初中英语知识归纳总结：动词

初中英语知识归纳总结：动词动  词（一）一、知识概述在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系，非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本，包括英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。二、动词的分类及作用按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。1、行为动词表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。（1）及物动词及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.（2）不及物动词本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factory.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、连系动词（1）本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I don’t feel very well today.（2）表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如feel, touch, sound, smell.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in the arm.She looked worried about it.3、动词与介词的固定搭配动词与介词的搭配主要指下列两种形式：（1）动词+宾语+介词The song always reminds me of my school days.Parents usually expect a lot of their children.I often take her for her sister.He hide everything from me.The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.They supplied people with enough food and drink.They presented us with a lot of flowers.The man was charged with mueder.（2）动词+反身代词+介词dress oneself in;     prepare oneself forgive oneself to     pride oneself onHe gives himself to pop music.She always dresses herself in white.第十二课时    动  词（二）一、动词的形式大多数动词有四种基本形式：1、现在式；2、过去式；3、过去分词；4、现在分词；现在式是字典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形。按照动词各种形式的构成方法，动词可分为规则动词和不规则动词两类。1、第三人称单数形式；加-s的规则动词一般现在时单数第三人称形式的构成和名词复数的构成法及读音完全一样。情   况 变化形式 例词一般情况 加-s helps  makes  gets以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的名词 加-es guesses  fixes  goes  washes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词 变y为i, 加es flies  cries  tries  studies2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed形式的规则。（1）规则变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加-ed。构成规则 动词原形 变化后一般在动词原形末尾加ed look  play   looked  played结尾是e的动词加d live  hope           lived   hoped  以辅音字母加y的动词，改y为i加ed study  carry  studied  carried重读闭音节的，又写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed stop   drop   fit    stopped   droppedfitted（2）不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的，可以查不规则动词变化形式表。① 有些动词的三种形式一样。如：bet ;     burst;    cast;    cost;cut;     hit;     hurt;    let;  read;     shut;    spread② 下面是一些易误用的不规则动词bear, bore, born   bite, bit, bitten   blow, blew, blowndraw, drew, drawn  drink, drank, drunk eat, ate, eatenfly, flew, flown   hide, hid, hidden  lend, lent, lentmean, meant, meant  ride, rode, ridden  rise, rose, risenshake, shook, shaken  swim, swam, swum tear, tore, tornthrow, threw, thrown  wear, wore, worn3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加-ing。规  则 变化形式 例  词一般情况 加ing going  asking以不发音的e结尾的 去e,再加ing writing  closing以重读闭音节结尾的 双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing getting  beginning以ie结尾的 先将ie变为y，再加ing dying  lying tying第十三课时    动  词（三）教学重点一、助动词助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下：（1）助动词beA. 可用于构成进行时态She is doing her homework now.I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.B. 可用于构成被动语态The baby was put in bed by his mother.The invitation was received yesterday.C. 可与动词不定式构成谓语These books are not to be taken out of the room.She is to arrive at six this morning.（2）助动词haveA. 构成完成时态I have not seen him for three years.How long has your uncle taught in the village?He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.B. 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情She had to go shopping yesterday.（3）助动词doA. 构成疑问句和否定句Did anyone sharpen this knife?I don’t think you are right.B．用来加强语气I do want to have a talk with youDo come and see me.C．用来代替动词词组Have you finished your work?  Yes, I did yesterday.He plays basketball well. So does his brother.（4）助动词shall构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况I shall not be back tonight.We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.（5）助动词will构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：They will move to a new house.She will not eat any solid food.注意：（1）have to 与must的区别must是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。Must的否定形式为mustn’t.构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如：Must I do it now ?Yes, you must  No, you needn’t.have to 表示“不得不，必须”，可用于多种时态。I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.I’m sorry I won’t go with you, I’ll have to go to the bank.We don’t have to install this new television set.（2）used to 表示过去常常，而现在不再有的习惯。其否定形式为: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.Used they to have a lot more free time ?第十四课时    动  词（四）教学重点情态动词（1）情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或表示主观设想。情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.① 情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观设想。如：You may go now.This bus can seat 40 people.The work must be finished as soon as possible.② 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带to的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。③ 情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。（2）情态动词的用法。① may的用法a. 表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示说话人“不许可”，如：You may go now.May I use you typewrite?You may not go=I do not permit you to go.b. 在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t或No, you had better not.② can的用法a．表示能力，有“能、会、能够”的意思。b. 表示允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以的意思。c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑问句。The hall can hold at least 200 people.The librarian said we could take these books.Today is Sunday, he can’t be at school today.d. can和be able to的用法比较can用来表达能力时，由于只有现在时和过去时两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表达。如：I can play piano.He has not been able to finish the work in time.③ must 的用法a. must表示必须，应该。如：Must I come to the party?The article must be completed before Friday.b. must的否定形式mustn’t, 表示“不应该、不可以、禁止”。如：You mustn’t get to school too late.Must I do it now? Yes, you must.     No, you needn’tShe must have gone to Beijing.You must say sorry to me for thatYou mustn’t clean only own room.④ need的用法a. need作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句，较少用于肯定句。如：I needn’t wear a coat. = I don’t think I need wear a coat.I don’t need things like that.⑤ shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意愿。如:He shall get his money.You shall do exactly as you wish.Shall I turn on the light?Shall I poen the window?⑥ would的用法表示愿望、决心、建议或看法，如：I would like to go there.I promised that I would do my best.表示过去的习惯.He would often come to my house to see me.