复旦附中2018届高三英语开学考
I. Listening Comprehension（听力部分略）
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The Crown Plaza Hotel in Copenhagen is offering a free meal to any guest who is able to produce electricity for the hotel on an exercise bike linked to a generator(发电机). The idea is to get people fit and reduce their carbon footprint. Guests will have to produce at least 10 watt hours of electricity-roughly 15 minutes of cycling for someone of average fitness. Guests staying at Plaza Hotel will ______21_____（give）meat tickets worth $ 36 _____22_____they have produced 10 watt hours of electricity. The bicycles will have smart phones ____23______ (attach) to the handlebars measuring how much power _____24_____ (generate) for the hotel.
The plan, a world-first, _____25______ (start) on 19 April and run for a year. Only guests staying at the hotel will be able to take part. Fredericka Tomemmergaard, hotel spokeswoman, said, “Many of our visitors are business people who enjoy going to the gym. There ____26______be people who will cycle just _____27_____(get) a free meal, but generally I don’t think people will take advantage of our programme.”
Copenhagen has a long-standing cycling tradition and 36% of locals cycle to work each day, one of _____28______(high) percentages in the world , according to the websites visitcopenhagen.dk. US environmental website treehugger.com recently voted Copenhagen the world’s best city for cyclists. “____29___Copenhagen is strongly connected with cycling, we felt the bicycle would work well _______30___a symbol of the hotel’s green profile(形象).”
If successful, the electric bicycle meal programme will be spread to all Crowne Plaza hotels in the UK, the hotel said in a statement.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. sound B. patching C. series D.career E.listF. inevitably
G. tormented H. seeping I. perishable J.settled K.sizable
An old friendship had grown cold. Where once there had been closeness, there was only strain. Now pride kept me from picking up the phone.
Then one day I dropped in another old friend, who’s had a long _____31_____as a prime minister and counselor. We were seated in his study------surrounded by maybe a thousand books and fell in deep conversation about everything from small computers to the ____32_____life of Beethoven.
The subject finally turned to friendship and how______33_____it seems to be these days. I mentioned my own experience as an example. ‘’Relationship are mysteries,” my friend said, “Some endure. Others fall apart.”
Gazing out his window to the wooded Vermont hills, he pointed toward a neighboring farm,” Used to be a large barn over there. ‘Next to a red-frame house were the footings of what had been a _____44____structure.
“It was solidly built, probably in the 1870s. But like so many of the places around here, it went down because people left for richer lands in the Midwest. No one took any of the barn. Its roof needed _____55____; rainwater got under the caves and dripped down the posts and beams.”
One day a high wind came along, and the whole barn began to tremble. “You could hear this cracking,first, like old sailing –ship timbers, and then a sharp ____36______of cracks and a tremendous roaring sound. Suddenly it was a heap of scrap lumber.”
“After the storm blew over, I went down and saw these beautiful, old oak timbers, solid as could be. I asked the fellow who owns the places what had happened. He said he figured the rainwater had _____37____in the pinholes, where wooden dowels held the joints together. Once those pins were rotted, there was nothing to link the giant beams together.”
We both gazed down the hill. Now all that was left of the barn was its cellar and its border of lilac shrubs.
My friend said that he had turned the incident over and over in his mind, and finally came to recognize some parallels between building a friendship: no matter how strong you are, how notable your attainments, you have enduring significance only in your relationship to others.
“To make your life a ____38_______structure that will serve others and fulfill your own potential,” he said, “you have to remember that strength, however massive, can’t endure unless it has the interlocking support of others. Go it alone and you’ll ____39____tumble.”
“Relationships have to be cared for,” he added, “like the roof of a barn. Letters unwritten, thanks unsaid, confidences violated, quarrels unsettled-----all this acts like rainwater ____40_____into the pegs, weakening the link between the beams.”
My friend shook his head,“ It was a good barn. And it would have taken little to keep it good repair. Now it will probably never be rebuilt.”
Later that afternoon, I got ready to leave. “You would like to borrow my phone to make a call, I don’t suppose?” he said.
“Yes,” I said, “ I think I would. Very much.”
III. ReadingComprehension
SectionA
Directions: ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA, B, C and D. Fill ineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.
Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disease only after one has just struck them. -_____41___that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still _____42______in their minds, Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U.S history, on live TV. Anyone who didn’t know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made _____43______worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our ____44_____to work together before everything goes to hell.
Granted, some amount of delusion(错觉) is probably part of the human condition. In A.D.63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work ______45_____in the same spot-until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a _____46____of the past year in disaster history suggests that modern Americans are particularly bad at ______47____themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we ____48____did about the dangers we face. But it turns out that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy is ____49____the storm, the quake or the surge itself. More often it is ourselves.
So what has happened in the year that ____50_____the disaster on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to __51______they were before Katrina, more or less. That’s not ___52______, we can now say with confidence. But it may be all ______53_____can be expected from one year of hustle.（忙碌）
Meanwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to evacuate the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 15,000 people will need a ____54____out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The ____55____with no neighboring communities are on going and difficult.
41. A. To B. By C. On D.For
42. A. fresh B.obvious C.apparent D.evident
43. A. little B. less C. more D. much
44. A. reluctance B. rejection C. denial D. decline
45. A. revising B. refining C.rebuilding D. retrieving
46. A. review B. reminder C. concept D. prospect
47. A. preparing B. protesting C. protecting D. prevailing
48. A. never B. ever C. then D. before
49. A. merely B. rarely C. incidentally D. accidently
50. A. ensued B. traced C. followed D. occurred
51. A.which B. where C. what D. when
52. A. enough B. certain C. conclusive D. final
53. A. but B. as C. that D. those
54. A. ride B. trail C. path D. track
55. A. conventions B. notifications C. communications D.negotiations
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
(A)
Most conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is , at least in part, directed towards the attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examing the motive for working . Simon points out that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person by offering him inducements (引诱)which contribution are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining participation they must necessarily be based on the needs of the individuals.
Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He pointed out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives such as huger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy(等级制度)whereby the lower-order needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher-order ones come into play.
One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducement for working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In line with the social respect and self-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve effectively to induce people to work.
56. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to work by _______.
A. satisfying their physiological needs.
B. satisfying their self-realization needs.
C. satisfying hierarchy of their higher-order need
D. first satisfying their lower-order needs.
57. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and Weiss?
A. Physiological needs are the most basic.
B. There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met.
C. Economic factors are the greatest inducement.
D. Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor.
58. Simon points out that________________.
A. the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realization.
B. economic factors are not the only inducement for working
C. effective inducements must be based on what individuals want
D. inducements must not be varied
(B)
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeds to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effects,‘ a centuries-ole moral principle holding that an action having two effects----a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen---is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify usinghigh doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even thoughincreasing dosages will eventually kill the patient。
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends thatthe principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very stronglyinsisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to controltheir pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at BostonUniversity, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for alegitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if thepatient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend tokill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge thatthe assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patientsfor whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assistedsuicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies theundertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medicalprocedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as thetwin problems of end-of-life care。
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train inhospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to developa Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standardsfor assessing and treating pain at the end of life。
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that thesewell-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Largenumbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients areneedlessly and predictably suffering, ”to the extent thatit constitutes “systematic patient abuse。” He says medicallicensing boards “must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively onesthat are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension。”
59. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____________
A. doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain。
B. it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives。
C. the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide。
D. patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide。
60. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
A. Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death。
B. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery。
C. The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed。
D. A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions。
61. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive"(line 3, paragraph 7)?
A. Bold. B. Harmful. C. Careless D. Desperate
62.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they
A. manage their patients incompetently。
B. give patients more medicine than needed。
C. reduce drug dosages for their patients。
D. prolong the needless suffering of the patients。
( C)
While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and
sooner.”
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
63. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
64. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
A. domestic and temporary.
B. irregular and violent.
C. durable and frequent.
D. trivial and random.
65. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5)
shows that
A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
B. Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
Section C
Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A．This story also illustrates the importance of seizing an opportunity when it presents itself.
B．People find jobs in an infinite number of ways.
C．it’s almost impossible to find a good job by answering advertisement in newspapers
D．Take for example the young man who wanted to be a sailor.
E. It is very important to seize an opportunity when it presents itself.
F. He spent the rest of his life happily sailing the ships he had always loved.
Choosing the right job is probably one of the most important decisions we have to make in life, and it is frequently one of the hardest decisions we have to make. One important question that you might ask yourself is “How do I get a good job?”_______67___
There are people who can answer an insignificant advertisement in the local paper and land the best job in the world; others write to all sorts of places all over the country, and never seem to get a reply at all．Still others believe that the in person, door-to-door approach is by far the best way to get a job; and then there are those who, through no active decision of their own, just seem to be in the right place at the right time．__________68_______He used to spend a lot of his free time down by the sea watching the tall ships, but never thinking that he might one day sail one of them．His father was a farmer, and being a sailor could never be anything for the boy but an idle dream．One day, on his usual wandering, he heard the captain of the ship complaining that he could not sail because one member of his crew was sick．Without stopping to think, the lad（少年）offered to take his place．________69_________
_________70_______.If the lad had gone home to ponder（考虑） his decision for a week, he may have missed his chance．It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.
Sometimes we hear stories about people who break all the rules and still seem to land plum jobs（美差）．When you go for a job interview or fill out an application, you are expected to say nice things about the company to which you are applying．But there was one person who landed an excellent job by telling the interviewer all the company’s faults. :And within a year this person had become general manger of the company.
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could
open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbour ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate of dirt, however, gone too far？ Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American scientist, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1. 在我们做出决定之前，我们务必要把相关事实考虑在内。（consideration）
2. 毫无疑问，真正重要的不是你读了多少而是你看了什么。（count）
3. 在我看来，这是这么小的一个细节，不值一提。(worth)
4.人们很难想象他这样一个体面的政府官员是如何一夜之间就沦为阶下囚的。（reduce）
VI. Guided writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
在当今社会，有人认为机器翻译已经高度发展，所以孩子们不惜学习外语了。你如何看待这种说法？
参考答案;
21. be given 22. once 23. attached 24. is being generated 25. will start 26. might 27. to get 28. the highest 29. Because 30. as
31-35 DGIKB 36-40 CJAFH
41-45 BADAC 46-50 ACBBC 51-55 BACAD
56-58 DCB
59-62 BCAD
63-66 ACBD
67-70 BDAF
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