诗经采薇注释及翻译

《诗经》采薇 采薇采薇采薇，薇亦作止。曰归曰归，岁亦莫止。靡室靡家，玁狁之故。不遑启居，玁狁之故。[xiǎnyǔn]薇菜采了又采，薇菜冒出了芽尖。说要回家了回家了，但已到了年末仍不能实现。没有妻室没有家，都是为了和玁狁打仗。没有时间安居休息，都是为了和玁狁打仗。注释：薇：豆科野豌豆属的一种，学名救荒野豌豆，现在叫大巢菜，种子、茎、叶均可食用。、作：指薇菜冒出地面。止：句末助词。曰：句首、句中助词，无实意。莫：通“暮”，也读作“暮”。本文指年末。不遑（huáng）：不暇。遑，闲暇。启居：跪、坐，指休息、休整。启，跪、跪坐。居，安坐、安居。古人席地而坐，两膝着席，危坐时腰部伸直，臀部与足离开；安坐时臀部贴在足跟上。玁（xiǎn）狁（yǔn）：中国古代少数民族名。 采薇采薇，薇亦柔止。曰归曰归，心亦忧止。忧心烈烈，载饥载渴。我戍未定，靡使归聘。薇菜采了又采，薇菜多么鲜嫩。说回家呀道回家，心中是多么忧闷。忧闷的心好像烈火在燃烧，饥渴交加实在难忍。驻防的地方还不安定，没有人可委托去打听家里的消息。注释：柔：柔嫩。“柔”比“作”更进一步生长。指刚长出来的薇菜柔嫩的样子。烈烈：炽烈，形容忧心如焚载（zài）饥载渴：则饥则渴、又饥又渴。载……载……，即又……又……。戍（shù）：防守，这里指防守的地点。聘（pìn）：问，谓问候。 采薇采薇，薇亦刚止。曰归曰归，岁亦阳止。王事靡盬，不遑启处。忧心孔疚，我行不来。薇菜采了又采，薇菜已经又老又硬。说回家呀道回家，又到了十月小阳春。征役没有休止，哪能有片刻安身。心中是那么痛苦，到如今不能回家。注释：刚：坚硬。阳：农历十月，小阳春季节。今犹言“十月小阳春”。靡：无。盬（gǔ）：止息，了结。启处：休整，休息。孔：甚，很。疚：病，苦痛。我行不来：意思是：我出征以来从未有人来慰问。来，通“勑”，慰勉。 彼尔维何？维常之华。彼路斯何？君子之车。戎车既驾，四牡业业。岂敢定居，一月三捷。那盛开着的是什么花？是棠棣花。那驶过的是什么人的车？当然是将帅们的从乘。兵车已经驾起，四匹雄马又高又大。哪里敢安然住下？一个月就多次打胜仗。注释：常：常棣（棠棣），既扶移，植物名。维常之华（华，通“花”，花朵）路：假作“辂”，大车。斯何，犹言维何。君子：指将帅。戎（róng）：车，兵车。牡（mǔ）：雄马。业业：高大的样子。定居：犹言安居。捷：胜利。谓接战、交战。一说，捷，邪出，指改道行军。此句意谓，一月多次行军。 驾彼四牡，四牡骙骙。君子所依，小人所腓。四牡翼翼，象弭鱼服。岂不日戒，玁狁孔棘。驾起四匹雄马，四匹马高大而又强壮。将帅们坐在车上，士兵们也靠它隐蔽遮挡。四匹马训练得已经娴熟，还有象骨装饰的弓和鲨鱼皮箭囊（指良的装备）。怎么能不每天戒备呢？玁狁之难很紧急啊。注释：骙（kuí）：雄强，威武。这里的骙骙是指马强壮的意思。小人：指士兵。腓（féi）：庇护，掩护。翼翼：整齐的样子。谓马训练有素。弭（mǐ）：弓的一种，其两端饰以骨角。象弭，以象牙装饰弓端的弭。鱼服，鱼皮制的箭袋。日戒：日日警惕戒备。棘（jí）：急。孔棘，很紧急。 昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。行道迟迟，载渴载饥，我心伤悲，莫知我哀。想起我离家的时候，杨柳依依随风飘飞。如今我在归乡的途中，纷纷扬扬的雪花漫天。路途泥泞步履艰难，饥渴交加满身疲惫。我的心是多么凄凉悲伤，满心的伤痛又有谁能体会!注释：昔：从前，文中指出征时。往：当初从军。依依：形容柳丝轻柔、随风摇曳的样子。思：用在句末，没有实在意义　雨：音同玉，为“下”的意思。霏（fēi）霏：雪花纷落的样子。迟迟：迟缓的样子。 感情基调寒冬，阴雨霏霏，雪花纷纷，一位解甲退役的征夫在返乡途中踽踽独行。道路崎岖，又饥又渴；但边关渐远，乡关渐近。此刻，他遥望家乡，抚今追昔，不禁思绪纷繁，百感交集。全诗六章，可分三层。既是归途中的追忆，故用倒叙手法写起。前三章为一层，追忆思归之情，叙述难归原因。这三章的前四句，以重章之叠词申意并循序渐进的方式，抒发思家盼归之情；而随着时间的一推再推移，这种心情越发急切难忍。 译文1：Atfirst,whenwesetout,Thewillowswerefreshandgreen;Now,whenweshallbereturning,Thesnowwillbefallingclouds.Longandtediouswillbeourmarching;Weshallhunger;weshallthirst.Ourheartsarewoundedwithgrief,Andnooneknowsoursadness.（Tr.byJamesLegge）译文2：Longago,whenwestarted,Thewillowsspreadtheirshade.Nowthatwereturnback,Thesnowflakesfly.Themarchbeforeusislong,Wearethirstandhungry.Ourheartsarestrickenwithsorrow,Butnoonelistenstoourplaint.（Tr.byArthurWaley）昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。行道迟迟，载渴载饥。我心伤悲，莫知我哀。 昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。行道迟迟，载渴载饥。我心伤悲，莫知我哀。译本4：Atfirst,whenwestartedonourtrack,Thewillowsgreenweregrowing.andnow,whenwethinkofthejourneyback,‘Tisrainingfastandsnowing.andtediousandslowthemarchwillbe,Andfoodanddrinkwillfailus.Ah,hardtobearisthemisery!Noneknowswhatgriefassailus.（Tr.WilliamJennings）译本3：Willowsweregreenwhenwesetout,it’sblowin’an’snowin’aswegodownthisroad,muddyandslow,hungryandthirstyandblueadoubt（noonefeelshalfofwhatweknow）（Tr.ByEzraPound） 昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。行道迟迟，载渴载饥。我心伤悲，莫知我哀。译文6:WhenIsetoursolongago,Freshandgreenwasthewillo.WhennowhomewardIgo,Thereisaheavysnow.Thehomewardmarchisslow,Myhungerandthirstgrow.Myheartisfilledwithsorrow;Whoonearthwilleverknow.(Tr.WangRongpei&RenXiuhua)译文5：WhenIlefthere,Willowshedtear.Icamebacknow,Snowbendsthebough.Long,longtheway;Hard,hardtheday.Hungerandthirst,Pressmetheworst.Mygriefoverflows.Whoknows?Whoknows?（Tr.byXuYuanchong） JamesLegge(missionary&Scholar）HewasanotedScottishsinologist,andfirstprofessorofChineseatOxfordUniversity(1876–1897).hewentin1839asamissionarytoChina.ConvincedoftheneedformissionariestobeabletocomprehendtheideasandcultureoftheChinese,hebeganin1841atranslationinmanyvolumesoftheChineseclassics.thethirdandfinaleditorofChineseserial《遐迩贯珍》这是香港最早的中文报刊，出版于一八五三年八月，停刊于一八五六年五月。theheadmasterofAnglo-ChineseCollegethere.TheCollegewassubsequentlymovedtoHongKong,whereLeggelivedfornearlythirtyyears.HisobjectwastounfoldtheChinesefieldofthoughtandrevealthefoundationofthemoral,social,andpoliticallifeofthepeople. ArthurWaleyWaley(England)wasappointedAssistantKeeperofOrientalPrintsandManuscriptsattheBritishMuseumin1913.DuringthistimehetaughthimselfChineseandJapanese,partlytohelpcataloguethepaintingsintheMuseum'scollection. Ofthepopularappealofthisbook,Waleylaterhadthistosay:"Ithinkoneofthereasonsthatitremainedinfairlysteadydemandforfortyyearsisthatitappealstopeoplewhodonotordinarilyreadpoetry.Whenin1940IwasworkinginaGovernmentofficeanumberofyounggirltypistsandclerksbroughtmecopiesoftheHundredandSeventytosign.Severalofthemsaidtheydidnotordinarilyreadpoetryandhad,beforecomingacrossmybook,alwayssupposedthatitwassomethingspecialanddifficult."Well,someChinesepoetryisspecialanddifficult.Suchpoems,onthewhole,Waleyavoided.Hepreferredtopickhisspots,andthespotshepickedarethosewhichleavelittletobeexplainedtotheforeignreader,andwhichdonotdependonpurelymusicaleffects.Hisaudiencefromfirsttolastremainedthegeneralpublic,notaspecializedscholarlyaudience,noryetanesoteric"poetic"one. EzraPoundAmericanexpatriatepoetpromotionofImagismPound'sstylewasclear,economicalandconcrete:"Greatliteratureissimplylanguagechargedwithmeaningtotheutmostpossibledegree,"heoncesaid.AsanessayistPoundwrotemostlyaboutpoetry.Poundhoped,thatfascismcouldestablishthesortofsocietyinwhichtheartscouldflourish.Healsoarguedthatpoetryisnot"entertainment",andasanelitisthedidnotappreciatethecommonreader. WilliamJenningsJenningswaschaplainofSt.John’sCathedralinHongHongandthetranslatoroftheclassiccollectionofChinesepoetryknownastheShihChing.Fromtheearliesttimes,musicandpoetryhavealwaysbeenheldinhigherestimationthantheplasticarts;andhewillusuallybefoundtopreferthepoeticexpositionofasubjecttoitstreatmentinmatter-of-factprose.Chineseversebeganwithrhyme,anditseems(seetheFestalOdesofShang,theoldestinthebook)thattheolderthepoetryis,thegreateristhefrequencyofrhymes;whereas,inWesternpoetry,asiswellknown,—whetherGreek,Latin,orEnglish,—measureandnotrhymewasitscharacteristicintheearlieststage. 许渊冲有人评价他是：“狂做文章信手书，一章一句真性情。许渊冲的翻译理论主要是针对文学翻译,尤其是诗歌翻译而提出的。认为译诗要尽量传达原诗的“意美、音美、形美”。“三美”的基础是“三似”,即“意似、音似、形似”。“意似”就是要传达原文的内容,不能错译、漏译、多译。总的观点是:在“三美”之中,意美最重要,音美次之,形美更次之;要努力做到三美齐备。关于意美与意似的关系,许渊冲认为,意美指深层内容,意似指表层内容,所以译诗时只求意似是低标准,意美才是高标准。他还认为诗歌的音美和形美可能影响诗歌的意美,所以坚持以诗体译诗体。 汪榕培&任秀桦 诗经翻译书目信息ArthurWaley.TheBookofSongs:TranslatedbyArthurWaley,EditedwithAdditionalTranslationsbyJosephR.Allen,NewYork:GrovePress,1996ShiJing:TranslatedbyYunZhongXu,EditedbyShengZhangJiang,Hunan,China:HuNanChuBanShe,1993WilliamJennings.TheShiKing:TheOld"PoetryClassic"oftheChinese,ParagonBook,NewYork,1969EzraPound.TheClassicAnthologyDefinedbyConfucius,Cambridge:HarvardUPress,1954BernhardKarlgren.TheBookofOdes,Stockholm:TheMuseumofFarEasternAntiquities,Stockholm,1950YangYixianetal,TheBookofSongs,TheForeignLanguagePress,Beijing,2001 THANKYOU!