Unit 1 A Land of Diversity
Section IV Grammar
学习目标：熟记虚拟语气中与现在事实相反的if 条件句及I wish 加从句的用法。
学习重点：熟记并理解虚拟语气，并能正确完成练习题。
学习难点：学以致用，在文章中会使用虚拟语气。
学习过程 生命课堂—互动探究
语法知识—预习探究
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever
连接副词：when, where, how, why, wherever
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
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二、连接词that-名词性从句
1、that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。主语从句：That he is still alive is sheer luck.
宾语从句：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
表语从句：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
同位语从句：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
2、that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
It's a pity that you should have to leave.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
A. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
B. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
C. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
D. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
三、wh-疑问词引导的名词性从句
1、wh-疑问词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which,
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whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why, whether等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补足语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语从句： How the book will sell depends on its author.
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.
表语从句： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.
同位语从句：I have no idea when he will return.
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.
2、wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.
四、if 和whether引导的名词性从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：
主语从句：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
宾语从句：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.
表语从句：The point is whether we should lend him the money.
同位语从句：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
五、否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, i
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magine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you.
I don' t believe he will come.
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill.
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man. (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. (anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语)
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语)
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks)
01. I want to be liked and loved for I am inside.
02. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _____ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
03. some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
04. We haven’t discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture.
05. --have you finished the book？
--No. I’ve read up to _____ the children discover the secret cave.
06. Tina has hesitation about the job offer as she did not know the company was an established one.
07. There is no obvious evidence there is life on any other planet in the solar system.
08. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access
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to places like shops and restaurants.
09. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know it takes to start a business here.
10. To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions ____ had used the products.
11. Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season.
12. How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.
13. --I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
--That’s _____ I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.
14. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have we have here and treat food nicely.
15. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew ____ she was so angry.
16. --How about camping this weekend, just for a change?
--OK, _____ you want.
17. It is uncertain _____ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
18. --It’s no use having ideas only.
--Don’t worry. Peter can show you _____ to turn an idea into an act.
19. It never occurred to me _____ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
1. what 2. that 3. what 4. where 5. where 6. whether 7. that 8. that 9. what 10. whoever 11. what 12. who 13. where 14. what 15. why 16. whatever 17. what 18. how 19. that
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