,bothofwhichserveasthereasonsofwomen’Slossofidentity．Therefore，thispartisfrommorespecificaspecttointerpretwomen’Sinferiority．Womenareconsideredasalowerclassthanmen，andthelossofidentityistheirexternalrepresentation．Itmainlyembodiesinthecharacteristicofthedeprivationofthenames．Intheman-dominatedsociety,forcenturieswomenareexcludedfrommanyoccasions，especiallythepublicsituations．Theseexclusionsarethedenialoftheiridentitiesandtherejectiontorecognizetheirstatues．Nameisasymbolicterm，standingforaperson，anobject，orothers，inwhichpeople’Sidentitiesaremostlyrepresented．Accordingtothenamingtheory,proposedbyoneofthemostfamousphilosophersPlato，wordsalthoughinlinguisticformsorsymbols，areusedtolabelobjectsornamethingsthattheystandfor．Morespecifically,nameisabstract，butitisusedtorepresentconcretethings，inparticular,aperson．SoRobinsonCrusoeistypicalnovelthatillustratethewomen’Slossofidentity．25
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Fromthebeginningtotheendofthenovel，womenareleastmentionedinthelongconstructionoftheisolatedisland．ThenthereonlyappearCrusoe’Smother,theloyalfriend：thewidow,hissisters，wifeandthewomenbroughttotheisland．Thecommonplaceamongthesementionedwomen，withoutdoubt，istheirnames．Noneofthemhasnamesbutbeendeprivedof．Asasocialmark，namerepresentsthestatusofthatpersoninthesociety．Therefore，thisiswhythereappearnamesofSirXX，SaintXX，andSOon．Thishierarchypositionofapersonisthetruereflectionofwomen’Slowerstatusinsociety．WhenCrusoelivesontheislandfortwenty—fiveyears，hesavesasavageandmakeshimaloyalservant．Whenteachinghimtospeak，thefirstthinghedoesistonamethissavage，ashesays，“first，ImadehimknowhisnameshouldbeFriday,whichWasthedayIsavedhislife．IcalledhimSOforthememoryofthetime”(158)．Soasavageservantevengetsananle，whatdowomenget?Nothing．ThiscaterstoBacon’Sattitudetowardsfemale．InNewAtlantisheholds，“[in】apatriarchalfamilystructure⋯the‘father’exercisedauthorityoverthekinandtheroleofwomanhadbeenreducedtonearinvisibility'’(Merchant173)．Thisactionmakeswomen’Slowerinstatusevenmoreclear．InDefoe’Seyes，compared讯mservant，womenarenotqualifiedtoownaname．Thevalueoftheirexistenceistoserveasinstruments．Moreover,Defoeshowshisindifferencetohisdeadwifeandhisdearfamilymembers．Withoutshowinghissadnessorregret，hejustusesafewlinestodescribethesituationobjectively．Nameseemsluxuriousforthem．Besides，theoldwidow,formanyyears，isamostloyalMend，whokeepsCrusoe’SwealthaUherlifewithoutselfishness．Evensuchagoodkeeper,Defoenevertriestocallhernameforonce．Hecallsher“thewidow'’allthetime．DefoeiSatotalsexistthatinhismindwomenhavenonameandtheirlOSSofidentitiesiStakenforgranted．Sparingnoefforttocreateaharmoniousenvironment，environmentaljusticeseesthedeprivationofwomen’Snameasanactionofdiscrimination．Whenwomenaredeprivedoftheirpoliticalrightstovoteandtospeaktheirvoice，anddeprivedofeconomicalrightstoownandusetheirwealth，theystillneedtosufferthesocialexploitationbydeprivingofnames．Theyareconsiderednoworththantoolswithout26
Crusoe’SSexistDiscriminationagainstWomenname．Beingsuchaloweststatus，women’Saphasiaisdoomed．Accordingtoenvironmentaljustice，women’Ssubordinatestatusinmanyfieldsofthesociety,theirinstrumentalvaluesinrealityandtheouterrepresentationoftheirlossofidentityarealltheevidencesofCrusoesexistdiscriminationagainstwomen．Theideologycomingfromthemformsakindofconceptionframeworkaboutdomination．Andsuchkindofworldviewislessvisiblebutdefinitelyimportantwhichhelpstobringaboutmanyecologicaldilemmas．Onlywhenthisideologyiscrumbledcompletelycanpeoplegetaharmoniousworld．27
四川师范大学硕士学位论文28
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWestemColonialismChapterThreeCrusoe：ANotoriousRepresentatiVeofWesternColonialismEnvironmentaljusticeprovidesreadersanewperspectivetoprobethespecialrelationshipbetweenmanandman．Fromsuchpointofview,RobinsonCrusoeisnotmerelyasexistagainstwomen，butaccordingtothepostcolonialecocriticism，heisalsoacolonisttowardsnativepeople．Theformerchaptermainlyinterpretsthewomen’Ssituation，SOthischapterwillfocusontheunfairtreatmentofnativepeople，inwhichCrusoeactsasanotoriousrepresentativeofthewesterncolonialism．3．1Crusoe’SHierarchicalPerspectivetowardsOthersForcenturies，Englandisahierarchicalcountry．Peoplearedividedintoseveralgradesaccordingtotheirbirth，power,wealth，land，andSOon．Thenwiththedevelopmentofeconomyandpolitics，thisdivisionalsodevelops．In18‘hcentury,thesocietyhasalreadyformedthreelargecamps，andtheyarearistocrats，bourgeoisies，andthecommons，whichisatypicalhierarchy．Besidesthis，eachcamphasitsowngrades．Theoriginofthisphenomenoncanbemacedbacktothebeginningofthecivilization．TherewritingofthebiblicalstoryNoah’SArk，TimothyFindley’SNotWantedontheVoyage(1985)exposestheestablishmentofthehierarchy．AccordingtoHugganandTiffin，thisbookstronglyrevealstheoppressionofanimals，thedominanceofwomenandtheinferiorraces，andhierarchybecomesalaw(162—163)．Besides，YanZhaoxianginhisarticleTheEvolvementofClassNatureandHierarchyoftheEnglishAristocracy(2000)alsodoesasystematicstudyonthis．Hementionsthevarietiesclassnatureofthe29
四川师范大学硕士学位论文nobleindifferentperiods，andeachperiodwithoutexceptionbelongstohierarchalpaRem．Therefore，Englandisasociety诵nldeep-rootedhierarchalnature．Peoplefromwhicheverlevelsaremeasuredbytheirranks，whichdirectlyindicatetheirsocialstatus．Bornintoamiddleclassfamilyandstronglyinfluencedbythistradition，Defoeisafaithfulbelieverandoperator．Therefore，RobinsonCrusoe，theprotagonist，actsashissuccessfulcreationinthisnovel．HeisthecombinationofDefoehimselfandAlexanderSelkirk，arealisticmodelforDefoetofollow．DuringthefirsttalkbetweenCrusoeandhisfatheratthebeginningofthestory,whatkindofstateCrusoebelongstoisclearlymentioned．Ashisfatherargues，[Crusoe’Slife】Wasthemiddlestate，orwhatbecalledtheupperstationoflowlife，which⋯Wasthebeststateintheworld，themostsuitedtohumanhappiness，notexposedtothemiseriesandhardships，thelabourandsufferings，ofthemechanicpartofmankind，andnotembarrassedwithpride，luxury,ambition，andenvyoftheupperpartofmankind．⋯themiddlestationhadthefewestdisasters，and⋯themiddlestationoflifewascalculatedforallkindofvirtuesandallkindofenjoyments．(2)Beinginthemiddle，thebeststateofenjoyinglife，Crusoeshouldbehappytoaccepteverythingthathasalreadyliedinfrontofhim．Butheisnotcontentwiththerealityandgoesagainsthisfather’Swill，evenwouldrathersufferfromthepunishmentofdisobeyingGod’Swill，forhesays，Iknownotwhattocallthis，norwillIurgethatitisasecretoverrulingdecreethathurries．USontobetheinstrumentsofOurowndestruction，eventhoughitbebeforeUS，andthatwerushuponit谢t11Oureyesopen．Certainlynothingbutsomesuchdecreedunavoidablemiseryattending，andwhichitWasimpossibleformetoescape，couldhavepushedmeforwardagainstthecalmreasoningandpersuasionsofmymostretiredthoughts，andagainsttwosuchvisibleinstructionsasIhadmet诵minmyfirstattempt．(10)Influencedbytheinnereager，theeagertobehigherinstatusamonghisfellows，hewouldratherchoosetosuffer．ThisisalsothereasonwhyhechoosestosailtoGuinea30
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWestemColonialismandfindslavesafterhissettlementinBrazil，wherehecanalsoleadamiddleclasslifc．Buthementions：1wasgoRenintoanemploymentquiteremotetomygenius，anddirectlycontrarytothelifeIdelightedin，andforwhichIforsookmyfather’Shouse，andbrokethroughallhisgoodadvice；nay,1wascomingintotheverymiddlestation，orupperdegreeoflowlife，whichmyfatheradvisedmetobefore；andwhich，ifIresolvedtogoon埘th，Imightaswellhavestayedathome，andneverhavefatiguedmyselfintheworldasIhaddone．AndIusedoftentosaytomyself,IcouldhavedonethisaswellinEnglandamongmyfriends，ashavegone5000milesofftodoitamongstrangersandsavages，inawilderness，andatsuchadistanceasnevertohearfrommypartoftheworldthathadtheleastknowledgeofme．(26)ThiscomparisonofmiddlestationbetweenEnglandandBrazilisthetruereflectionofCrusoe，especiallyabouthisstrongemotionagainstmiddleclass．Dissatisfiedwithsuchstate，whichisfarfromhisgenius，Crusoenotonlyshowshisregretbutalsoendeavorstofindnewexpedienttochangethecurrentsituation．Againhechoosestoleaveforabetterfuture．Holdingthehierarchalperspective，ambitiousCrusoestrugglesforahigherstatus．Whenthenativepeopleappearintheisolatedisland，hecallsthem“savages，”fortheircustomseemsbrutalandcruel．Meanwhile，heregardshimselfsuperiortothose“savages”andbeginstospreadhishierarchalattitudetootherclasses．Fridayisagoodexampletoillustratethisidea．AftersavedbyCrusoe，Fridaylaidhimselfdownonthegroundwith“allthepossiblesignsofanhumble，thankfuldisposition'’(158)．Towardsthoseactions，CrusoeholdsFridayshows“subjection，servitude，andsubmissionimaginable，tolet[him]knowhowhewouldserve[11im]aslongashelived”(158)．Withthishierarchalsignal，Crusoefurtherspreadshissuperiority,for“Ilikewisetaught[Friday】tosaymaster,andthenlethimknowthatwastobemyname”(158)．SuchannouncementisthemarktoshowCrusoe’Shierarchalperspectivetowardsthenatives．Moreover,Friday’SfatherandtheSpaniardalsobecomeCrusoe’Ssubjectsafterbeing
四川师范大学硕士学位论文rescuedasprisoners．Nowevenfromdifferentclassesastheyusedtobe，theyallbecomethesamesubjectsandenjoythelowerstatus．ThisphenomenonbecomestheuniversaltruthhereinCrusoe’Sisland．Later,thisislandispeopled、Ⅳitllmorepeoplesaved．EverytimeCrusoewoulddeclarehisabsoluteauthoritytowardstheislandandthepeople．Theexpressionistheannouncementofhishierarchalbelieftowardsotherclasses．Suchhierarchalthinkingtowardsothersgoesagainstthedoctrineoftheenvironmentaljustice，whichemphasizestheequalityamongclasses．AsHugganandTiffinarguesinthePostcolonialEcocriticism(2010)，“humanliberationwillneverbefullyachievedwithoutchallenginghowhumansocietieshaveconstructedthemselvesinhierarchicalrelationtootherhuman”(Forward)．Holdingsuchperspective，CrusoeinRobinsonCrusoeindeedraisesthequestionofcolonialism．3．2Crusoe’SExploitationofNativePeopleForcenturies，Crusoeisinterpretedasahero，self-mademanforhisstrongindependentskillsandmakingavastcolonyhimself；afaithfulbelieverwhousesBibletoguidehisways；however,environmentaljusticeholdsdifferentideas，justasMaxNovakholds：‘‘CrusoeisarepresentativeWesternmaninhislustforpowerandcontrol”(52)．Livingintheisolatedislandforthelastthreeyearsisirrefutableevidence．Theformertwenty-fiveyears，Crusoehasalreadyconqueredthisplace，havingtheabsoluteauthorityoverthewholekingdom．However,heisnotsatisfiedwiththepresentsituation，besidesbeingakingofcats，dogs，goatsandparrotsisnothisambition，SOtheeagerofowningaslavebecomesstrongerandstronger．TheappearanceofFridaychangesthewholestory．FridaybecomesaservantoraslaveasCrusoewishesinsteadofagoodcompanion．Laterpeoplewholiveonhisislandalsobecomehissubjectsandneedtobeloyaltohim，ere．Theseareonlysmallpartstoshowhisexploitationtowardsothers．MorewillbediscussedbelowaccordingtoTheDeclarationofIndependence(1776)．AsoneofthemostimportantdocumentstoAmericans，thisgreatcreationisa32
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismsymbolofcolony’Scallingfornationalidentityandindependence．Inthismarvelousbook，Jeffersonmentions，“【叫eholdthesetruthstobeself-evident，thatallMenarecreatedequal，thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights，thatamongtheseareLife，LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness”(qtd．inWuWeiren，37)．Asitknowntoall，thesethreebasicrightsarethetypicalonesthatnativesaredeprivedof．Therefore，nativesinRobinsonCrusoestillsufferfromtheseunequaltreatmentsanddiscriminations．Atfirst，Crusoe’Sexploitationactioncanbetracedbacktohisearlyagewhenhebeginshismerchantexpedition．Unluckily,heiscapturedbyMoorishpiratesandbecomesaslave．LaterheescapeswithanotherslavecalledXury。Eventhisboyshowshisloyaltyanddiligencetohim，CrusoebetrayshimandsellstheboytothePortuguesecaption．Forgettingtheirformerequalityinslavery,Crusoeuseshisactiontoexpresshissuperiorityandexploitationbynature．Evenlaterheregretshisselling，butwhatmadepeopleangryisheneverthinksit'sguiltytodothatbutfortheconsiderationofhisownsake，forhesays，“webothwantedhelp；andnowIfound，morethanbefore，IhaddonewronginparingwithmyboyXury'’(26)．ItisXurythat1Crusoebeginshisexploitationofnativepeople．Thenseducedbytheproposalofgainingfreeservants，CrusoeagreestosailGuineaforblackslaves．ThisiSabolderandmoredirectactionofCrusoe’Sexploitationofthenatives．Thesearethetypicalexamplesthatpeoplearedeprivedoffreedom，still晰thpeoplelaterappear．Then，aftertheshipwreck，Crusoestaysattheuninhabitedislandfortwenty-fiveyears．Whenhefindsthereappearsthefootprint，withoutshowinganysignofhappiness，heseemsmoreworried．Inhiseyes，thefootprintsymbolizestheintrusionoftheforeignattacktofightforhisnew-foundland．Witnessingthesavagesenjoytheircannibalfeast，Crusoeshowsdisgustingemotiontowardsmen’seatingoftheirownkind．Withoutdoubt，influencedbythewestemcustom，eatingmanisbrutalandcruel，andconsideredtobeanuncivilizedaction．Onlybarbarianshavesuchkindoftradition．Superiorityandexploitationseemtheunquestionabletruthtohim．Healsoadds，‘‘[y]etIentertainedsuchanabhorrenceofthesavagewretchesthatIhavebeenspeakingof,andofthe33
四川师范大学硕士学位论文wretched，inhumancustomoftheirdevouringandeatingoneanotherup，thatIcontinuedpensiveandsad，andkeptclosewithinmyowncircleforalmosttwoyearsafterthis”(127)．Withsuchstrongemotion，Crusoearmshimself,makesmanypreparationsandthinksmanywaystokillthesenativesatleastforhissake．HekillstwocannibalswhensavingFriday．Withthemotivationofgainingaservant，hekillsnativeswithoutshowinganyfeelings．Astohim，eatortobeeatenaretwooppositechoiceshehastomake．Itisherethatnativesaredeprivedoflifewiththemodemtools．Lastly,inordertoescapefromthedangerousisland，Crusoeiseagertofindasavage．ThispavesthewayforthecomingofFriday．CrusoemakesFridayhisservantwhowouldfollowhiscommanddefinitelyinsteadofowningacompanionorfriend．Beforethat，heargues，“Ifanciedmyselfabletomangeone，nay,twoorthreesavages，ifIhadthem，SOastomakethementirelyslavestome，todowhateverIshoulddirectthem，andtopreventtheirbeingableatanytimetodomeanyhurt'’(153)．ThisthinkingdefinitelydeterminesFriday’Sfatematisdeprivedoflife，libertyandhappiness．Notonlyexpresshisthanks，butalsoafraidofthegreatpowerofgun，FridaybecomestheservantofCruse’Sandisforcedtogiveuphisformercustomandacceptnewone．Newlanguage，name，religion，wayoflife，Fridayistotallyfarawayfromwhatheusedtobethreeyearsago．Whenseeinghishometown，Fridaycannothelptodancingandshouting．ButsuchpurehappinessletshimdoubtedandsoundedoutbyCrusoemanytimes．Deprivedofhappiness，FridayistheminiaturethatCrusoeexploitationofnativepeople．Moreover,whenmorepeopleliveinthisisland，Crusoe’Sambitiousbegintoexpand．Asthefounderandpioneerofthisisland，Crusoegraduallyrevealshistruenatureasacolonistandhisgeniustothesenewcomers．Heconfershimselfasthekingandthenewcomersas“subject．”Hecannotcoverhisdelightandsays，Myislandwasnowpeopled，andIthoughtmyselfveryrichinsubjects；anditwasamerryreflection，whichIfrequentlymade，howlikeakingIlooked．Firstofall，thewholecountryWasmyownmereproperty,SOthatIhadanundoubtedrightofdomination．Secondly,mypeoplewereperfectly
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismsubjected．1wasabsolutelordandlawgiver；theyallowedtheirlivestome，andwerereadytolaydowntheirlives，iftherehadbeenoccasionofit，forme．(185)TheannouncementisCrusoe’Sdeclarationofhisabsoluterightandcontrolofthisislandandthesenatives．Theyaredeprivedoffreedom，fightandlife，nottomentionaboutpursuingofhappiness．Theyarealllowerinstatusasfemales．LaterinthecommunityamongEuropeanseamen，againCrusoeemphasizeshishi曲estfightinthenegotiationwiththecaptain．Hetellstwoconditionstothecaptainandoneofthemis“whileyoustayonthisislandwithme，youwillnotpretendtoanyauthorityhere，andifIputarmsintoyourhands，youwill，uponalloccasions，givethemuptome，anddonoprejudicetomeormineuponthisisland；andinthemeantime，begovemedbymyorders”(196)．Heevenfeelspleasedwhenthecaptaincallshimthegovemorofthisisland．Atthismoment，Crusoenolongerstandsforhimselfasasolecolonist，butarepresentativeofalltheempirebuilderswhodesperatelypursueright,wealthandlandatwhatevercost．Thisiswhythisbookiswidelyreadbygenerationaftergenerationwithoutlosingitscharm．Italsogivesguidancetomillionsofwesterners．toinvadetheSO-called“Oriental．’’3．3Crusoe’SCulturalColonizationofNativePeopleCrusoe，asacolonistinthisnew-foundedisland，unrestrainedlyexploitsthelandandthenatives．讳仍entheunfairtreatmenttowardsnativesembodiesintheirsocialoppression，especiallyamongtherightsoflife，freedomandpursuitofhappiness，anotherimportantformofoppressionshouldnotbeignored．Itistheculturalexploitationofthosepeoplethatneedstobediscussed．Asanimportantmanifestationofexploitation，culturalcolonizationtowardsnativesisindispensibleparttoexplainCrusoe’Scolonizafionaction．Crusoe’Sculturalcolonizationcanbeembodiedintwoaspects：thechangeofreli百onandwayoflife．35
四川师范大学硕士学位论文3．3．1TheTransformationofReligionplaysallimportantroleinCrusoe’Slife．Duringhislongyears’stayingontheisolatedisland，Bibletogether、Ⅳitllthemodemtoolsisthebasicneedsforhim．ItisBiblethatgiveshimspiritualcomforttogothroughallthedifficulties；anditisthemodemtools，especiallythegunsthatareusedbyCrusoetotransformtheisland．Atthebeginningofthisbookhisrunningawayfromhomeishisdisobediencefromhisfather．Becauseofthis，hefeelsguiltyallthetimeandregardshisactionasthegreatsinjustlike‘‘originalsin'’ofAdamandEveintheBible．Afterencounterastorm，heregretswhathehasdone，IbegannowseriouslytoreflectuponwhatIhaddone，andhowjustly1wasovertakenbythejudgmentofheavenformywickedleavingmyfather’Shouse，andabandoningmyduty；allthegoodcounselofmyparents，myfather’Stearsandmymother’Sentreaties，camenowfreshintomymind，andmyconscience，whichWasnotyetcometothepitchofhardnesswhichithasbeensince，reproachedme谢mthecontemptofadvice，andthebreachofmydutytoGodandmyfather．(5)ThisisthefirstrepentancethatCrusoemakesforforgiveness．SuchactionCanb．eseenashisreverencetoGodorhisfather,bothofwhomsharethesameimportanceinCrusoe’Slife．Suchreverencedoesnotbeginuntilmoremisfortuneoccursonhimduetohisdisobedience．Whenhetramplesdownthefirstrepentance，heisdriventoamoreterriblesituation，evenbecomesaslave．Compared诹thhisformercomfortablemiddlestate，beingaslaveisdefinitelythepunishmentofhisbreakingofpromise．Therefore，therepentancetoGodseemsabetterwaytochangehissituation．Itbecomesanindispensiblesessionlaterinhislifeontheisolatedisland．“ThefirstofSeptember”isasymbolictermthatmarksCrusoe’SrebellionagainstauthoritiesofhisparentsandGod，bywhichhislifeisdoomed．HeshowshisgratitudeandpraysforGodforsavinghislifeaftertheshipwreck．Butitdoesnotlastlong．Itisnotuntiltheterriblefeverhecatchesthathehassomeregretofhisactions．Duringhis36
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismfeverishhallucination，hemeetsananglewhoisangry、Ⅳitllhimandtalkstohim，“[s]eeingallthesethingshavenotbroughttheetorepentance，nowthoushaltdie”(67)．ItisatthatmomentthatCrusoebeginstointrospecthisaction．‘‘IdonotrememberthatIhad，inallthattime，onethoughtthatSOmuchastendedeithertolookingupwardstowardGod，orinwardsareflectionuponmyways；⋯nothavingtheleastsense，eitherofthefearofGod，indanger,orofthankfulnesstoGod，indeliverances”(67)．IthasbeenalreadyeightyearssinceCrusoelandedonthisisland．UntilnowthereverenceofGodhastrulyplantedinhismind．AndBiblebecomesthemedicineofcuringsoul．Therefore，toreadtheBibleeverydayandprayforGodinordertoobtainencouragementandhopebecomeadailyroutineforCrusoe．Atpresent，Religionhasundergonedramaticallychangeinhismindandbecomesallindispensiblepartintherestofhislife．AstoCrusoe，theprayandrepentancetoGodmakehimselfcompletelydependentonHimandbegintOacceptwhathashappenedtohim．Thisisturningpointofhisspiritualconsciousness，whichmarkshisrebirthinsoul．SuchafaithfulfollowerdefinitelycarriesoutthedoctrineoftheScripture．AccordingtoBible，GodgivestencommandstoMoses．IaIntheLORDyourGod，whobroughtyououtofEgypt，outofthelandofslavery．Youshallhavenoothergodsbeforeme．Youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidolintheformofanythinginheavenaboveorontheearthbeneathorinthewaterbelow．YoUshallnotbowdowntothemorworshipthem；forI，theLORDyourGod，amajealousGod，punishingthechildrenforthesinoffatherstothethirdandfourthgenerationofthosewhohateMe，butshowinglovetoathousand『generationsJofthosewholovemeandkeepMyCommandments．YoushallmotmisusethenameoftheLORDyourGod，fortheLORDwillnotholdanyoneguiltlesswhomisuseshisname．(Zx．20：11．125)37
四川师范大学硕士学位论文ThesearethefirstthreecommandmentsoftheholyBible，whichembodyGod’Sselfishnatureanddictatorship．Thisisalsooneoftherootsofdominationandinequalityamongwesternpeople’Smind．Becauseofthis，nomatterwhatreligiondoesFridaybelongto，Crusoedecidestochangethat，becausesimilartoGod，Crusoedoesnotallowhisservanttobelieveinotherreligion．Accordingtopostcolonialstudies，the’otherpeopleareoftenregardedasapartofnatureandaretreatedlikeanimals；meanwhiletheyarestillforcedtoacceptthewesternviews．ThetransformationofFriday’Sreligionisanecessary．ItbeginsoneyearlaterwhenFridaycallnearlyunderstandhim，whichcontainsseveralstages．Firstly,CrusoedeliberatelydistortsFriday’Sformerreligiousbelief．InFriday’Scommunity,thenativesallworshipanoldmancalledBenamuckee，whomakesthesea，theground，thehillandthewood．Healsoadds，‘“[a]llthingsdosayOtohim．’⋯peoplewhodieinhiscountry⋯allwentto[him]”(166)andthosepeoplewhoarekilledstillgotoBenamuckee．SodifferentfromChristianity,thisreligionseemsmoreequalinnature．ThebelieversofChristianityholdhumanbeingsareevilinnaturebecauseof“originalsin，”andonlyafewofthemarechosentobesaved．ThisdoctrinereflectsChristianity’Sinequalityandhierarchalviews，whichgoagainsttheprincipleofBenamuckeeandecocriticism．Atthispoint，nativepeople’SreligionismoreecologicthanChristianity．Duringthetransformation，Fridayhasmentionedhisonlyknowledgeaboutreligion．ItmakesCrusoe’Sworkbecomeeasier．Asfirst，heintroducesGodtoFriday,andmentionsGodisalmightyandgreaterthanBenamuckee．ThenherevelsittoFridaythat‘‘thepretenceoftheiroldmengoinguptothemountainstosayOtotheirgodBenamuckeeWasacheat；⋯iftheymet、析manyanswer,orspokewitllanyonethere，itmustbe诵t11anevilspirit”(167)．Next，heintroducesthedevilanditsstories，whichistheenemyofGod．Later,thedoctrineofGospel，therepentancetoGod，thefaithinGodandevenAbrahamarementioned．Stepbystep，aftermanylongdiscourses，Fridaybeginstothinkaboutthenewreligionandaskquestionsaboutit．TheseedsofChristianityhavebeenplantedinFriday’Smind．38Secondly,asanoldsayinggoes‘'practicemakesperfect，’’Fridayistaughttoread
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismBibleafterknowingthebasicknowledgeaboutGod．ThispracticeisusedtogetmoreknowledgeaboutGodandmakestheirunderstandingaboutthereligiondeepen．Sothetwomenusuallysharetheacknowledgedmeaningsthroughreadingit．NowFridaystartstoaskmanyseriousreligiousquestionsandbecomesmorehardworkingandactive．ThiswayseemsmoreusefulforCrusoetochangeFridaycompletely,SOitbecomesaroutineintheirdailylife．InCrusoe’Smind，thisguidancefromtheBibleCallpromoteandenlightenthissavageservant，andmakehimafaithfulChristianintheend．Besides，themoreFridayreads，themorefaithfulhebecomes．StrictlyfollowGod’Swillbecometheguidanceofhisactions，together埘mthethinkingofanthropocentrism．Thesuperiorityofmanamongothersbecomesnaturalized．Thirdly,thetransformationgoesonverywellasCrusoeexpected．Atthismoment，theunderstandingbetweenthetwomenisdeeperthatCrusoebeginstOtellFridayhisadventurouslifeexperience．Andheneverforgetstomentionaboutthereligiouslifeofhimselfandhishomeland．ThroughthiswayCrusoestartstointroducethewayoflivinginEngland．Soatthisstage，theirdailypracticeseemsmoreimportantwhichgivesFridayagoodmodeltofollowandhelpsFridaychangeintoarealChristianslave．Thetransformationnearlycompletesexceptyearsofpractice．Duringtheprocess，Crusoeactsasageneralguide．Facingmentalandphysicaldilemmas，Crusoevaluesspirithigher,anditiswhyhedoesnotcurephysicalpainfirstbutchoosestorepentandpraytoGodforforgiveness．Withthesamelogic，tochangeapersoncompletely,oneneedstodothebrainwashing，especiallyabouthisbelief．Therefore，thechangeofFriday’Sreligionservesasoneofthemostimportantstepstoachievecompletelytransformation．Inaddition，whentheinnocentyoungmanFridaymeets谢mthesophisticatedEuropeanCrusoe，thetransformationbecomesanecessityatlast．Whentheislandhasmorepeople，Crusoestillmentionstheirreligions，“Itwasremarkabletoo，wehadbutthreesubjects，andtheywerethreedifferentreligions．MymanFridayWasaProtestant，hisfatherwasaPaganandacannibal，andtheSpaniardasaPapist．However,Iallowedlibertyofconsciencethroughoutmydominions．ButthisisbytheWar'’(185)．ThisisanexceptionbecauseoftheWar．Butifwithoutit，theymust39
四川师范大学硕士学位论文beallChristianizedlikeFriday．Ingeneral，thechangeofFriday’SreligionisatypicalcharacterizationofCrusoe’Sculturalcolonizationofnativepeople．3．3．2TheChangeoftheWayofLifeThetransformationofFriday’Sreligiousbeliefpavesthewayforthechangeofhiswayoflife．Stillitisalsoal【i11dofculturalcolonizationinabroadersense．Thischangecanbedivided．intotwoperiods，andtheintroducingofChristianityclearlydividesthechange．ThefirststageisfromFridaywassavedtohislearningofGod；thesecondoneisfromknowingaboutGodtohislaterlifeaccustomedtoGod’Scompany．Duringthefirstperiod，FridayandCrusoeareseparateindividualswithdifferentbackgrounds．Theyareequalinorigin．Butduringthefightingwitllanothertribeofcannibals，FridayissavedwiththehelpofmodemtoolsarmedbyCrusoe．ThedeathofthesecannibalscausedbygunsCanbeseenasthepowerfulEuropeansusingmodemequipmenttoconquerthenativepeople．Whatistheirreaction?ProbablymostofthemwillreactlikeFriday,who“sawbothhisenemiesfallenandkilled，⋯WasSOfrighted淅ththefireandnoiseof[the】piece，that⋯stoodstock-still，andneithercameforwardorwentbackward，though⋯seemedratherinclinedtoflystill，thantocomeon”(156)．Sofrightenedwiththealms，thesenativesnomattersavedorkilled，thegreatdisparityinstrengthmakesthembowtheirkneestothosewesterners，justlikeFriday．AsCrusoeargues，“hekneeleddownagain，kissedtheground，andlaidhisheadupontheground，andtakingmebythefoot，setmyfootuponhishead．This，itseems，Wasintokenofswearingtobemyslaveforever”(156)．Fridayisatypicalexamplewhoissuppressedbypower．Ingeneral，thebeginningrelationshipofthetwomenisbasedonpowerandsuppression．Therefore，inequalityisdoomedintheirlaterlife．Thisisthetypicalfeatureofenvironmentalracism，whichisakindofdiscriminatorytreatmenttowardsthosemarginalizedpeople，morespecifically,thenativepeople．FromCrusoe’Sperspective，Fridayisasavageandcannibal，andafutureservant．Whenthetwomeettogether谢mdifferentbackgroundsandcultures，thereseemstobe
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWesternColonialismanunbridgeablegapbetweenthem．Gesture，atthismomem，becomesflusefulwayfortheircommunication．Crusoeusesittoissueorderswithomswingwords．Butitseemsinefficient，SOCrusoebeginstoteachhimEnglish．Evenfromthismatter,Crusoe’Scolonialactislaidbared．AsprofessorZhangBoxiangmentions，“Crusoeisnonethelessveryinterestedinpossessions，power,andprestige⋯．HisteachingFridaytocallhim‘Master’，evenbeforeteachinghimthewordsfor‘yes’or‘no’，seemsobnoxiousevenundertheraciststandardsoftheday,asifCrusoeneedstoheartheego—boostingword[king]assoonaspossible”(235)．TheteachingofEnglishwiththehelpofgestures，Crusoestartsthechangingprogram．Atfirst，Crusoegiveshimsomeclothestocoverhisnakedbody．“Apairoflinendrawers，’’‘‘ajerkinofgoat’Sskin，’’‘‘hare—skin’’caparealltheclothespreparedbyCrusoe，whichissimilartohim．ItmaybeseemconvenientandfashiontoCrusoe．HoweveritisarestrictiontoFriday．“Itistruehewentawkwardlyinthesethingsatfirst；wearingthedrawerswasveryawk．wardtohim，andthe．sleevesofthewaistcoatgalledhisshoulders，andtheinsideofhisarms”(159)isthedepictionofFriday’Struefeelingaboutthesenewclothes．Withoutanydelight，Fridaywhousedtowearnothing，isforcedtobearthiskindofrestrictioninordertofollowmaster’Sdemand．Then，thechangingofeatinghabitisanotherimportantsubject．CrusoefeelsdisgustedwhenFridayshowshiscannibalnature，SOheswearstokillhimifhedarestoeatanyhumanflesh．Thiskindofthreatenseemshelpful．Besidesthat，CrusoefeastsFriday谢t11boiledmeat，brothandroastingmeatinordertolethimknowwhatkindsofmeatisavailableandhowitbecooked．Atthesametime，withoutforgettinghisoriginalreasonofsavingFriday,Crusoeteacheshimhowtodothework．Bread，anotherkilldoffoodforthem，isagoodexample．HereFridayhelpstobeatcorn，makebreadandbakeit．Throughsuchcare缸lteaching，FridaysoonmasterstheseskillsverywellandCanhandleallthesework．Agoodhelper,thisiswhatCrusoeonceexpected．However,duringthechangeofeatinghabit，Fridayalsoshowshisreluctance，especiallyhisstrongreactionstowardstheeatingofsalt．[Friday]madeasigntomethatthesaltWasnotgoodtoeat，andputtinga41
四川师范大学硕士学位论文littleintohisownmomh，heseemedtonauseateit，andwouldspitandsputteratit，washinghismouth诹th舶Shwaterafterit⋯．[EvenImadethesamegesturetoshoweverybodyshouldeatit]．Butitwouldnotdo；hewouldnevercareforsaltwithhismeatorinhibroth；atleast，notagreatwhile，andthenbutaverylittle．(163)Thisevidenceshowsthosewesternerstryeverymeanstochangenatives’habits，butitisindeedahardworktoletthemgivetheirtraditionupcompletely．ThetransformationofFridayalsoreflectsanothernotoriousmovementinEuropeanworld，whichistheenclosuremovement．Inthenovel，Crusoedecidestoplantmorecornfortheconsiderationofmorepeoplelivehere，morefoodisneeded．Therefore，he‘‘markedoutalargerpieceofland，andbeganthefenceinthesamemannerasbefore”(163)．Thecolonizationactionofowningmorelandisthesameasotherwestemers，andtheactionisauthorizedlegalbytheauthorities．JustasthePostcolonialEcocriticismmentions，“colonistsregardedthelandstheyoccupiedastheirsbyright，while⋯theIndianssuggestedtothemthatthereWasnonativeinterestinlandownership”(9)．Howdifferentbetweenthetwo!What’Sworse，thosewesternersdoitunderthedisguiseofdoinggoodtothenatives．CrusoetellsFridaytheonlypurposeofdoingthatisforhimtohaveenoughfoodtoeat．Movedbysuchsweetexcuses，Fridayswearstoworkevenharderthanbefore．Thoseinnocentnativesarealwaysbeingcheated．Thishndofsituationlastsforoneyear,thecommunicationbetweenthetwoseemsgood，whichpavesthewayforCrusoe’SintroductionofChristianity．AfterFriday’SgainingthebasicknowledgeaboutGod，thechangeofhiswayoflifemovesintoanotherstage．Atthismoment，Crusoecanfindapersonwhosharesasimilarviewtotalkto．Itnotonlyservestoresolvehisyearsofdepressing，butalsohelpstorefineFridayandmakehimanewmanandgoodhelper．Promotedbysuchidea，CrusoetellsFridayhisearlylifeexperience，thewayoflivinginEngland，theshipwrecks，andSOon．ThenFridaylistenscarefullyandlearnsalot．Oncewhentheyaretalkingaboutaboat，Fridaymentionsabouttheseventeenwhitemenescapingfromtheshipwreckarelivinginhishometown．Itisheretllatthedifferencesbetweenthetworacesareclearly42
Crusoe：aNotoriousRepresentativeofWcstcmColonialismembodied．Thosewesternersstay丽mnativepeoplepeacefullyfornearlyfouryears，andwithoutbeingeatenortransformedtheyareoftenhelpedbythese“savages．”TheSO-calledeatingfleshisjustlimitedtothepeoplewholoseinthebattle．Onthecontrary,withthesamesituationthenativescouldnotgetthesametreatmentfromthesewesterners．JustlikeCrusoe，savingFridayistomakehimaservant，notasatruefriendwithsamestatus；savingFriday’SfatherandaSpaniardistomakethemhissubjectswhoswearabsoluteloyaltytohim．Equalityinhisworldseemsimpossible．Infact，thoughnoteatingflesh，thesewestemersaremorecruelandhypocrisywhowanttoshowtheirsuperiorityanytimeandanywhere．Thecolonizationactionisindeedagoodcaseinpoint．Duringthisperiod，FridaymainlyservesasagoodservantwhostrictlyfollowsCrusoe’Scommand．HeisnowtotallysubjectedtoCrusoe，especiallyhiswayofthinking，hisfaith，hisreligionandhiswayofliving．Sotheinferiorityhasplantedinhismind，ifhecangobacktohishomeland，hesays，“Fridaytellthemtolivegood；tellthemtoprayGod；tellthemtoeatcorn-bread，cattle—flesh，皿墩，noeatmanagain'’(172)．ThisconversationmarksthetotalchangeofFriday．Withnewunderstandingaboutlife，Fridayhasalreadyacceptedhislowerinstatus．Eventheytreatthewhitemenequally；itdoesnotmeanthattheyCangetthesametreatmentfromthem．Later,FridaydoeswhatCrusoetellshimwithoutanyofhisidea．NowhebecomesaloyalandfaithfulhelperofCrusoetoconquerthewholeislandandpeoplewholivingontheisland．43
四川师范大学硕士学位论文
ConclusionAsamarvelousbook，RobinsonCrusoeiswrittenbyDanielDefoewiththerealisticwritingstyle．Therefore，thisbookservesasthesuccessfulcreationofthereality．Theprotagonist，RobinsonCrusoeisthecombinationofDefoehimselfandatruesailorAlexanderSelkirk．ThestoryofCrusoe’Srisinginspiresgenerationsofwesternpeople，SOthisbookCanbeseenasthewritingofthenewlyrisingbourgeoisie．Crusoe，regardedasthefirstpositiveexampleofthecapitalistclass，iseulogizedbymanyreadersandcriticsasanationalhero，aself-mademan，ahard-workinglaborer,afaithfulbelieverandSOon．Howevegthisisjustonesideofthestory．Manyfeministiccritics，postcolonialcriticsandecocriticshavedifferentideas．Allofthemthinkthisbookhasastrongsenseofdiscrimination，colonizationandinequality．What’Smore，Crusoeisconsideredasacolonizertowardswomen，nativepeopleandevennature．Therefore，ecocriticismarisesatthehistoricalmomenttoresponsetheseissues．Itadvocatespeopleshouldgetridoftheanthropocentricworldoutlook，whichregardshumanisthecenterofbiosphere’andthemeasureofa11．Ecocriticismisatheorythatisbasedonalllivingentitiesisequalinnatureandtheyenjoythesamerights．Moreover，humanbeingsarejustapartofbiosphere．Andnomatterwhatgradetheycomefrom，theyareequalinnatureaswellasthoseanimalsorplants．Ecocentricthinkingreallysubvertsthetraditionbelief．TheythinktherootofOurecologicalcrisisisculturalcrisis．Therefore，theycallforculturalrevolutiontochangepeople’Sattitudetowardsnature．Tointerprettheliteraryworksfromtheecologicalperspectiveisagoodway,whichhelpstOcorrectthedeep-rootedthinkingofanthropocentrism．Besides，DanielDefoe’SmasterpieceRobinsonCrusoeisoneoftheseclassicsthatneedtobereinterpreted．Accordingtotheseecocritics，thisbookhasa45
四川师范大学硕士学位论文strongsenseofcolonization．Crusoe’Stwindominationsofnatureandmanarebarelyexposed，andthiskindofdivisionisalsobasedonthedevelopmentofecocriticism，whichisdividedintotwoperiods．Duringthefirstperiod，Crusoeisthoughttobeananti—naturehero，whofreelyexploitsandconquerstheland，theanimalsandtheplants．Allthoseactionsbetrayecocentrism，thefirststageofecocriticism，thedoctrineofwhichisthateveryorganisminbiosphereisequalinnature，andshouldnotbetreatedinferior．Afterthat，Crusoeappearsasanotorioussexistwhogoesagainstwomen．Comparedwithmen，womenenjoythesubordinatestatusinsocietyallthetime，andtheirexistencemerelyembodiesinstrumentalvalues．Therefore，thelossoftheiridentitiesistheouterrepresentation．SharedsameopinionwithCrusoe，RichardLehanargues，towardswomen“theirrole，heinsisted，mustbesubsumedtothatofmenandjustifiedbybreeding(thatis，bypragmatic)purposes”(178)．ThenCrusoeactsasagreedycolonizerwhoconqueststhenatives．Similaraswomen，thosenativesareinferiorinstatus．ThedifferenceiSthatthisphenomenaliscausedbysociety,inwhichpeoplearedividedintoseveralgradesaccordingtotheirbirth，power,wealth，andSOon．Asarepresentativeofcolonizer,Crusoedoesnotmerelyexploitthebasicneedsofthesenatives．Moreover,hecarriesonculturalcolonizationtowardsthesepeople．TheseconductsareCrusoe’Sdominationofothers，especiallytheminoritygroup，whichareagainsttheessenceofenvironmentaljustice，thesecondperiodofecocriticism．Basedonecocentrism，butgoesbeyondit，environmentaljusticepaysmoreattentiontothehumanrelations，moreprecisely,therelationofgendersandraces．Therefore，duringtheanalysis，ecofeminismandpostcolonialecocriticismareaddedinlasttwochaptersrespectively,servingaSthecomplementandfurtherexplanationofthistheorytoworkforthethemeofthepaper．TheecocriticalinterpretationofRobinsonCrusoeaimstodigouttheintercormectionbetweenthedominationofnature，thewomenandthenativesthroughthedevelopmentofecocriticisminordertofindoutthereasonofcolonizationactionandexploitation，andtoliberatethosebeingoppressed．Throughthisway,itpresentsanewimageofCrusoe．Nolongerappearsasaherowhorealizeshis“AmericanDream，”
ConclusionCrusoeisamailwhopromotesanddeepensourecologicalcrises．Hisexploitationoftheland，animalsandplants；hissexistdiscriminationagainstwomenandhisexploitationofnativesareallrevealedinthispaper．JustasRichardLehandeclares，“Withthehelpoftoolsandarudimentarytechnologyheimposedhiswillupontheland，bringingtheanimals，thenatives，andeventuallywomenunderhiscontr01．Andbeforehewasthrough，hehadturnedthiscontrolintowealth'’(178)．AlloftheseshowthetruenatureofRobinson．ThroughtheanalysisofRobinsonCrusoefromtheperspectiveofecocriticism，thereaderCanhaveanewunderstandingaboutthisclassic，andunderstandwhatecologicalcrisisreallyis．Meanwhile，itmakespeoplehaveafurtherandmorecompleteunderstandingaboutthehistoricalandculturalrootofecologicalcrises．Therefore，thispaperservesasasmallstepofthelongandhardprojectofsearchingforamorecompleteandpracticalculturalwaywhichCanguidepeoplewalkouttheenvironmentalcrises．47
四川师范大学硕士学位论文48
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AcknowledgementsFirstofall，1wouldliketoexpressmywarmestgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorHuZhihong．Itishimwhoguidesmeembarkonaresearchcareer,teachesmehowtodoresearchandwriteagoodpaper．WheneverIaminconfusion，healwaysgivesmeahand，guidesmeandencouragesmeuntileverythinggoesonwell．Afterthat，mygratefulthanksgotoalltheteachersattheSchoolofForeignLanguagesatSichuanNormalUniversity．ItistheirhelpthatIcouldacquiretheknowledgeandskillsofmymajorduringthreeyears’study．Inparticular,totheseteacherslikeProfessorXiao-Minghan，ProfessorMeng‘Xueqin，ProfeSsorJiMin，ProfessorZhangShunfu，ProfessorQinSujue，ProfessorLiuJin，ProfessorXiangLin，ProfessorHuang、Guiping，ProfessorZhangCha,ProfessorWangRong，ProfessorXieDanandSOon．Withouttheirhelp，mythesiscouldnothavebeenaccomplished．Finally,Ialsoliketoexpressmysincerethankstomyfriendsandfamilymembers．Itistheirhelpandencouragementthatgivemecontinuoussupportwhen1wasintroubleandindepression．Heartfeltthankstoallofyoutohelpmefinishthisthesis．53
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