高中英语经济学人外刊新高考培优讲义[06-03]作文素材阅读理解语法词汇拓展积累

2021 年全国卷高中英语《经济学人》外刊新高考培优讲义[06-03] 作文素材阅读理解语法词汇拓展积累 （含词汇讲解、长难句解析、翻译技巧、背景知识、写作积累：均由阿满编写） 原文[续 06-02] The paper’s authors, Daron Acemoglu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University, are careful to exclude confounding causes as best they can. Their results are not driven by a few robot-intensive regions or industries, and are distinct from the effect of trade with China, or offshoring in general. Increased robot density does not seem to raise employment among any group of workers, even those with university education. Since relatively few industrial robots are in use in the American economy, the total job loss from robotisation has been modest: between 360,000 and 670,000. By comparison, analysis published in 2016 found that trade with China between 1999 and 2011 may have left America with 2m fewer jobs than it would otherwise have had. Yet, if the China trade shock has largely run its course, the robot era is dawning. 这篇论文的作者、麻省理工学院的达伦·阿西莫格鲁（Daron Acemoglu）和波士 顿大学的帕斯卡尔·雷斯特雷珀（Pascual Restrepo）竭尽所能排除混杂因素。他们的 研究结果并不是根据少数几个机器人密集的区域或行业得出的，并且有别于对华贸 易或是整体离岸外包所产生的影响。机器人密度增加看来并没有在任何劳动者群体中提升就业，即便是受过大学教育的群体。因为美国经济中使用的工业机器人相对 来说非常少，所以因使用机器人而减少的岗位也比较少，总数在 36 万至 67 万之 间。相比之下，2016 年公布的分析指出，1999 年到 2011 年与中国的贸易可能让美 国减少了 200 万个工作岗位。但是，如果说中国贸易的冲击已经接近尾声，那么机 器人时代才刚刚开始。 词汇讲解 .Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) institute 相关拓展 college, university, institute, school, academy 这些名词均含有“学院”或者“大 学”的含义。 college 可以指综合大学中的学院，也可以指分科、单科或专科学院。还可以泛 指大学。 o the Royal College of Art 皇家艺术学院 o a secretarial college 秘书学校 o the Oxford and Cambridge colleges 牛津和剑桥的学院 o university 主要指综合性的高等学府。 o She hopes to go to university next year. 她希望明年能上大学 o a university student, lecturer, professor, etc 大学生﹑讲师﹑教授 institute 多指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。o agricultural institute 农学院 o aviation institute 航空学院 o engineering institute 工程学院 school 的使用非常宽泛。 o primary and secondary schools 小学和中学 o Sunday schools 主日学校 o art school 艺术学校 o secretarial school 秘书专科学校 o famous schools like Yale and Harvard 像耶鲁﹑哈佛这样的著名大 学 o the law, medical, history school 法学院﹑医学院﹑历史系 * the School of Dentistry 牙医学系 academy 多指专科院校。 o an academy of music 音乐学院 o a naval/military academy 海军[陆军]军官学校 .exclude exclude 和相对的 include 都包含表示“to close”和“to shut”词根 clud clud 和 clus 是一对同源异形根，其词源是拉丁语动词 claudere，意思相当于英 语 to shut（关闭） o 其中 clud 常用来构成动词 o 其中 clus 多见于名词和形容词o clos, clois, claus 是它们的变体 同源示例补充：clause, claustrophobia, cloister, close, closet, closure, conclude, conclusion, conclusive, disclose, disclosure, enclose, enclosure, exclude, exclusion, exclusive, include, inclusion, inclusive, preclude, preclusive, recluse, reclusive, seclude, seclusion, occlude 因为篇幅的原因，外刊讲解中涉及词根词缀等构词知识我一般会点到为止，如 果想详细学习，可以等待我的词汇课，目前还在准备。 .run its course run its course 可以理解为 to develop and finish naturally，尤其用在描述疾病上 (used especially in reference to illness and disease)。 o Unfortunately, there's no cure for this kind of infection; you just have to let it take its course. o Rather than go through the medical procedures and take all the different medications, I've decided to just let the disease take its course, and see what happens. o Sorry. There is no medicine for it. It will just have to run its course. o The doctor's advice is to let the fever run its course. o I had to accept that the relationship had run its course. o President Bush said he was pretty much going to stay out of the case until the legal process had run its course .dawn dawn 本指“破晓” (to begin to become light in the morning)，文中这里则指 “初现” (tobegin to appear or develop; emerge)。很生动的用词，可以积累到写作 中。 翻译技巧 知识点：英语抽象名词及其翻译 分析：英语抽象名词的构成方式主要有两种: 由动词或形容词派生而成和由动词 短语或介词短语转化而成。派生抽象名词是由在动词或形容词后添加名词性的词缀 构成的。英语中有许多名词性词缀,如-ing , -ness , -tion , -ity , -ure ,-ence,-ment , - ship 等 。比如抽象名词 approval , management ,popularity 就是派生抽象名词。 这类抽象名词在英语中使用频繁。例如:The signs of times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration. 这句话使用了 necessity , modification 和 administration 三个抽象名词, 语言 简洁, 含义丰富,却增大了理解难度。 相对应的翻译策略有： 1.抽象名词译成动词英语尤其是科技英语的显著特点是抽象名词多,行文紧凑、简洁。英语抽象名词 表示行为或动作意义时, 这类名词构成的短语相当于主谓结构或动宾结构。英汉翻 译时 ,可以发挥汉语动词优势,把抽象名词译成动词,以动代静。如 : The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away. 只消再经过几次失败, 就能造出价格低廉的人工心脏了。 本段中 robotisation 翻译成“使用机器人”而非造出很不自然的“机器化”则属 于抽象名词译成动词的方法。 2. 用实体词翻译抽象名词或者增加范畴词使抽象概念具体化英语抽象名词的意 义比较笼统,有时,在汉语里很难找到对应的词来表达,这时可借助具体的词语来翻译英 语中的抽象词, 或者添加一些表示行为、能力、现象、时间、程度、类别等概念所 属的范畴词,把抽象描述转换成汉语的具体描述。如: There was a wide emptiness over road and pavement. 公路上和人行道上一派空旷景象。 3. 借用修辞手法使抽象词义具体化 汉语抽象名词不发达 ,但比喻、拟声、成语、习语等形象性的修辞手法丰富。英 译汉时可以借用这类生动具体的词语表达英语中的抽象概念。如： Action and foresight will be needed as well as learning and reputation. 不但需要博学多才和德高望重的学者, 而且需要有远见卓识的实干家。 4. 抽象名词译成句子 英语抽象名词言简意赅, 概括性强,有时直译其抽象概念会使译文语言不自然, 词 义不具体。把抽象名词译成汉语的主谓句,译文会通顺自然,意义清晰。例如 : Your silence on this matter puzzled me. 你对此事沉默不语, 我感到迷惑不解。 参考文献：余爱菊.英语抽象名词及其翻译[J].安阳师范学院学报,2001(06):68-70. 写作积累 •The paper’s authors are careful to exclude confounding causes as best they can.这篇论文的作者竭尽所能排除混杂因素。 •Their results are not driven by a few robot-intensive regions or industries, and are distinct from the effect of trade with China, or offshoring in general. 他们的研究结果并不是根据少数几个机器人密集的区域或行业得 出的，并且有别于对华贸易或是整体离岸外包所产生的影响。 •Increased robot density does not seem to raise employment among any group of workers, even those with university education. 机器人密度增加 看来并没有在任何劳动者群体中提升就业，即便是受过大学教育的群体。 •By comparison, analysis published in 2016 found that trade with China between 1999 and 2011 may have left America with 2mfewerjobs than it would otherwise have had. 相比之下，2016 年公布的分析指出，1999 年到 2011 年与中国的贸易可能让美国减少了 200 万个工作岗位。•Yet, if the China trade shock has largely run its course, the robot era is dawning. 但是，如果说中国贸易的冲击已经接近尾声，那么机器人时代才 刚刚开始。 点击图片即可参与 --- 未完待续 ---