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初中英语语法专题讲座——冠词
【复习要点】
英语的冠词分为三种：不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）。
一、不定冠词：
英语中不定冠词有两个：a, an。a用于以辅音音素开头的词前，例如：a room, a red apple, a useful book；an用于元音音素开头的词前，例如：an egg, an old man, an hour。
1、不定冠词的基本用法：
不定冠词主要用于泛指和类指，有时也用于特指（如以下第⑵条）。
⑴、表示“一个（one）；每一个（each）”，例如：There is a table and four chairs in the room. 房间里有一张餐桌和四张椅子。He comes to visit me twice a year. 他每年来看我两次。
a和one有时可以互换，例如：There were nearly a / one hundred people at the meeting.有将近100人参加了会议。
但是，在一些习惯用语中，a和one是不可互换的。例如：once upon a time（从前）和one day（有一天）这两个短语中的a, one就不能互换；an hour or two 和one or two hours（一两个小时）这两个短语中的an, one也不能互换。
请注意：
a (an) 虽表示“一个”，但不强调数量，而是强调类别；one则强调数量。
例：I bought a computer. 我买了一台电脑。（不是收音机和电视机）I bought one computer. 我买了一台电脑。 （不是两台）
⑵、表示“某一个（a certain）”，例如：She went to buy a dictionary. 他去买了一本词典。（没有买别的东西）We used to live in a small house. 我们曾经住在一间小屋子里。
⑶、表示一类中的任何一个，通常不必译成中文。例如：A horse is an animal. (= Horses are animals. / The horse is an animal.) 马是一种动物。
提示：表示某一类人或物时，可用下面三种方法：
The dog is a faithful animal.（用定冠词）A dog is a faithful animal.（用不定冠词）
Dogs are faithful animals. （用复数形式，不加定冠词）
2 、不定冠词的特别用法：
用在序数词前，表示“再一次，又一个”。例如：You’ll have to do it a second time. 你得再做一次。I don’t think we’ll need a third person. 我认为我们不再需要第三个人了。
二、定冠词：
定冠词只有一个：the其发音是：在元音音素前读 /ðI/，在辅音音素前读 /ðә /。
1、定冠词的基本用法：一般情况下，定冠词主要用于特指和类指，例如：
⑴ 表示前面提到过的人或物，例如：There is a chair in the room. An old man is sitting on the chair.房间里有一把椅子，椅子上坐着一位老人。
⑵ 表示谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如：I don’t know the man. Is he your English teacher?我不认识那个人，他是你们的英语老师吗？
⑶ 表示独一无二的事物或方位、时间等，例如：The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕着太阳运行。例如：I saw some birds flying in the sky. 我看到几只鸟在天上飞着。
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⑷ 用在单数可数名词前，表示某一类人或物。例如：The librarian is a person who lends books to others. 图书馆员是借书给他人的人。The cow is a useful animal. (= A cow is a useful animal. / Cows are useful animals.) 奶牛是一种有用的动物。
⑸ 用在用普通名词构成的党派，国家等专有名词以及江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾等专有名词前。例如：They will visit the Great Wall next week. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
⑹ 用在形容词前表示一类人，the +形容词指的是一群人，是一种复数含义，所以其后动词应用复数形式。例如：The old are sick.
⑺ 用在姓名复数形式前表示一家人。例如：The Smiths /The Smith family have moved to London.
2 、定冠词的特殊用法：
⑴ 序数词前一般要用定冠词，例如：This is the first time I have heard of such a thing. 这是我第一次听到这种事情。
注意：序数词前如果有了物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等限定词，不再用定冠词。例如：Is this your first visit to China?这是你第一次访问中国吗? Susan's first thing to do was to have a meal.苏珊要做的第一件事就是进餐。
⑵ 形容词、副词的最高级前要用定冠词。例如：The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。Mike runs (the) fastest of the all the boys.迈克在所有男孩中跑得最快。
⑶ 形容词、副词的比较级前也可以用定冠词，表示“两者中较……的一个”。例如：He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中个子较高的那个。Of the two students Mary works the harder. 在这两个学生中，玛丽学习更努力。
三、零冠词：零冠词是指不用冠词，用于以下场合：
（1）星期、月份、季节、节日前一般不用冠词。但是中国传统节日前习惯用冠词。例如：
All of us like the spring festival. 我们喜欢春节。It’s Sunday today.今天是星期天。Today is Father’s Day. 今天是父亲节。If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
但是如果被一个限制性定语修饰或有表示继续的介词during, through 时与表示一段特定的时间，则在季节前要加定冠词。例如：She came to Shanghai in the spring of 1987. 她是一九八七年春天来上海的。The school was completed in the September of 2000. 这学校是2000年9月落成的。He swims every day during the summer. 他夏天的每一天都游泳。
（2）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Mr. Li is our headmaster. 李先生是我们的校长。
After lunch Aunt Huang came in. 午饭后黄阿姨来了。
（3）各词复数表示一类人或事物时。例如：I like cakes very much. 我非常喜欢蛋糕。Pandas are lovely animals. 熊猫是可爱的动物。
（4）在三餐饭，球类运动与棋类游戏，学科名称的名词前。但若表示某一种或某一个特定的概念时用冠词。例如：He had supper with us yesterday. It’s a very good supper.他昨天和我们吃晚饭，
（5）在物质名词，抽象名词，人名，地名等专有名词和不可数名词前. 但若不可数各词有其它限制词修饰时，则要加定冠词the. 例如: Smith is our teacher. 史密思是我们的老师。
Milk is good for us. 牛奶对我们有好处。The water in the pool is very dirty. 坑里的水很脏。
（6）某些交通工具名称前不用冠词。例如：by train乘火车(=on a train) by ship 乘船(=on a ship)
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by taxi 乘出租车(= in a taxi) by plane乘飞机(=on a plane) by bus乘公交车 (=on a bus) by bike 骑自行车 (=on a bike) by car 小汽车(=in a car) on foot 步行
（7）名词前已有作定语的this, that, these, those, my, your, some, any等限定词时。例如: I want this car, not that car. There is some water in the cup.
（8）两个平行、并列的名词前不用冠词。
例：arm in arm 臂挽臂side by side肩并肩one by one 一个接一个from time to time 时时，不时from east to west 从东到西from beginning to end 自始至终from morning till night 从早到晚hand in hand 手拉手face to face 面对面day by day 一天一天的day and night 日日夜夜step by step 循序渐进from door to door 挨家挨户hour after hour 一个小时又一个小时
（9）零冠词也用于一些固定短语中，例如：at night 在夜里，go to school去上学，make friends with与某人交朋友，lie in bed 躺在床上，travel by air乘飞机旅行，be ill in hospital生病住院。
请注意：它们从形式上看只是多(少)一个冠词而已，便在意义上却截然不同。例如：at table进餐、吃饭at the table 在餐桌旁；在桌边at school 求学at the school 在学校in class 在上课；在课内 in the class 在这个班in hospital 住院in the hospital(因事)在医院里in front of 在---(外部)前面in the front of 在---(内部)前面go to school上学go to the school(因事)去学校take place发生take the place代替in bed（睡、病、躺）在床上in the bed （某物）在床上on earth 究竟on the earth 在地球上a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家a knife and fork一副刀叉 a knife and a fork一个刀子和一个叉子
注意：以下句中的划线部分意思一样：Please fill in the form in pen / with a pen. 请用钢笔填表。
【考题分析】
1．We can’t see ____ sun at ____ night. A. a, / B. a, the C. the, / D. /, the
点拨：sun是独一无二的天体，用定冠词the。at night是固定短语，不用冠词。答案：C
2．We work five days ______ week. A. a B. an C. the D. /
点拨：“每周五天”应说five days a week，其中的不定冠词a有every, each的意思。答案：A
3．More college graduates would like to work in ____ west of our country ____ next year. A. the, the B. /, / C. /, the D. the, /
点拨：通常我们说in the west of，而不说in west of。此外，next year表示“（从现在算起的）明年”，而the next year则是“（从过去某一年算起的）第二年”；据句意，应确定前者。答案：D
4. ______ people here are very friendly to us. A. The B. / C. A D. An
点拨：people是特指这里的, 因此要用定冠词the。答案：A
5.___ book on the desk is ____ useful one．
A．The；an B．A；a C．The；a D．The；／
点拨：答案是 Ｃ。第一条线因为后面有定语on the desk所以是特指，用the 修饰，第二条线上表示一个种类，而且 useful的第一个音素是／j／，不是元音，所以用a
6.He often says ___ rich should help ___ poor．
A．the；a B．a；the C．the；the D．/；/
点拨：答案是Ｃ the 后面接形容词表示一类人。
【巩固练习】
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一、冠词填空：在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词，不需用冠词处划×。
1. There is apple tree and some other trees in the courtyard.
2. Did you come to Nanjing by train or in car?
3. Pollution has been one of most serious problems in world today.
4. Russia is European country and Japan is Asian country.
5. Thousands of people lost their lives in ______ war.
6. Can you play violin? Yes, and sometimes I go to play football with my friends.
7. doctor asked me to take the medicine twice day.
8. There is interesting movie tonight. movie will start at 7:00.
9. Browns live in small town not very far from Boston.
10. This is third time I have come to that city. Would you like fourth time?
11. What ______ interesting stories they are!
12. ______ most of ______ teachers in this school come from ______ north.
13. ______ Spring Festival usually comes after ______ New Year’s Day.
14. She said she would come to see you ______ next month.
15. We usually don’t eat too much for _____ breakfast but always have _____good lunch.
16. John likes to read stories, but he doesn’t like ______ John in this story.
17. The teacher asked them to write the homework in ____ pen, but Mike wrote with ____ pencil.
18. ______ man who tells ______ lies is called a liar.
19. Of the two boys Mike is ______ stronger.
20. It is ______ fun to play snowballs in such ______ frozen weather.
21．There is _______ picture of _______ elephant on _______ wall．
22．This is _______ useful book．I've read it for _______ hour．
23．_______ elephant is much heavier than _______ horse．
24．_______ doctor told him to take _______ medicine three times _______ day．
25．Let's go out for _______ walk．
26．It's too hot．Open _______ door，please．
27．There is _______ woman over there．_______ woman is Meimei's mother．
28．_______ sun rises in _______ east．
29．_______ Changjiang River is _______ longest river in _______ China．
30．Are you going to do it _______ second time？
31．Washington is _______ capital of _______ USA．
32．_______ Turners are living at the end of _______ Turner Street．
33．He joined the army in _______ spring of _______ 1995．
34．______ old man is _____teacher．He likes playing _____basketball after ______ supper．
35．After I had _______ quick breakfast，I hurried to school．
36．Are _______ sheep kept by _______ farmers for producing ______ wool and ______ meat？
37．They went to ______ People's Park，but we both went to ______ People's Cinema yesterday．
38．I often watch _______ TV in _______ evening．
39．_______ day of _______ December 20，1999 is Monday．
40．Tomorrow is _____Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose ______ Christmas tree today．
二、选择填空：
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1．—Does Jim have _______ ruler？ —Yes，he has _______ ．
A．an；some B．a；one C．a；／ D．any；one
2．There is _______ old bike． _______ old bike is Mr. Zhao's．
A．an ；The B．the；An C．a；The D．the；The
3．_______ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay．
A．The B．A C．An D．Two
4．—How many books do you have？
—I have _______book．That's _______English book．
A．a；an B．a；one C．one；an D．one；one
5．At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby．
／ C．a；／ D．／；／
8．_______ useful b A．a B．an C．the D．／
6．_______ tiger is _______ China．
A．The；a B．A；the C．The；from D．The；the
7．We can't see ______ sun at ______ night．
A．the；the B．the；ook it is！
A．What an B．How a C．What a D．What
9．One afternoon he found _____ handbag．There was _____ “s” on the corner of ______ handbag．
A．a；an；the B．a；a；the C．an；an；an D．the；a；a
10．______ old lady with white hair spoke ______English well at _____ meeting．
A．An；an；a B．The；／；an C．The；／；a D．The；／；the
11．______ Great Wall is _____ longest wall in the world．
A．A；a B．The；the C．A；the D．The；a
12．______ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River．
A．The；a B．A；／ C．A；the D．An；the
13．______ woman over there is _______ popular teacher in our school．
A．A；an B．The；a C．The；the D．A；the
14．He used to be _______ teacher but later he turned _______ writer．
A．a；a B．a；the C．／；a D．a；／
15．They made him _______ king．
A．a B．the C．an D．／
16．His father is ______English teacher．He works in our school．
A．a B．an C．the D．／
17．Is he ______ American boy ？
A．an B．a C．one D．／
18．Does Tom often play _______football after ____ school？
A．／；／ B．／；the C．the；／ D．a；／
19．They passed our school _______ day before yesterday．
A．an B．one C．a D．the
20．Australia is _____ English-speaking country．
A．a B．an C．the D．／
21．She has ______ orange skirt．______ skirt is nice．
A．a；The B．an；The C．an；A D．the；The
22．This is _______ apple．It's _______ big apple．
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A．an；a B．a；the C．a；an D．an；the
23．Look at ______ horse over there．
A．a B．an C．the D．／
24．Don't play ____ basketball here．It's dangerous．
A．a B．an C．／ D．the
25．There is _____ old woman in the car．
A．／ B．the C．a D．an
26．Beijing is _______ beautiful city．It's ____ capital of China．
A．a；a B．the；the C．／；the D．a；the
27．Shanghai is in ______ east of China．
A．／ B．an C．a D．the
28．I've been a student there for nearly two and ______ half years．
A．a B．an C．the D．／
29．Bill is _____ English teacher．He likes playing _____ football．
A．a；the B．an；the C．a；／ D．an；／
30．The museum is quite far．It will take you half ___ hour to get there by ___ bus．
A．an；／ B．an；a C．a；／ D．／；／
31. There is ___ “u” and _____ “s” in the word “use”.
A. a, an B. an, a C. an, an D. a, a
32. I saw ____ teachers were having a meeting there.
A. both of B. the all C. the both D. all the
33. ____ second runner wanted to try ____ third time.
A. The, the B. The, a C. A, the D. A, a
34. He sometimes work at ___ night and sleeps in ___ day.
A. /, a B. /, the C. the, / D. a, the
35. This is ___ easy job that I can finish it in half ____ hour.
A. so, an B. a such, a C. an such, one D. such an, an
36. Sharks often attack ______ number of ______ people off the beaches.
A. /, the B. the, the C. a, / D. a, the
37. It took me ____ hour to find ____ useful book.
A. a, an B. an, an C. an, a D. a, a
38. I have been to the Great Wall twice, but I still want to go there ___ third time.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
39. If ____ winter comes, can ____ spring be far behind?
A. the, / B. /, the C. a, a D. /, /
40. Some of ____ girls like to use a pair of ___ scissors.
A. the, / B. /, the C. the, the D. /, /
41. There was ___ accident this morning, but both __ mother and __ child are safe.
A. an, a, a B. the, the, the C. an, the, the D. an, /, /
42. We come to school by ______, and they come on ______.
A. bikes, feet B. bus, the foot C. buses, the feet D. bike, foot
参考答案：
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一、冠词填空：
1. an, / 2. /, a 3. /, the, the 4. a, an 5. /, the 6. the, / 7. The, a 8. an, The 9. The, a, / 10. the, a 11. / 12. /, the, the 13. The, / 14. the 15. /, a 16. the 17. /, a 18. A, / 19. the 20. /, a 21．a；an；the 22．a；an。第一个空的a是泛指，第二个空的an是指“一小时”。 23．An；a。这两个空都是泛指，故都用不定冠词。 24．The；the；a。前两个空都是特指，故填the；后一个空中的a相当于every或each，three times a day意为“一天三次”。 25．a。go out for a walk意为“出去散步”。 26．the 27．a；The。前者泛指，后者特指。 28．The；the。第一个空用the表示太阳是世界上独一无二的物体；第二个空用the是因为在方位词的前面一般用定冠词。 29．The；the，×。第一空用the是因为在河流名称的前面用定冠词；第二空用the是因为在形容词最高级前面用定冠词；第三空“零”冠词是因为专有名词前一般不加冠词。 30．a。a second time意为“再一次”、“另一次”。the second time意为“第二次”。此句填a是表示动作的重复，而不能用the（表顺序）。 31．the；the。第一个the是特指美国的首都。第二个the是在由普通名词构成的专有名词前应加定冠词。
32．The。“the ＋姓氏的复数”表示“一家人”或“夫妻二人”。由普通名词构成的专有名词前应加the。33．the；×。表示在某一年的季节名称前应加定冠词。 34．The a；×；×。在球类名称前不加冠词。泛指的三餐名称前不加冠词。 35．a。三餐名称前若有形容词，则可在形容词前加冠词，此处是泛指，故用a。36.×；×；×；×。此句意为“农民养羊是为了产毛和肉吗？”前两个空也可填定冠词，意为：“那些农民养的那些羊是为了产毛和肉吗？” 37.the；the。普通名词构成的专有名词前应加the。 38.×；the。TV前不加冠词。“早、午、晚”名词前加冠词。39.The；×；×。第一空是特指。日期名词前不加冠词。40.×；a
二、选择填空：
1．B。第一空是泛指；第二空的one是不定代词，用以替代前面的ruler。2．A 3．C。这是一句谚语，意思是“一天吃一个苹果，用不着看医生。” 4．C。one强调数量，用以回答“How many．．．？”问句；第二个空是泛指，故用an。 5．A。one虽以元音字母开头，但以辅音音素［w］开头，故填a。 6．C。此句意为：“这只老虎来自中国。” 7．B。在“太阳、月亮、地球”的前面一般都加定冠词the；at night“在夜晚”，注意该短语中没有冠词。
8C 9．A。“s”虽为辅音字母，但却以元音音素［e］开头，故填an。10．D。第一个空填the，是特指那个“白发老太太”；第二个空不填冠词，是因为在语言名称前面一般不加冠词。English后面如有language，就得说the English language。“在会议上”应为at the meeting。
11．B。the Great Wall长城。12．C。第一个空是泛指，用a；第二个空是河流名称，故用the。13．B。第一个空：“那边的那个妇女”，是特指；第二个空是指那个妇女的身份、职业，是泛指。14．D。第一个空是泛指；第二个空用“零冠词”是因为turn后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。15．D。表示某人的职位时可用“零冠词”。16．B17．A 18．A。after school放学以后。19．D。the day before yesterday前天。 20．B21．B。第一空泛指，第二空特指。22．A。两个空都是泛指。 23．C 24．C 25．D 26．D 27．D。in the east of在某地区（内）的东部。28．A。two and a half years也可说成two years and a half，意思都是“两年半”。 29D 30A。half an hour半小时，by bus乘公共汽车31—35 ADBBD 36—40 CCBDA 41—42 CD
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