2020中考英语辅导知识点：句型转换

2020中考英语辅导知识点：句型转换句型转换 每年的中考试卷中，“句型转换”题所占分值较大，是为了全面考查学生在初中阶段所学的词汇(同义或反义)、短语、句型和语法等方面的知识及其它的之间的灵活运用能力。 Ⅰ.题型介绍 所谓“句型转换”就是先给一个完整的句子A，再根据括号内的要求(有时没有明确，须自己观察)，在第二个句子B的空白处填上适当的词来完成的句型转换。 Ⅱ.题型分类 从形式上看，有如下几种形式：①某一词或词组的转换;②词组与句子的转换;③同义句型的转换;④为纠正常犯语言错误而设计的题目。 从内容上看，此题型涉及的面较广，主要有：①句子功能方面的转换。包括陈述句(肯定与否定)、四种题疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的转换;②句子结构方面的转换。即简单句、复合句、并列句之间的转换;③语态的转换。即主动语态与被动语态之间的转换;④常用句型与词汇手段的转换。 Ⅲ.具体分类如下 一、陈述句与疑问句、祈使句、感叹句间的转换 1、陈述句中肯定句变为否定句，大部分是用not来改变谓语结构，但也有借用否定意义的词，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：： A：Tom does well in maths. B：Tom doesn't do in maths. A：He has much to do. B：He has nothing to do. A：All of my classmates like art. B：None of my classmates likes art. 2、改为疑问句。根据上下句的结构和词的减少，来判断变为哪一种形式的疑问句。例如： A：My brother often has breakfast at school. B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school? A：Tom's already weak in English. B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ? A：The red light changes every two minutes. B：How often does the red light change? 3、改为感叹句。根据所给的句子结构和单词的词性，来确定使用哪一种感叹句的形式，例如： A：This is an interesting book. B：What an interesting book this is! 或 How interesting this book is! 二、同义句转换。 根据上句，写出一个意思相同(或相近)的下句，此类形式繁多，内容复杂，涉及面广，归类如下： 1、同义词或词组之间的转换。(通常上下句时态保持一致)。 常见的同义词或词组有：(1)四个“花费”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三个“到达”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四个“收到…来信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)两个“擅长于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)两个“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三个“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)两个“玩得开心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“给…打电话”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飞往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自学”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面帮助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/会…can-be able to(14)更喜欢…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充满了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放弃干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顾/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展览 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)举手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，终于at last-in the end(24)与…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)从…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火车/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行车去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)为…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)独自地by oneself -alone等。例如： A：The children had a good time in the park. B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park. 2、同义句型之间的转化。常见的同义句型有①It seems that 从句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…与when/after/before引导的时间状语从句的转换 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you? 例如： A：I went to bed after I finished my homework. B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework. 3、if引导的条件状语从句的转化。例如： A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park. B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park. A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late. B：Hurry up, or you'll be late. A：Fish can't live if there is no water. B：Fish can't live without water. 4、现在完成时态中的一句多译。在现在完成时态中，结束性动词不能与时间段连用，必须改成相应的延续性动词。常见的动词转换有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+组织/be a +成员, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up. 例如：The old man died five months ago. The old man has been dead since five months ago. The old man has been dead for five months. It's five months since the old man died. Five months has passed since the old man died. 5、简单句与复合句之间的转换。 ①含宾语从句的复合句与简单句的转换。例如： A：I saw they were playing football on the playground. B：I saw them playing football on the playground. A：The teacher found that she was very clever. B：The teacher found her very clever. A：He found that it was hard to learn English well. B：He found it hard to learn English well. A：We are sure that we will win to first match. B：We are sure to win to first match. 由疑问代词/副词引导的宾语从句可转化为“疑问句+不定式”结构。例如： A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station? B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station? A：We don't know what we should do next. B：We don't know what to do next. ②由when/after/before/while/since/until引导的时间状语从句可转化为when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing… 例如： A：They went home after they finished their work. B：The went home after finishing their work. A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China. B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China. When sb. +be+数词+years old→at the age of+岁数 A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper. B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper. ③由so…that…引导的结果状语从句可转化为too…to do或…enough to do……例如： A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. B：The box is too heavy for me to carry. 或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry. A：The child is so old that he can go to school. B：The child is old enough to go to school. ④由so that 引导的目的状语从句可转化为in order to do例如： A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus. B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus. ⑤由because 引导的原因状语从句可转化为because of…例如： A：We didn't go to the park because it rained. B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain. ⑥定语从句可以转化为介词短语或分词短语。例如： A：The man who is on the bike is Jim. B：The man on the bike is Jim. A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss. B：The man driving the red car is my boss. A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister. B：The girl called Mary is my sister. 6、用并列连词neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…连句。例如： A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either. B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long. A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too. B：Tom is good at both maths and French. neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词依靠近它的主语而定，即“就近原则”，但是both…and用来连接两个主语时，谓语复数。 7、主动语与被动语态的互变。 “主动”变“被动”实行“三变二不变”原则。“三变”即是主语，谓语和宾语的变化，“二不变”即时态不变，句式不变。例如： A：They make watches in the town. B：Watches are made by them in the town. A：I can finish the work before eight. B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight. A：Do they grow rice in South China? B：Is rice grown in South China? 注：使役性动词make或感观性动词see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主动语态中所带省to的不定式宾补变为被动语态时，必须加上to. A：I saw him take your umbrella. B：He was seen to take your umbrella. 8、形容词、副词二级之间的转化，例如 A：Chinese is the most important subject of all. B：Chinese is more important than any other subject. A：This exercise is easier than the other two. B：This exercise is the easiest of the three. Ⅵ.解题指导 要做好句型转换题，必须注意如下几点： 1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英语的不同结构表达技巧。 2、弄清题意，明确题目考查点，了解题目所给句子与答句之间的关系。 3、注意从多角度，全方位考虑问题，突破难点，注意复查，看是否按要求完成了转换。 通过上述的归纳和指导，可以理清学生的“依章办事”的解题思路，养成“有条不紊”的解题习惯，培养多角度思维解题的能力，从而达到提高学习效率的目的。 特殊疑问句 注：1、一般情况：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。 2、特殊疑问词在句中充当成分。 3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。 4、读降调。 5、常用疑问词：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。 对划线部分提问。(把各句变为特殊疑问句) 1、 对主语(人)提问： The boy is running now. Who is running now? 2、 对表语(人)提问： He is Lily's father. Who is he ? 3、 对介宾(人)提问： She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ? 4、 对动宾(人)提问： I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English? 5、 对间宾(人)提问： Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday? 6、 对主语(东西)提问： The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ? 7、 对表语(东西)提问： These are boats. What are these? 8、 对动宾(东西)提问： I want a cup of tea. What do you want? 9对职业(提问)提问： The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do? 10.对介宾(东西)提问： He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for? 11、对是什么提问： It's a Chinese car. What is it? 12、对计算结果提问： Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine? 13、对年级提问： I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in? 14、对班级提问： Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in? 15、对年级和班级提问： Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ? 16、对排提问: We are in Row One. What row are you in? 注：1、对年级、班级、排提问时，问句中的in 不能去掉. 2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小写形式. 3,what根据实际译为汉语. 17、对学号提问: Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number? 18、对后置定语提问: This is a map of China. What map is this ? 19、对颜色提问: The flowers are red. What color are the flowers? 20、对几点几分提问: It's six. What time is it ? What's the time? 21、对名字提问: My name is Li Lei. What's your name ? 22、对前置定语提问: These apples are yours. Which apples are yours? The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's? 23、对表语(名物代)提问: This cup is yours. Whose is the cup? 24、对后置定语提问: The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother? 25、对后置定语提问: I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy? 26、对主语(名物代)提问: Mine is red. Whose is red? 27、对定语(形物代)提问: They are my books. Whose books are they? 28、对定语(名词所有格)提问: This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this? 29、对表语(名词所有格)提问： This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup? 30对身体提问： I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you? 31、对年龄提问： The boy is fifteen. How old are you? 32、对天气提问： It's cloudy today. How is the weather today? =What's the weather like today? 33、对语言提问： I can spell it in English. How can you spell it? 34、对方式提问： I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike???) How do you often go to school? 35、对程度提问： She studies hard. How does she study? 36、对数量提问： 1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree? 2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ? 3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house? 37、对价格提问：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat? 注：1，对价格提问，be 应根据后面的主语而定。 2，单位yuan在问句中去掉。 38、对距离提问： The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here? 39、对长度提问： The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler? 40、对for+一段时间提问： We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ? He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here? 注：how long 后面必须是延续性动词。 41、对星期提问： Today is Monday. What day is it today? 42、对in+一段时间提问： The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop? 43、对频度副词提问： Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li? 44、对范围内的次数提问： I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer? 45、对宽度提问： The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river? 46、对原因状语提问： He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school? 注：表示“因为”的连词有since, as , for, because. 47、对时间状语提问： We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school? 48、对地点状语提问： The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football? 49、对几月几日提问： It's May 2 today. What's the date today? 50、对种类(后置定语)提问： I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want? 51、对作什么提问： The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree? 熟记变特殊疑问句时，容易判断错的情况。 1、 数词 表示年龄：He is fifty-five. How old is he ? 表示时间：It's fifty-five. What's the time? 表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two? 表示价格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt? 表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have? 2、 姓名和人 表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name? 表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ? 3、 长度和距离 表示距离：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here? 表示长度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ? 4、 颜色，东西 表示颜色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes? 表示物：They are white sheep. What are they? 表示颜色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep? 5、 名词所有格和人 表示名词所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she? 表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she? 同义句转换的九种类型 同义句转换题是近几年中考英语的一个常考题型，其出题形式通常是同时给出两个句子，第一句完整，第二句中设有几处空格，要求考生填入适当的词或词组，使第二句的意思与第一句意思相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析，我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面： 一、运用同义词(组)进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. 分析：答案为everywhere。everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school. 分析：答案为looks after。take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。 二、运用反义词(组)的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词(词组)的积累和换位思维的能力。如： 1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 分析：答案为same as。be different from意为“与……不同”;the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。 2. I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. 分析：答案为don’t，more。less important的意思是“没有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，该结构与not连用，则表示“不比……更重要”。 另外，有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如： He lent some money to his friend. He friend ___ some money ___ him. 分析：答案为borrowed，from。borrow…from意为“向……借……”;lend…to意为“把……借给……”。两个结构意思相反，但若变换“借出者”与“借入者”的位置，则可转换为同义句。 三、运用不同语态进行转换 即运用主动语态与被动语态的变化来转换同义词，但此时要特别注意时态、动词一致性。如： 1. Everyone should give back his library books on time. Library books should____ ____ ____ on time. 分析：答案为be given back。被动句中含有情态动词should，因此助动词用be。 2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today. Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today. 分析：答案为are，used。computers是复数名词，助动词用are。 四、非延续性动词与延续性动词的相互转换 即非延续性动词与延续性动词进行转换，此时往往会涉及时态的变化。如： 1. The manager left two hours ago. The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours. 分析：答案为has been away。leave为非延续性动词，不能与for two hours这样的一段时间连用，而改成be away这样的延续性动词后，则可连用一段时间。 2. The film began five minutes ago. The film has been _____ _____ five minutes. 分析：答案为on for。has been提示时态是现在完成时态，“for+时间段”表示“持续(一段时间)”，常用在含有现在完成时态的句子里。 3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago. Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years. 答案：has been in。短暂动词join，意为“参加、加入(组织，政党)”，不能与延续时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将join改成be in或be a member in…。 五、运用不同引语进行转换 即将直接引语变为间接引语或将间接引语转换成直接引语。此时还要注意相关时态、人称、动词、状语等相应的变化。如： 1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me. He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet. 分析：答案为told，had found。此题是将直接引语转换成间接引语。 2. “Did you see her last week?” he said. He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______. 分析：答案为asked if/ whether, before。此题是将疑问句的直接引语转换成间接引语。 六、运用简单句与复合句之间的转换 即将简单句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的简单句。如： 1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining. We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain. 分析：答案为because of。将原因状语从句because it was raining改为表示原因的介词短语because of the rain。 2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep. He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep. 分析：答案为too excited to。将so…that…换成too…to…结构，原句的that从句为结果状语从句，改写句中的不定式仍表结果。 3. Now I will show you how to do the work. Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work. 分析：答案为how you can。即将原句中的“疑问词+不定式”结构转换成宾语从句。 4. You should put them back after you use them. You should put them back _____ _____ them. 分析：答案为after using。即将after引导的状语从句改写为after引导的介词短语。 七、运用并列句与复合句之间的转换 即将并列句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的并列句。如： 1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus. ____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus. 分析：答案为If，don’t。if引导条件状语从句。 2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week. The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week. 分析：答案为who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week为定语从句，修饰先行词the man。 八、运用关联连词连接或合并句子 即运用关联连词both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等将两个简单句合并为一个简单句。此时要注意的是，both…and…连接两个主语时，谓语总是用复数，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词通常应与靠近的主语保持一致。如： 1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either. ______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well. 分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(两者)都不”，刚好与原句的两个否定结构的意思相吻合。 2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too. ______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book. 分析：答案为Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(两者)都”。 3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes. This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes. 分析：答案为not only，but also。表示“不仅……而且……”之意。 九、利用某些典型句式或结构进行转换 这类典型结构如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如： 1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too. Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents. 分析：答案为so do。句意为“……他的父母也一样(一样想去)”。 2. John went to bed after he finished his homework. John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework. 分析：答案为didn’t，until。not…until意为“直到……才”。