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必修一 Unit1 friendship
Grammar
●从容说课
According to the contents based on the new course standard，senior students are required to understand the function of grammar and can use it freely. Gradually contact and understand complex language phenomena so that students may have the ability to summarize、analyze and explain. This is the third period of this unit. In this period，we mainly deal with the changes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. In order to make students grasp it well，I think it is necessary to give them more practice and encourage them to find out the problems of grammar by themselves.
●三维目标
1.Knowledge：
words/phrases：Germans，with so many clothes on
2.Ability：
Use learned knowledge to interchange direct speech and indirect speech correctly and freely.
3.Emotion：
Cultivate the spirit of cooperation，self-teaching，and self-exploring.
●教学重点
Master the interchanges of direct speech and indirect speech in the declarative sentences and interrogative sentences.
●教学难点
Master the changes of the pronouns，tenses，adverbials in the interchanges of direct speech and indirect speech.
●教具准备
a computer connected to the internet，a project，a blackboard
●教学过程
Step 1 Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
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Step 2
T：Now I want you to translate two sentences into English. Listen carefully.“我喜欢交朋友”，the second one “妈妈， 你看见我的笔记本了吗？”Now how to translate the two sentences？Who wants to try？Yeah，Alice，you try，please. The first one.
S：I like making friends.
T：Good，sit down，please. Alice said，“I like making friends”（Bb：Alice said，“I like making friends.”）
The second one. Who wants to try？OK，David，you try，please.
S：Mum，have you seen my notebook？（Bb：David asked，“Mom，have you seen my notebook.”）
T：Now look at the blackboard. If we report what Alice and David said to someone else，how to do it？
T and Ss：Alice said that she liked making friends.
David asked his mum if she had seen his notebook.（Bb：Write them on the blackboard.）
T：Yes. Let’s come to our text. Read the sentences in exercise 1 of discovering structures. Later I’ll ask you to tell me what you’ve discovered. Now，who can tell me？
S1：We should pay attention to the changes of tenses. Look at the underlined words.
S2：We should pay more attention to the second sentence. In direct speech，it’s a general question. But in indirect speech，we should use if or whether to introduce object clause besides the change of verb.
S3：If it is a special question in direct speech，we should use the original interrogative in indirect speech.
T：Wonderful! Now I’ll give you brief explanation of “Direct Speech and Indirect Speech”（1）：Statements & Questions
☆You use Direct Speech when you want to show the exact words someone said or wrote. Use quotation marks to show that you report the exact words a person used and a reporting clause to include information about the speak and the situation.e.g.“I had a great time at the picnic，” she told her mum.（direct speech）（reporting clause）
☆The reporting clause may come before，within，or after the direct speech. When the reporting clause comes after the direct speech，the order of the subject and the verb may be changed，e.g. Jane said/said Jane. This typically happens when the reporting clause is within the reported speech and the subject is not a pronoun.e.g.Jane said，“I’ve got a new e-pal. He is from German.”
“I’ve got a new pal. He is from Germany，” Jane said/said Jane/she said.
Use a comma to connect the direct speech and the reporting clause.
When you change a sentence from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech，you sometimes need to change the verb
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tense. You may also need to change pronouns in order to keep the same meaning.
DIRECT SPEECH←→INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Past
Past past or past perfect
Present perfect past perfect
Past perfect past perfect
e.g.“Did you get e-mails from your friends？” she asked.→
She asked if I had got e-mails from my friends.
When you use Indirect Speech to report what someone said，you can sometimes change the exact words without changing what the speaker actually said.
e.g. Wilson said，“How long have we been in his place？”→
Wilson asked how long you had been here.
T：Next，let’s do some exercises. Look at Part 2.Change the following direct speech into indirect speech and indirect into direct. First do it by yourselves. Then discuss it in pairs. Finally I’ll show you the answers.（After students do it，teacher shows the following on the screen.）
Suggested answers：
1.Anne said that she was going to hide from the Germans.
2.Anne said that she didn’t know the address of her new home.
3.She said she couldn’t ask her father because it was not safe to know.
4.The girl said she had had to pick up her things very quickly.
5.Dad asked her why she had chosen her diary and old letters.
6.“Are you hot with so many clothes on” Mum asked.
7.“What else did you get？” Margot asked her.
8.“When will we go back home？” Anne asked.
9.“How can you see your friends？” Anne asked.
10.“Why did you go out last night？” Mother asked Anne.
T：You did a good job.In fact，we should pay attention to some special cases.In the interchanges of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech，it is not necessary for us to change “here，come，yesterday and so on” into “there，go，the day before” if we are at that given time and place.Of course，if the content in Direct Speech is objective truth，it is also not necessary to change tenses in Indirect Speech.For example：She said to the children，“The earth moves around the sun.”→She told the children that the earth moves round the sun.As to this，you should
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remember.Is that clear？
Ss：Yes.
Step 3
T：OK.Let’s deal with using structures on page 42.Retell the story to consolidate the grammar.After a while，I will ask some of you to report your story.Let’s see who can do the best.
Step 4
T：Thank you for your report!Now play the game on page 43.Make up a dialogue in groups of three.
S1：A：Who was waiting for them there？
B：What did he or she said？
C：He or she asked who was waiting for them there.
S2：
Step 5
T：You did a good job.I show you two letters to see how well you understand this grammar. Change them into Indirect speech.
Letter 1：
Dear Bassanio，
My friend，my ships are all lost at sea and now I have to pay Shylock with a pound of my flesh according to our agreement. Since paying him will cost me my life，I wish to see you before I die.If you love me not enough to lead you here，forget about the letter.
Yours，
Antonio
Letter 2：
Sir，
I am very ill. When your letter reached me，I had with me a learned young doctor from Rome. I told him about the quarrel between Shylock and Antonio. We studied many law books and he knows what I would say. I ask you to let him stand in my place and pass judgment. He is young，but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.
Yours，
Doctor Bellario
T：Are you ready？Let’s check the answers with the whole class.
Answers：Letter 1：
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Bassabio received a letter from Antonio. In the letter，Antonio said that his ships were all at sea and he had to pay Shylock with a pound of his flesh according to their agreement. Since paying Shylock would cost him his life，he wished to see Bassanio before he died. He said if Bassanio，s love for him was not enough to lead him there，Bassanio should forget about the letter.
Letter 2：
Dpoctor Bellario wrote in his letter that he was very ill and he had been with a learned young doctor from Rome when this letter reached him. He had told the young doctor about the quarrel between Shylock and Antonio. They had studied many law books and the young doctor knew what he would say. So Bellariop asked the Duck to let the young man stand in his place and give judgement.He also told the Duke in his letter he had never known so young a body with so wise a head.
T：Summary and homework
OK.In this class，we’ve learned Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. After class，review the content，and remember the rules of changes the interchanges of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. Any question？
S1：I am not clear about the phrase “with so many clothes on”.
T：Note the following structure：
（1）She left the office with tears in her eyes.
（2）The murder was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back.
（3）With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
（4）Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning.
Translation：
（1）____________（由那个男孩带路），we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
（2）Jessica was standing by the window，____________（手里拿着一封信）.
（3）____________（钥匙丢了），Anna had to wait until her husband came home.
（4）____________（因为有约翰帮助），we are sure to finish the work ahead of time.
（5）The old man lay in bed，unable to speak，____________（眼闭着嘴张着）.
Answers：
（1）with the boy leading the way
（2）with a letter in her hand
（3）With the key lost
（4）With John to help us
（5）with his eyes closed and mouth open
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●板书设计
Unit 1 Friendship
The Third Period
with so many clothes on
（1）She left the office with tears in her eyes.
（2）The murder was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back.
（3）With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected presidents having a hard time.
（4）Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning.
●活动与探究
Let students summarize the rules of the grammar by themselves. The purpose is to cultivate their ability to make up a summary. Divide them into several groups.
After doing that，students form groups again to help each other.
●备课资料
1.
直接引语（变化前）
间接引语（变化后）
陈述句
Jane said，“I’m very fond of traveling.”
that引导的宾语从句
Jane said that she was very fond of traveling.
一般疑问句
“Is this your umbrella，Mary？”asked John.
whether/if引导的宾语从句
John asked Marry if that was her umbrella.
特殊疑问句
“Marry，when will you return me the book？”asked John.
wh-词引导的宾语从句
John asked Marry when she would return him the book.
祈使句
The officer said to him，“Don’t leave your post.”
不定式
The officer ordered him not to leave his post.
Let’s 开头的祈使句
I said to him，“Let’s start at once.”
that引导的宾语从句
I suggested to him that we（should）start at once.
感叹句
that/what/how引导的宾语从句
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He said：“How happy I am!”
He said that he was very happy.
He said how happy he was.
直接引语
间接引语
this
these
now
ago
today
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
yesterday
last night
the day before yesterday
go
bring
here
that/this
those/these
then
before
that day/today/yesterday
（the）next day
in two days’ time
the day before
the night before
two days before
come/go
bring/take
there/here
直接引语（变化前）
间接引语（变化后）
主句动词为一般现在时或现在完成时
She often says，“All men and women are equal under the law.”
“You did very well，” I have just told Tom.
从句动词时态不变
She often says the all men and women are equal under the law.
I have just told Tom that he did very well.
引语动词为：
从句动词变为：
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主句动词为一般过去
从句动词时态相应变化
一般现在时“I know it，”he said.
一般过去时He said that he knew it.
现在进行时“I’m making coffee for you all，”she said.
过去进行时She said she was making coffee for us all.
现在完成时“I have seen her before，”said he.
过去完成时He said he had seen her before.
现在完成进行时He said，“I have been doing it for hours.”
过去完成进行时He said he had been doing it for hours.
一般过去时“I saw her last Monday，”he said.
过去完成时He said he had seen her the previous Monday.
过去进行时“I was waiting for Jim，”she said.
过去完成进行时She said she had been waiting for Jim.
过去完成时“Do you know Rick had been ill in bed for many days till he died？”Jack asked.
过去完成时Jack asked if I knew Rick had been ill in bed for many days till he died.
一般将来时He said：“We shall start tomorrow.”
过去将来时He said they would start the next day.
2.Change the following passage into dialogues.
Bassanio told Antonio that he was in love with Portia，a rich and beautiful lady，and that she also loved him. He also told Antonio that he could ask Portia to marry him because he had no many. He asked Antonia if he could lend him three thousand ducats. Antonio told him that all his ships were at sea and he had no money at present.
They went to Shylock to borrow the money. Shylock didn’t like Antonio，who had many times told others about his greed and cruelty. However，he agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition. He would have the right to have a pound of Aantonio’s flesh to be cut off from any part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months. Antonio said that he would accept these terms. Bassanio tried to keep Antonio from accepting them，but Antonio treated them as a joke and said he would not refuse Shylock’s offer and would sign the agreement.
Dialogue：
B：Aantonio，my friend. I am in love with a rich and beautiful lady，whose name is Portia.
A：Does she love you？
B：Yes，she loves me. Or at least I think so.
A：Have you asked her to marry you？
B：I wanted to，but I can’t.
A：Why not？
B：Because I have no money.
A：If that is your only problem. I can help you. How much do you need？
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B：I would be very grateful if you can lend me 3000 ducats.
A：I’d be happy to help you，but all my ships are at sea and I have no money at present. But don’t worry，I’ll find a way to solve this problem.
B：Oh，you are such a kind man. Thank you very much.
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