Unit15 lesson2 and lesson3
●教学目标
1．熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
2．通过案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
3．听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。
4．通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识，能够熟练掌握虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用。
●知识梳理
so that也可以引导结果状语从句，意为“结果……；因此……；以致……”。但作此用法时，一般不与can，could，be able to连用。
Nothing was heard of her，so that she was thought to be dead.没有听到任何关于她的消息，因此人们认为她已经死了。
Man has killed too many animals，so that there are fewer and fewer kinds of animals left.
人类猎杀了过多的动物，结果动物的种类越来越少。
【提示】 so that引导的目的状语从句常不用逗号；而引导结果状语从句需用逗号与主句隔开。
完成句子
①他们动身早，以便能赶上早班车They left early___________________________________________________________.
②他学习努力，因此通过了这次考试。
He worked hard，________________________________________________________________.【答案】 ①so that they could catch the early bus
②so that he passed the exam
2．alternative adj.可选择的；另类的 n．可供选择的事物；可供……
Jack had a“traditional”education and Nicholas had an“alternative”one.(教材P38)杰克接受了“传统”教育，而尼古拉斯 则接受了“可选择的”教育。
I offered the alternative suggestions of spending the vacation in the mountains or by the sea.
我提议这次假期不是到山上就是到海边去。
If payment is not received legal action will be our only alternative.
如果我们收不到付款，起诉将是我们唯一的选择。
All our hotels have been carefully selected for the excellent value they provide.
我们住的旅馆都是精心挑选的，最为合算。
You can choose a book from these.
你可以从这些书中选一本。
I have picked out the bad potatoes from the basket.
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我已从篮子里把烂土豆拣出来了。
用select，pick out，choose填空
①He looked through the suits and ________the cheapest one for me.
②________ all the words in the poem that suggest despair.
③He ________his words carefully，hoping to avoid a quarrel.
【答案】 ①selected ②Pick out ③chose
6．to a certain extent在某种程度上
To a certain extent，you're right.(教材P39)
从某种程度上来说，你是正确的。
He breaks the law to a certain extent.
从某种程度上来说，他犯了法。
Opencut mining will destroy the ecological environment to a certain extent.
露天开采在一定程度上会造成生态环境破坏。
to some extent多少；有些
to such an extent that...达到此种程度以至于/甚至……to what extent/degree达到什么程度
to a degree有些；稍微
to a high degree非常；极
The carpet was badly stained，to such an extent that you couldn't tell its original colour.
这块地毯已经脏得辨认不出原来的颜色了。
The film was boring to a degree.
这部影片非常枯燥。
完成句子
①他变得简直让我认不出来了。
He has changed________________that I no longer recognized him.
②这在多大程度上符合所有学校的情况？
________________，is this true of all schools?
【答案】 ①to such an extent ②To what extent/degree
7．set off引起爆炸；导致；出发
I remember that he let me pour some powder into the rocket and then another student lit a flame to set it off.(教材P40)我记得他让我把一些火药倒入火箭内，然后另外一个学生点火把它发射出去。
Our drifting team will set off after a while.
一会儿我们的漂流队伍就要出发了。
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A gang of boys were setting off fireworks in the street.
一帮男孩子正在街上放烟火。
set out(to do)着手做……；出发；动身
set about...(doing)着手做……
set up创立，成立；创(纪录)
set down放下；记下；写下
set aside留出，省出；把……放在一边
She set out to break the world record.
她一心努力要打破世界纪录。
We need to set about finding a solution.
我们需要着手寻找一个解决办法。
We try to set aside some money every month.
我们每个月都尽量存点钱。
重点短语
set sail起航
set back推迟，延误
set sb.free释放某人
set foot in/on到达，进入；参观
set forth出发，动身
set to开始干起来；开始
【对接高考】
(2012·浙江高考)Armed with the information you have gathered，you can________preparing your business plan.
A．set out B．set about
C．set off D．set up
【解析】 句意：有了你所收集的信息，你可以开始准备你的商业计划了。此题考查动词词组辨析。set about doing sth.开始做某事，符合句意。set out后面要跟动词不定式；set off出发，启程，后面要跟动词不定式或介词，如：“I'll set off early to avoid the traffic jam.”或“Jerry and I set off for the beach on foot.”set up“创立，建立”，后面常跟名词。
【答案】 B
用介词、副词填空
①When shall we set________the temple?
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②They set______working as soon as they got there.
③When the sun set ________，we went home.
④Who set________this school?【答案】 ①off/out for ②about ③down ④up
8．I know that I wasn't a willing student and I_shouldn't_have_been_so_difficult at school，but it was probably because I lacked confidence in myself.(教材P40)我知道我不是一个特别上进的学生，我知道我本来不该这么叛逆，但那也许是因为我太缺乏自信了。(1)should have done sth.意为“本应该做某事而实际未做”，其否定式意为“本不应该做某事而做了”。
You should have helped him fully.
你本应全力帮助他。
He shouldn't have gone there so early.
他不该那么早去那里。
①should have＋过去分词 有时表示“竟然做……”的语气。
②needn't have＋过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于“didn't need to do”，意为“其实没必要做……”。
③ought to have＋过去分词，表示动作按理该发生，但实际上未发生。
④could have＋过去分词，表示过去本能够做却未做。
He should have done it like that！他竟敢那样做！
It's fine today，You needn't have taken the umbrella.
今天天气不错，你真没有必要带上雨伞的。
You could have handed in your homework on time.
你本能按时交上作业的。
【知识精讲】
其他“情态动词＋have done”结构聚集：
must have done一定做了……(对过去的肯定情况把握较大的推测)
can't have done不可能做了……(对过去的否定情况把握较大的推测)
might have done本可能做……而没有做(表示责备、惋惜之情)；可能已经做了……(对过去的情况进行推测)
may have done可能已经做了……(对过去情况的推测)
【对接高考】
(2012·北京高考)We________the difficulty together，but why didn't you tell me?
A．should face B．might face
C．could have faced D．must have faced
【解析】 句意：我们本来可以一起面对困难的，但是为什么你不告诉我？本题考查情态动词表可能性。根据题干中didn't 可知语境为过去，空格处表示“本来能够……”，故选择C项。A项和B项的时态与语境不符；D项表示对过去事情的肯定推测，语气过于肯定，与句意不符。
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【答案】 C
完成句子
①你本该昨天把这项任务完成的。
You____________this task yesterday.
②你本没必要把这件事告诉她的。
You ____________ her the thing.
【答案】 ①should have finished ②needn't have told
(2)lack v．& n. 缺乏；没有
We never lack food and clothing if we're willing to work.如果我们愿意工作，就不会缺吃少穿。
But they could not finish their work because they lacked money.但是因为缺钱，他们无法完成这一项工作。
for lack of因缺乏……
have no lack of不缺乏……
lack for缺乏
be lacking in缺乏
(a) lack of...缺乏……
They lacked for nothing.他们无所需求。
The child seems to be lacking in intelligence.
这孩子似乎智力低下。
Lack of job opportunities results in severe unemployment.工作机会的缺乏导致严重的失业现象。
【对接高考】
(2010·福建高考)More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities ________space.
A．in search of B．in place of
C．for lack of D．for fear of
【解析】 句意“因为缺乏空间，在城市里越来越多的高层建筑被建起来了。”“in search of表示“寻找”，in place of表示“代替”，for lack of表示“因缺乏”，for fear of表示“害怕”。
【答案】 C
用lack的短语填空
③She showed________humor.
④He cannot buy it________money.
⑤He________responsibility.
【答案】 ③a lack of ④for lack of ⑤lacks/is lacking in
9．access n．接近或进入之路
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The thing about being a teacher is that you have access to children's minds when they are open and eager to learn.(教材P40)一个老师的职责就是当孩子们渴望学习时你能够进入他们的内心(理解他们)。
Only high officials had access to the president.
只有高级官员才有机会见到总统。
There is no access to the street through that door.
那个门不通向大街。
①access to＋n. 通往……的入口
have/get/gain access to拥有使用/接近……的机会
give(sb.)access to准许(某人)使用或见……
②accessible adj.可接近的；可进入的；可使用的
be accessible to sb.某人可接近/使用/进入
You can easily get access to him.你能很容易接近他。
The court gave him access to his child at weekends.
法庭准许他周末看看孩子。
The only access to that cottage is across the farmland.
到达农舍的唯一通路是穿过农田。
完成句子
①他们无法获得干净的水和食物。
They don't__________________clean water and food.
②大部分的学校都使用计算机和互联网。
Most schools________________computers and the Internet.
【答案】 ①have access to ②have access to
10．worthwhile adj.值得努力的
And if what I do as a teacher can help turn a child like Graham into such a successful adult，then I know what I'm doing is worthwhile.(教材P40)
作为老师如果我所做的能够帮助一个像格雷厄姆这样的孩子变成如此成功的成年人，那么我知道我所做的一切都是值得的。
The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.
她脸上的笑容使得这一切都非常值得。
And you'll meet people who make you feel worthwhile again.你会再次遇到你觉得值得你付出的人。
You ought to spend more of your time on some worthwhile reading.你应该多花点时间做些有价值的阅读。
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worthwhile/worth/worthy
worthwhile
It is worthwhile doing/to do sth.值得做某事
worth
be worth doing...……值得被做
be worth sth.值得……
worthy
be worthy of＋n.……值得……
b be worthy of being done某事值得被做
B be worthy to be done某事值得被做
It is worthwhile to discuss the plan again.
这个计划值得再讨论一次。
If a thing is worth doing，it is worth doing well.
如果一件事情值得你去做，那么也值得你去把它做好。
His behaviour is worthy of great praise.
＝His behaviour is worthy of being praised.
＝His behaviour is worthy to be praised.
他的行为应该受到高度赞扬。
用worthwhile，worth，worthy填空
①The film is so moving that it is________seeing again.
②His achievements are________of record.
③Teaching is considered a________job in many countries.
【答案】 ①worth ②worthy ③worthwhile
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用。
①I wish I was successful with all my students as I was with Graham.
②My wife often wishes that I had_chosen a job with less stress but I love what I do.
1．wish后常接宾语从句，从句一般用________语气，表示一种不可能实现的________。
2．如果从句表示与现在事实情况相反，则谓语动词用
________，be 的形式用________但在单数人称中也可用was；与过去事实情况相反，则谓语动词用________。
【答案】 1.虚拟；愿望 2.过去时；were；过去完成时
虚拟语气
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一、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1．用于宾语从句中
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词的构成形式为：
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.我多么希望我是一只小鸟，能在空中自由地飞翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多么希望我昨天碰到了那个电影明星。
(2)用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中，常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.他建议我们明天早点出发。
The doctor ordered that the patient (should) be sent to hospital without delay.
医生命令不要延误，马上送病人到医院。
They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.
他们坚持要那个男孩和他们一起去。
(3)在would rather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其谓语动词用过去式。
I would rather they didn't hear of the news.
我宁愿他们没听到这个消息。
(4)当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持认为”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式，而使用陈述语气形式。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他从来没有偷过钱。
2．用于主语从句中
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off till next week.大家建议把会议推迟到下周。
It is strange that he should have acted toward his parents like that.很奇怪，他竟然那样对待他的父母。(act动作在主句谓语动词is动作之前，要用should have＋过去分词)
注意 以上句式也可以用陈述语气。
It's strange that he didn't come yesterday.
真奇怪，他昨天没来。
It's a pity that you can't dance.
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真遗憾，你不能跳舞。
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should＋动词原形”。
My idea is that we should think it over before accepting the plan.我的意见是我们接受这个计划之前应三思。
We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing.
我们都同意他的建议，应去大连旅游。
二、as if/as though用在虚拟语气中
如果as if引导的从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生，as if从句用过去时；如果as if从句谓语动词先于主句谓语动词，as if从句谓语动词用过去完成时；如果as if从句谓语动词后于主句谓语动词，as if从句用过去将来时。
He looks as if he were an artist.
(同时)他看起来好像是个艺术家。
She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.(先于)她的英语说得如此流利，好像她在美国学过英语似的。
三、虚拟语气用于定语从句中
It is (high) time (that)．..句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形(其中should不能省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该……”，用来提议。
It is (high) time that you went to school.
该是你上学的时间了。
It is (high) time that we should start out.
我们该出发了。
四、用于if only引导的感叹句中
If only I were a flying bird!
＝How I wish I were a flying bird!
如果我是一只能飞的鸟多好啊！
If only I had seen the film!
＝How I wish I had seen the film!
多么希望我已看了那部电影！
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．How I wish every family________a large house with a beautiful garden.
A．has B．had
C．will have D．had had
【解析】 句意：我多希望每个家庭都能有一所带有美丽花园的房子。wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，故排除A和C；该句谈的是现在的愿望，从句应用一般过去时，所以选B。
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【答案】 B
2．He suggests we______to the cinema at once，otherwise we ______late.
A．must go；are B．go；will be C．will go；will be D．would go；are
【解析】 考查虚拟语气。句意：他建议我们马上去看电影，否则我们就迟到了。suggest“建议”，其后的宾语从句中谓语为should＋动词原形，should可以省略；otherwise后的句子表示很可能发生的事情，用陈述语气，所以使用将来时。
【答案】 B
3．—What courses are you going to take next term?
—I don't know. But it's about time________on something.
A．I'd decide B．I decided
C．I decide D．I'm deciding
【解析】 It's (high/about) time...后面的从句的谓语动词通常用过去式。
【答案】 B
4．He looked as if he________the answer.
A．knew B．had known
C．knows D．has known
【解析】 句意：他看上去好像已经知道答案了。as if引导状语从句时常用虚拟语气，从句先于主句发生，从句用过去完成时。
【答案】 B
5．Robert wishes that he________business instead of history when he was in university.
A．studies B．studied
C．has studied D．had studied
【解析】 此题表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用过去完成式，所以用had studied。
【答案】 D
6．—It was a pity that you missed the famous star yesterday.
—If only I________to my hometown!
A．didn't return B．hadn't returned
C．shouldn't return D．wouldn't return
【解析】 本题考查if only引导的与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，因此用过去完成时。
【答案】 B
7．It is strongly suggested that measures________students to cheat in the exams.
A．be taken to prevent B．be taken to forbid
C．are taken to prevent D．are taken to forbid
【解析】 句意：强烈建议采取措施禁止学生考试作弊。suggest作“建议”讲，从句应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用should＋动词原形或把should省略，由此排除C、D两项；prevent的用法是prevent
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sb.from doing sth.，与题意不符。而forbid的用法是forbid sb.to do sth.，符合题意。
【答案】 B
8．Tom recommended me that I________accept the invitation.
A．could B．must
C．should D．might
【解析】 recommend后面的宾语从句的谓语动词要使用虚拟语气，即should＋动词原形或者只用动词原形。因此C项为正确答案。
【答案】 C
9．—Do you mind if I keep pets in this building?
—________.
A．I'd rather you didn't，actually
B．Of course not.It's not allowed here
C．Great！I love pets
D．No，you can't
【解析】 句意：——你介意我在这幢楼里养宠物吗？——实际上，我宁愿你别这样做。这里考查would rather后接宾语从句的时候要用虚拟语气，注意：would rather后的从句的谓语动词用过去式。B选项自相矛盾，应排除；C、D两项答非所问。
【答案】 A
10．It is required that every student ________a foreign language before going abroad.
A．learn B．learns
C．will learn D．should have learnt
【解析】 that引导的名词性从句，前面有表示“建议，要求，命令”等意思的动词、名词或过去分词时，that从句用虚拟语气should do，should可以省略。
【答案】 A
Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．We demanded that we ________(inform) of any change in the plan.
2．It's necessary that he ________(have) a recognized qualification.
3．It's high time we ________(turn) our attention to this problem.
4．If only you ________(not tell) him what I said！Everything would have been all right.
5．It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ________(not play)after 11 o'clock at night.
6．You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you ________(go)on business first.
7．It is important that enough money ________(collect) to fund the project.
8．I wish I ________(sleep) longer this morning，but I had to get up and come to class.
【答案】 1.(should) be informed 2.(should) have
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虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中
一、 动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语动词须用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望。通常有三种形式：
二、 ①对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，宾语从句的谓语用：would(could, might)+动词原形。
例：I wish he would try again. 我希望他再试一次。
例：I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有点用处。
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