第四讲 名词与主谓一致
限定词及谓语动词的形式是确定名词单复数的关键
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ______(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
invitations 解析：invitation“邀请”是可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式。
2．(2017·浙江卷6月)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ____________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
carrots 解析：carrot是可数名词，根据a handful of“一把”可知，应用复数形式。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ____________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed...
days 解析：every few＋可数名词复数，意为“每隔……”。
4．(2017·郑州第三次质量预测)Now I’m feeling regretful and disturbed. I’m not sure whether a computer’s repair shop can get the documents back.____________________
computer’s→computer 解析：考查名词，computer在此为名词作定语。
5．(2017·洛阳统一考试)Once I broke a neighbor window. Seeing nobody around, I ran away immediately.____________________
neighbor→neighbor’s 解析：考查名词所有格形式。此处用名词所有格形式作定语，修饰名词window。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
1．不定冠词a，an后用名词单数形式。
2．有some，many，all，both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。
3．名词前有one of时，名词用复数形式。
4．谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。
5．名词的所有格：
主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：
构成
例词
一般是名词词尾加’s
Mike’s computer迈克的电脑
以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加’
students’ reading room学生阅览室
词尾不带(e)s的复数名词，仍加’s
children’s game孩子们的游戏
Women’s Day妇女节
6.熟记名词的数：
(1)可数名词的数
①可数名词单数变复数的规则变化
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾后加s或es，规则的复数构成形式如下：
变化规则
例词
一般情况下
在词尾直接加s
table→tables
park→parks
以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词
在词尾加es
bus→buses
box→boxes
wish→wishes
watch→watches
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词
将y变为i再加es
family→families
butterfly→
butterflies
dictionary→
dictionaries
以元音字母加y结尾的名词
在词尾直接加s
day→days
holiday→
holidays
monkey→
monkeys
以o结尾的名词
一般在词尾加s
photo→photos
radio→radios
有些在词尾加es
potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
以f或fe结尾的名词
一般变f或fe为v，再加es
knife→knives wife→wives
life→lives
leaf→leaves
少数直接加s
roof→roofs
belief→beliefs
②有些名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的不规则构成形式如下：
变化规则
例词
变内部元音
man→men woman→women foot→feet
mouse→mice tooth→teeth
词尾加en
或ren
ox→oxen child→children
单复数同形
fish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)，
series, Chinese, Swiss
名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数形式。
man doctor→men doctors男医生
woman worker→women workers女工
(2)不可数名词的数
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk，music，homework，housework，weather, news, butter, information，bread，advice，progress，orange juice(橙汁)，equipment，meat，fun，luggage，luck，work(工作), traffic, furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room(空间)，man(人类)等。
word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。
Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday.
有消息称会议将于周五召开。
名词的词性转换
冠、代、介词首先看
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the ____________(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
introduction 解析：空格前是冠词，空格后是of所有格，故此处用名词形式。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ____________(attract)．
attraction 解析：根据前面的its及形容词top“头等的；最重要的”可知，后面跟名词形式。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of ____________(achieve)．
achievement 解析：介词of后应用名词作宾语。此处achievement表抽象意义，意为“成就感”，故用单数形式。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the ____________(develop) of chopsticks.
development 解析：根据空格前面的the可知，所填词应用名词形式。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
1．根据名词的功能来判断是否需要填名词。名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语、宾语补足语等。做题时可以根据提示词在句中所作的成分判断空格处是否需要填名词。
2．根据语境来判断是否需要填名词。名词通常出现在及物动词、形容词、介词以及限定词之后。
3．填名词时，一定要注意单复数及拼写。
主谓一致
语法、意义、就近原则统筹看
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·天津卷)Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________(regard) as one of the best allround forms of exercise.
is regarded 解析：三种锻炼形式与动词regard之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语后有along with连接的短语时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，即与cycling一致，此处谓语动词应用单数形式，故填is regarded。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ____________(be) often acceptable.
is 解析：分析句子结构可知，句中动名词短语leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语，故谓语动词用单数。
3．(2017·福建福州八中高三质检)As the saying go, “United we stand; divided we fall.”____________________
go→goes 解析：句中的主语是the saying，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
4．(2017·浙江金丽衢十二校高三第一次联考)She took the lift to the eleventh floor, and the secretary showed her where her desk and her computer was.____________________
was→were 解析：在where引导的宾语从句中，主语是her desk and her computer，谓语动词须用复数形式。
5．(2017·吉林长春外国语学校第二次质量检测)You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class.____________________
know→knows 解析：know是定语从句中的谓语动词，其形式由先行词person确定。由于person是单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
6．(2017·甘肃兰州一中高三月考)Each student learn a foreign language, mostly English, from Day One of their compulsory education.____________________
learn→learns 解析：主语是each student，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
(一)主谓一致的基础“3原则”
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
(1)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
My father, together with his workmates, has been to Beijing.
我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。
(2)and, both...and...连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词需用单数形式。
Her teacher and her friends are in the sittingroom.
她的老师和朋友都在客厅。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
2．就近一致原则
(1)由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
或者是你或者是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
3．意义一致原则
(1)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(2)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
(二)主谓一致的3种特殊情况
1．“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2．all，the rest，the remaining/part...＋主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
3．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
,[学生用书P24] )
单句语法填空
1．(2017·贵州适应性考试)If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual ____________(thing) might happen.
things 解析：考查名词的数。根据该句中的some可知，可数名词thing应用复数形式。
2．(2017·武汉武昌区调研)Driven by the ____________(curious) in my heart, I came to China and took part in a cruise(乘船度假) along part of the river last year.
curiosity 解析：考查名词。curious为形容词，由前面的冠词the可知，此处应用名词；driven by the curiosity意为“受好奇心驱使”。
3．(2017·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)Nothing I did seemed to make any ____________(different). “It can’t be the fuel，” I thought.
difference 解析：考查名词。make any difference为固定搭配，意为“有任何影响”。
4．(2017·福建省高三质检)“Alaya, you don’t have to do this if you don’t want
to. Nobody is forcing you.” Though I said I wasn’t going to do it, my ____________(foot) carried me toward the pool.
feet 解析：考查名词复数。foot是可数名词，且没有被冠词修饰，故用复数形式。
5．(2017·浙江嘉兴基础测试)Portman’s educational background has influenced one of her ____________(project)．
projects 解析：one of后接可数名词的复数形式，表示“……之一”，故填projects。
6．(2017·湖南怀化一模)More than one doctor ____________(be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.
was 解析：句意：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。
7．(2017·浙江金、温、台三市部分学校联考)Computer game ____________(design) often create interesting video games to tempt players to keep playing.
designers 解析：根据句意可知此处表示“电子游戏的设计者”，同时根据谓语动词create可知，需用复数形式，故填designers。
8．(2017·河北石家庄二中联考)I would appreciate it if you could take me into ____________(consider). Looking forward to receiving your reply.
consideration 解析：句意：如果你能考虑我， 我将不胜感激。盼望收到你的回复。介词into后需加名词形式。此处take...into consideration(考虑到……)为固定短语。
9．(2017·湖南益阳箴言中学模拟)He has donated some money to those who live in poverty, which ____________(be) of great help.
is 解析：句意：他给那些生活贫困的人捐了一些钱，这帮了大忙。which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，指代前面主句的内容，故从句谓语动词应用单数；根据空前的has donated可知此处应用一般现在时。故填is。
10．(2017·湖南师大附中月考)Professor James will give us a lecture on Western culture, and he as well as his assistants ____________(be) to arrive by air.
is 解析：句意：詹姆斯教授将给我们做一次关于西方文化的演讲，他和他的助理将乘飞机到达。as well as连接并列成分时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与前面主语保持一致。
单句改错
1．(2017·福建福州十三中期中考试)About one thousand graduates took exams for it, but only a few was chosen and I was one of them.____________________
第一个was→were 解析：根据主语only a few可知，谓语动词用复数形式。
2．(2017·广东汕头高三质检)Friendship is very important to everyone, especially to me. Now, I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name are
Petou.____________________
are→is 解析：考查主谓一致。whose引导的定语从句的先行词是代词“one”，因此谓语动词应该用单数。
3．(2017·武汉武昌区调研)Considering my case, my teacher offered me several detailed approach and advised me to set a shortterm goal to improve my math.____________________
approach→approaches 解析：考查名词的数。approach作“方法”讲时，是可数名词；由前面的several可知，应用复数形式。
4．(2017·长沙一模)When the boy sang a song with his guitar, all the judge were astonished by his talent.____________________
judge→judges 解析：考查名词的数。根据该句中的all和谓语动词were可知，所有的评委都对他的天赋感到惊讶，故用复数形式。
5．(2017·云南11校区调研)What was worse, many tourists threw rubbishes here and there.____________________
rubbishes→rubbish 解析：考查名词。rubbish作“垃圾”讲，为不可数名词。
6．(2017·广东七校联考)Then we went to some other famous tourist attraction, like the Great Wall.____________________
attraction→attractions 解析：考查名词的数。attraction作“吸引人之物”讲时，为可数名词，根据该句中的some可知，此处指多个旅游景点，故用复数形式。
7．(2017·湖北武汉高三调考)We were very happy to help each other and have lots of funs.____________________
funs→fun 解析：fun是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
8．(2017·安徽合肥八中第一次段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel.____________________
minute→minutes 解析：minute前面有数词30修饰，应用复数形式。
短文改错
(2017·安徽合肥高三质检)Nowadays many people drive instead of taking a bus or walking to work. It causes more traffic jam and accidents. As the student, what can we do to guarantee our safe? First of all, the traffic rules must be strict obeyed. When we cross streets, wait until the traffic light turn green. Next, don’t forget walk on the pavement. Finally, I think it very dangerously to wear headphones while walking or cycling. Since we can’t pay enough attention on the traffic around us, so accidents may happen. Taking good care of ourselves and don’t let our parents worry about us.
答案：
Nowadays many people drive instead of taking a bus or walking to work. It causes more traffic and accidents. As student, what can we do to guarantee our ？ First of all, the traffic rules must be obeyed. When we cross streets, wait until the traffic light green. Next, don’t forget walk on the pavement. Finally, I think it very to wear headphones while walking or cycling. Since we can’t pay enough attention the traffic around us, accidents may happen. good care of ourselves and don’t let our parents worry about us.
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