Unit 13 lesson 1 & warm up
【教学目标】
1、学习并掌握重点单词、短语、句型
2 会分析复杂结构的句子,正确理解句义
3、提高学生的阅读理解能力
【知识梳理】及【典型例题】
lesson 1 & warm up重点单词、短语、句型讲解
1. connection n.联系;连接(教材P7)
Connection to the gas supply was delayed for three days.
接通煤气延迟了三天。
His job is in connection with business.
他从事与商业有关的工作。
常见的结构
①connection between...and...……与……的联系
in connection with 与……有关
have a connection/no connection with 和……有/无联系
②connect v.(使)连接;与……有联系;联运
connect...with...把……和……联系起来
connect...and/with/to...把……和……连接起来
be connected with 与……有联系
③connected adj.相连的;有关系的
Tell me all you know in connection with that matter.
把你知道的关于那件事的所有情况都告诉我。
The two ideas are closely connected,and should be dealt with together.这两种观点关系密切,应一起讨论。
当堂检测
当堂检测
用connect的适当形式填空
①What is the ________between the two ideas?
2.come up with 提出;想出;产生;
Analyse your problems and come up with a plan to improve your grade.(教材P8)
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分析你的问题,找出一个提高分数的计划。
She came up with a new idea for increasing sales.
她想出了增加销售量的新主意。
How soon can you come up with the money?
你什么时候能拿出这笔钱?
come about 发生
come across 偶然遇到
come into being 形成
come into effect 开始生效
How did it come about that humans speak so many different languages?人类能说这么多种不同的语言这种情况是怎么产生的呢?
I came across some old photos in the attic.
我在阁楼里偶然翻到了一些老照片。
【对接高考】
(2011·安徽高考)If you________faults but you still want the bicycle,ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.
A.come across B.care about
C.look for D.focus upon
【解析】 句意:如果你发现你想要买的这辆自行车有瑕疵,但是你仍想要买这辆,就让服务员降价。come across 发现,看到,符合句意。care about 在意,关心;look for 寻找;focus upon集中注意力于。
【答案】 A
当堂检测
用come的短语填空
①How did the earth ________?
②Many a quarrel has _______ through a misunderstanding.
③I ________ an old friend at the party last night.
3.draw up 起草;草拟
Draw up an agenda and discuss it with the group.(教材P8)草拟一个日程,和你的小组成员讨论。
I think we can draw up a tentative plan now.
我认为我们现在可以先草拟一个试验性方案。
draw back 收回(已付关税等);往回跑,退却;撤回,取消(建议、计划、诺言等)
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At the sight of the snake,he draw back in horror.
一看到蛇,他惊恐地向后退。
当堂检测
用draw有关的短语完成句子
1、草了一个开发欧洲新市场的计划。
He________a project for developing new markets in Europe.
2、国决不会收回已作出的许诺。
China will never________what she has promised.
4.Professor Salovey,who invented the term EQ,gives the following description;At work,it_is IQ that gets you hired but it is EQ that gets you promoted.(教材P8)提出“情商”这一说法的萨洛维教授指出,在工作上,一个人的智商决定了他能否被录用,而情商则决定了他能否得到提拔。
此句用到了It is/was...that...强调句式,被强调的成分在句中当主语。
It is that tree that saved their lives in the flood.
正是那棵树在洪水中救了他们的命。
It is Chinese President Xi Jinping's speech that encourages everyone attending the conference.国家主席习近平的讲话鼓舞了出席这次会议的每一个人。
①强调句型的基本结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分”。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、宾语补足语和大部分状语,被强调的成分表示人时,that和who均可用,否则只用that。
②一般疑问句式:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他?
③特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他?
④not until强调句式:It is/was not until...+that+其他。
【提示】 强调句型与定语从句的主要区别是:若删去It is/was...that/who,句子依然成立,是为强调结构,否则就是定语从句。
口诀巧记强调句型:强调结构并不难,that/who在中间;除了定、表不强调,谓语强调句式变;not until必考题,否定强调把你难;疑问强调莫忽视,基本形式记心间。
【对接高考】
(2012·重庆高考)It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic________Zheng He had sailed to East Africa.
A.when B.that
C.after D.since
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当堂检测
完成句子
①正是王教授教我们英语。
________________ teaches us English.
6.deserve vt.值得;应得
For example,have you ever wondered why some of the smartest students in your class ,who you think deserve good grades,sometimes end up failing exams?(教材P8)
例如,你有没有想过为什么你们班有些最聪明的学生,本应当得高分,有时反而考试不及格?
You deserve a rest after all that hard work.
辛苦工作那么久了,你该休息一下。
She deserved to win/winning because she was the best.
她理应赢,因为她是最优秀的。
deserve doing/to be done 值得做某事
deserve to do sth.应该做某事
deserve attention/consideration 值得注意/考虑
He deserves to be punished.=He deserves punishing.
他应受惩罚。
He has worked very hard and deserves to pass the exams.
他学习很努力,考试及格是应该的。
【提示】 deserve to be done=deserve doing,其中用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义,该用法与need,require,want相同。
当堂检测
完成句子
他的事迹值得赞扬。
His deeds ________________.
7.failure n.失败;失败者;不足;破产
Perhaps their failure is because of their low EQ.(教材P8)
可能他们的失败是由于他们的低情商。
As a musician,he was a failure,but as an artist,he was a great success.作为音乐家,他是个失败者,但作为艺术家,他非常成功。
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Failure is the mother of success.【谚】失败是成功之母。
①end in failure
②fail v.失败
fail to do sth.没有能够做成某事
fail in doing sth.没有能够做成某事
All their efforts ended in failure.
他们的一切努力以失败告终。
I failed to persuade him.=I failed in persuading him.
我没能说服他。
His memory/eyesight/health is failing.
他的记忆力/视力/健康状况正在衰退。
【提示】 failure作不可数名词时是“失败”;作可数名词时是“失败的人或事”。
当堂检测
完成句子
①他是一个事业失败的人。
He is ________ at his career.
②物理课上,他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。
In the physics class,he ________ what Professor Wang was talking about.
8.mistaken adj.错误的
People are often mistaken in thinking that those with high IQs always have high EQs as well.(教材P8)
人们经常错误地认为高智商的人也通常拥有高情商。
You are totally mistaken.Oil and water will not mix.
你完全错了,油和水不能相融。
John's friends said he was mistaken,but he stood his ground.约翰的朋友说他搞错了,但他坚持他的立场。
be mistaken about sb. 误会某人
mistake v. 弄错;误解n.(意见、想法或行为上的)错误
by mistake 由疏忽、健康等所致;错误地
mistake sb./sth.for...误认为某人(物)为……
make mistakes =make a mistake
I thought it was an accident ,but I was mistaken.
我认为那是一场意外,但我搞错了。
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You are completely mistaken about him.
你完全误会他了。
当堂检测
完成句子
你误会他了。
You are________________him.
9.It_is_generally_believed_that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life.(教材P9)人们通常认为,那些拥有高情商的人往往善于接受新观点,并且对人生有着积极的处世态度。
本句使用了“It be+v.ed+that 从句”结构。英语中,在不便或不必指明某看法、说法或消息的来源时,往往使用“It be+v.ed+that从句”结构。此结构中it是形式主语,that从句是真正的主语。常见的用于这种结构的动词有:believe,think,say,report,hope,expect,suggest,require,order,know等。
It is hoped that you'll get everthing ready.
希望你们把一切准备好。
It is said that she is good at singing and dancing.
据说她能歌善舞。
以上句式可转换为以下几种表达(以It is said that sb.do sth.为例):
It is said that sb.do sth.
=Sb.is said to do/have done sth.
It is said that greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.
=Greenhouse gases are said to be the main cause of global warming.
=People say that greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.
据说温室气体是全球变暖的主要原因。
It作形式主语的句型一般可归纳为:
(1)It is clear/obvious/true/possible that...……是清楚的/显然的/真的/可能的。
It's very clear that he's against the plan.
很显然他反对这项计划。
(2)It is important/necessary/strange...that... ……是重要的/有必要的/奇怪的。
It is important that we should learn English well.
重要的是我们应当学好英语。
【注意】 此句型中从句要使用虚拟语气。
当堂检测
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完成句子
据报道,这里将新建一家医院。
①________a new hospital will be built here.
=A new hospital________be built here.
10.On the other hand,there_is_little_doubt_that people with low EQs often have problems getting on with other people and dealing with difficult situations;thus they have a harder time surviving in life.(教材P9)另一方面,毫无疑问低情商的人经常在与别人相处和处理困难局面时有问题,因此他们会生活得比较艰难。
在there is little doubt that...结构中that引导的是同位语从句,对doubt内容进行解释说明。
There is no doubt that they will agree with you on this matter.毫无疑问,他们在这件事上会同意你的意见。
There is some doubt whether their football team will win the match.
他们的足球队会不会赢得这场比赛还不确定。
①doubt用作名词,表示“怀疑、不确定、疑惑”,后面接同位语从句时,肯定句通常用whether/if引导,否定句、疑问句通常用that引导。常用句型:
There is no/little doubt that...毫无疑问……
There is (some) doubt if/whether...不确定是否……
②doubt用作动词,表示“不确信,怀疑”,后接宾语从句时,肯定句通常用whether/if引导,否定句、疑问句通常用that引导。常用句型:
I doubt if/whether...我不敢肯定……
I don't doubt that...我确信……
He doubts if she will keep her word.
他不敢肯定她是否会遵守诺言。
I don't doubt that he can finish the task on time.
我相信他能按时完成任务。
【对接高考】
(2012·江苏高考)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,________?
A.is there B.isn't there C.is he D.isn't he
当堂检测
完成句子
①毫无疑问,成功在于勤奋。
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________________success lies in diligence.
12.in terms of 谈及;就……而言;在……方面
Some are trying to study the possibility of improving a person's EQ,especially in terms of“people skills”,such as understanding and comunication.(教材P9)
一些人试图研究提高情商的可能性,特别是“人际技能”方面的情商,例如理解和沟通能力。
The job is great in terms of salary,but it also has disadvantages.
就薪水而言,这份工作不错,但也有一些不利之处。
term n.学期,期限;条款,条件;术语
in one's terms 在某人看来;根据某人的观点
in general terms 概括地,大体上,一般来说
on good/bad terms with 与某人关系好/坏
in the long/short term 从长远/短期的观点看
come to terms with 与……达成协议,和解;妥协;让步
We are on good terms with our neighbors.
我们与邻居和睦相处。
当堂检测
完成句子
就额外的员工来说,我们将需要多少人?
________ extra staff—how many will we need
13.The results of studies such as these show that EQ is_as_important,if_not_more_important_than IQ.(教材P9)像这样的研究结果表明,即使情商不比智商更重要,至少也与智商同样重要。
be as+adj.,if not+比较级+than...表示“如果不比……,至少也和……一样……”。该句型中既含有同级比较,又含有比较级。其中,if not more important than IQ是状语从句的省略,相当于if it is not more important than IQ。
He is as fat, if not fatter than her.
他即使没有她胖,但至少跟她一样胖。
John plays basketball as well as,if not better than,Tom.如果不比汤姆打得好的话,约翰篮球打得和汤姆一样好。
归纳拓展:
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在while,when,until,unless,if,once等引导的状语从句中:①如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且从句的谓语部分含有系动词或助动词be时,则可以省略从句的主语和be;②如果从句的主语为it,谓语部分为系动词be时,亦可以省略it is/was
When (I was) a boy,I looked at such things quite differently.
我小时候对这些事物的看法是完全不同的。
Don't speak until(you are)spoken to.
别人没有跟你讲话,你就不要开口。
If (it is)necessary,ring me at home.
如果有需要的话,往我家里打电话。
当堂检测
完成句子
①如果属实,那很重要。
That is important,____________.
②英语书即便有,也很少。
There are few,__________,English books.
【答案】 ①if(it is)true ②if any
14.accuse vt.控告;谴责
Accused of stealing money,the man was brought to court.(教材P9)那个人因被指控偷了钱而被带上法庭。
He was accused of murder.
有人指控他谋杀。
She accused him of stealing her watch.
她控告他偷她的表。
归纳拓展:
accuse sb.of sth.指控某人做某事
be accused as...作为……而被控告
the accused 被告;刑事被告
accusation n.指控;控告;指责
Mr.Smith accused her of lying.
史密斯先生指责她说谎。
Tom was accused as an accomplice,but he wasn't involved in it.汤姆被指控为同犯,但他没有参与那件事。
The accused was declared innocent.
被告人被宣布无罪。
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accuse/charge
accuse
指控,控告;指责
accuse sb.of sth.
控告某人某事
charge
控告;索价;收费
charge sb.with sth.
控告某人某事
When he was accused of the theft,he turned red.
当有人指控他犯有盗窃罪时,他的脸涨得通红。
The suspect was charged with murdering his wife.
嫌疑犯被控诉谋杀他的妻子。
英语中有很多重点动词构成“动词+sb.+of sth.”结构,请同学们务必记住!
warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事
cure sb.of...治愈某人……
convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事
suspect sb.of sth.怀疑某人某事
rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物
remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事
inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事
rid sb.of sth.使某人摆脱某事
当堂检测
在下列句子中填入适当的介词
①My neighbor was charged________kidnapping children.
②The young man was accused________killing the millionaire.
【答案】 ①with ②of
语法专讲
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子,体会过去分词的用法,根据语法特点填空。
①At work,it is IQ that gets you hired but it is EQ that gets you promoted.
②Supported_by_his_academic_research,Professor Salovey suggests that when predicting someone's future success,their character,as measured by EQ tests,might actually matter more than their IQ.
③Professor Mayer recognised_by_many_as_a_leading_expert_in_the_study_of_changes_to_people's_EQs,recently announced the results of a study on senior high school students.
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由以上三个句子可知过去分词(短语)在句子中可以作________,________,________,并与其逻辑主语构成________关系。
【答案】 宾语补足语 状语 定语 完成或被动
过去分词
一、过去分词的构成
规则动词的过去分词是在动词词尾加ed,不规则动词的过去分词有其不规则的变化规则。例如:leap→leapt,keep→kept,lay→laid,know→known等,这些不规则变化需要单独强化记忆。
二、过去分词本身的含义
过去分词含有“被动”或“完成”的意思。
a broken heart 一颗破碎的心
a ploughed field 犁过的田地
a risen sun 已升起的太阳
三、过去分词的句法作用
1.过去分词作表语
过去分词置于系动词之后,作表语。相当于形容词,说明主语的状态或表示被动概念。一般后面带介词短语,有些形容词化的过去分词前可加very。常见的过去分词作表语的有:annoyed,excited,pleased,puzzled,worried,amazed,amused,astonished,delighted,disappointed,frightened,closed,retired,surprised等。
My hope is gone.我的希望破灭了。
He is very excited at the news.
听到这个消息他很激动。
She looked disappointed.她看上去很失望。
要把动词的过去分词形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的过去分词表示状态,被动语态中的过去分词表示动作。
The book is well written.
这本书写得很好。(系表结构,表示主语的特点或所处的状态)
The book was written by Lu Xun.
这本书是鲁迅写的。(被动结构,表示被动的动作)
2.过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况
①前置定语
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单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。
A类:被动意义:
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受伤的工人们现正在医院受到良好的照料。
B类:完成意义:
a retired teacher 一位退休的教师
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.
他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
②后置定语
过去分词(短语)作后置定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(=that has ever been written).
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
Who were the socalled guests invited(= that had been invited)?被邀请的所谓的客人是谁?
A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.今天寄的信或许后天他能收到。
【提示】 ①及物动词的过去分词作定语时,表示一个被动且完成的动作;不及物动词的过去分词作定语时,只表示一个完成的动作。
②分词短语作定语只能作后置定语。
a question discussed yesterday=a question which was discussed yesterday(discuss为及物动词,表示动作的被动和完成)一个昨天讨论过的问题
the fallen leaves on the ground=the leaves which have fallen on the ground(fall为不及物动词,表示动作已完成)落在地面上的树叶
3.过去分词作宾语补足语
动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时表明宾语是该动词的作用对象,动词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词see,hear,feel,notice,find,watch,observe,smell,look at,listen to等,使役动词have,get,make等,以及其他类动词,如keep,leave,like,want,wish等。
We found her greatly changed.
我们发现她大大地改变了。
The teacher explained the problem several times but still couldn't make himself
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understood.
这个问题老师解释了好几遍,学生们还是不明白。
【提示】 have/get sth.done 结构的用法:
①表示主语的意图,让别人为自己做某事,但别人是谁,往往不加说明。
I'll have/get my watch repaired.
我将叫人把我的手表修理一下。
注意:有时主语也可能参与完成或解决某事。
We'll have/get the house repaired.
我们将要修一下房子。
②have sth.done还可表示主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情。
He had his leg broken while playing football.
他踢足球时摔断了腿。
注意:have sth.done 不总是使役结构。
I have no money left.我没有剩余的钱了。(句中的have是“有”的意思,left是定语)
在have和get两个动词后,用过去分词作宾补,表示特殊的含义。
I'm going to have/get all the letters mailed.我要去邮寄所有这些信件。(自己寄或找人寄)
I had my bike broken on half way home.
在回家的半路上,我的自行车坏了。
(遭受某种不愉快或不幸,此时只能用have不能用get)
4.过去分词作状语
1)过去分词作状语。该分词短语相当于一个状语从句;当我们把该分词短语转变为一个状语从句时,该从句应该具备两个特征:
(1)从句中的主语和主句中的主语必须一致。
(2)从句谓语动词为被动语态形式。
Given another hour,I could also work out this problem.
(=If I was given another hour,I could also work out this problem.)
如果再给我一个小时,我也能解出这道题。
2)过去分词可用来作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随状语:
Seriously injured,she had to be taken to the hospital.
(表原因)由于伤势严重,只好把她送往医院。
United,we stand;divided,we fail.(表条件)
团结则存,分裂则亡。
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Although exhausted after a long journey,she contin ued to work.(表让步)
虽然长途旅行后很疲惫,她仍旧继续工作。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest,followed by his dog.(表伴随)
猎人在森林里慢慢地走着,后面跟着他的狗。
【提示】 ①状语从句改成过去分词作状语时,有时还可保留从属连词,构成从属“连词+过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination,you should keep calm.
当你接受体检时要保持镇定。
②部分过去分词相当于形容词,作状语时不表示“被动关系”,而表示主语所处的状态。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost in(陷入某种状态),seated(坐着的),hidden(躲着),stationed(驻扎),lost/absorbed(沉溺于),born in(出身于),dressed in (穿着),tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought,he didn't hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考中,所以他没有听到那个声音。
作状语的过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语要和句子的主语相一致,否则,就要用独立主格结构或相应的状语从句表达。
(3)过去分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,否则,分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语,这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词的独立结构。过去分词的独立结构通常在句中作状语,可表示时间、原因、条件等。如:
More time given,we could have done it much better.
如果给我们更多时间,我们本能做得好得多的。
All considered,you can start the work.
如果一切都已考虑周全的话,你可以开始这项工作了。
当堂练习 Ⅰ.单项填空
1.(2012·山东高考)After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope________.
A.providing B.provided
C.having provided D.provide
【解析】 句意:在填完表格并署名以后,请把它放在被提供的信封里返还到我们这里。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。设空处的非谓语动词和envelope是被动关系,且作后置定语,选B。
【答案】 B
2.(2012·湖南高考)Time,________correctly,is money in the bank.
A.to use B.used
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C.using D.use
【解析】 句意:时间,如果被正确使用,就犹如银行中的存款。考查非谓语动词作状语。主语time与use为逻辑上的被动关系,四个选项中只有B项表示被动,故为答案。“used correctly”相当于条件状语从句if it is used correctly。
【答案】 B
3.(2012·湖南高考)The lecture,________at 7∶00 p.m. last night,was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A.starting B.being started
C.to start D.to be started
【解析】 句意:讲座昨晚7点开始,接下来是用望远镜观测月球。考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰词the lecture与start(不及物动词)为逻辑上的主动关系,现在分词短语starting at 7∶00 p.m. last night相当于一个非限制性定语从句which started at 7∶00 p.m. last night。to start表示将来的动作,与语境不符。如果将start用作及物动词,那么start与the lecture为被动关系,但是本句中表示完成,需用过去分词,而四选项中并没有过去分词形式。
【答案】 A
4.We finished the run in less than half the time________.
A.allowing B.to allow
C.allowed D.allows
【解析】 本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。过去分词allowed作后置这语表示被动,相当于which was allowed。
【答案】 C
5.Lucy has a great sense of humor and alway keeps her colleagues________with her stories.
A.amused B.amusing
C.to amuse D.to be amused
【解析】 句意:露西很有幽默感,她总是用她的故事使同事笑起来。考查过去分词作宾语补足语。本题考查结构“keep+宾语+宾补”,根据句意可知宾语与它后面的动词构成被动关系,故选过去分词作宾语补足语。
【答案】 A
6.________the best in a recent science competition,the three students were awarded scholarships________21,000 dollars.
A.Judge;totaling B.To be judged;totaled
C.Having judged;to total D.Judging;would total
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【解析】 句意:这三个学生在最近的一项科学竞赛中被评为最佳学生,并被授予总计达21,000美元的奖学金。judge的逻辑主语是the three students,而这三个学生是被评为最佳学生,所以应该使用过去分词作状语表示原因。第二个空考查的是现在分词作后置定语,total意为“总计达”。
【答案】 A
7.Most of the people________to the party were famous scientists.
A.invited B.to invite
C.being invited D.inviting
【解析】 句意:绝大部分被邀请参加聚会的人是著名的科学家。people和invite之间是被动关系,故排除B、D两项;C项表示“正在被邀请”,不符合语境。故选A。
【答案】 A
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