全国卷高中英语经济学人外刊新高考培优讲义[12-05]作文素材阅读理解语法词汇拓展积累

2021 年全国卷高中英语《经济学人》外刊新高考培优讲义[12-05] 作文素材阅读理解语法词汇拓展积累 （含词汇讲解、长难句解析、翻译技巧、背景知识、写作积累：均由阿满编写） 原文[续 12-04] It is not clear whether other countries can respond legally when national security is invoked in this way. This puts the World Trade Organisation (WTO) into a rat trap. Either Mr Trump will provoke a free-for-all of recrimination and retaliation that the WTO’s courts cannot adjudicate, or the courts will second- guess America’s national-security needs, in which case Mr Trump may storm out of the organisation altogether. 美国此番搬出国家安全的名义，其他国家是否可以诉诸法律仲裁目前尚不清 楚。世贸组织（WTO）陷入了窘境。要么是特朗普将引发一场互相指责和报复的混 战，令世贸组织的法庭无法裁决；要么法庭对美国的国家安全需求做事后批评，在 这种情况下，特朗普可能会愤然退出该组织。 表达积累 .invokeinvoke 表示援用（某事物）为行动依据或理由，比如法律允许或者支持你去做 某事，就可以说 invoke a law。比如文中特朗普以国家安全 (national security) 作为 行动的旗号，就使用了 invoke。如下再举两个类似的例子 o The government has invoked the Official Secrets Act in having the book banned. 政府援引国家机密保密法以禁该书. o The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off. 联合国威胁说，如果谈判中断，将对伊朗实施经济制裁。 当然，可以 invoke 的对象不仅仅是法律 (law) 或者规则 (rule)，你可以借助或 者援引各种人或者事物，比如当谈到“平权” (equal rights) 的时候，可以 invoke 马丁·路德·金 (Martin Luther King)，再来看一个来自《新闻周刊》的例子 o Shamelessly, he invokes coincidence to achieve ironic effect 可耻 的是，他借助于巧合来达到反讽效果 invoke 甚至可以表示“用咒语来召唤鬼魂”或者“向一种更高的力量祈求帮 助”。来看两个例子 o invoke evil spirits 用法术召来恶鬼 o Stretching out her hands she had the air of a Greek woman who invoked a deity 她伸出她的双手，就象一个希腊妇人祈求神灵一样 由此可见：You can invokeall kinds of people or ideas, alive or dead .free-for-all free-for-all 表示混乱、没有规则的打斗、争论或竞赛 (a competition, dispute, or fight open to all comers and usually with no rules)。如果你想表达非常嘈杂、混乱和激烈的争吵 (a very noisy, disorderly, and often violent quarrel or fight)，那么除 了 free-for-all 你还可以选择：brawl, broil,donnybrook, fracas, fray, melee, row, ruction o a drunken brawl in a bar 在酒吧间里醉汉的吵闹 o a violent broil over who was at fault 为追究是谁的过错而发生的激 烈争吵 o a center of a political donnybrook 政治论战的中心（过去在爱尔兰 的 Donnybrook 每年有一次以酒色、殴斗著名的集市） o The police were called in to break up (ie stop) the fracas. 警察奉命 去制止骚乱. o enter/join the fray, ie take part in a fight, quarrel, etc 参与打架﹑ 争吵等 o the rush-hour melee. 上下班高峰时间的混乱情况 o the continuing row over the Government's defence policy 关于政 府防务政策的无休止的争论 o The Financial Times reports that Chancellor Philip Hammond's warning that the UK faces "substantial" costs if no Brexit deal is reached risks causing ructions within Downing Street. —— BBC Sep 18, 2018 .second-guess second-guess 表示“结果知晓后的批评或指责” (To criticize or correct after an outcome is known.)。举三个具体的例子如下o Why are you second-guessing me now? You agreed with this course of treatment just yesterday! o You made the best decisions you could with the information you had at the time, so please don't second-guess yourself. o Lately, I've been seeing a big change in you. You're sweaty, you're nervous, you're second-guessing yourself. Is something wrong? .storm out of 当你想要表达“气冲冲地离开、冲进”某个地方就可以使用 storm out of/into，如下两个例子分别来自《纽约客》和《卫报》 o ... I didn’t know how long his patience would last, of course, or how long it would be before I’d grow tired of making the arguments. But I didn’t storm out of the building because of a political argument. ... o ... I was very angry and was ready to storm into the hospital. It is just not acceptable, not being consulted on whether someone lives or dies. ... 语法讲解：which 在非限定性定语从句中的用法非限制性定语从句对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用，而只是补充一些说明， 通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开；拿掉以后，对句子剩下部分的意思 没有太大的影响。 （1）在非限制性定语从句中，which 和 whom 常可和 of 或其他介词连用： The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. （2）which 有时不代表一个名词，而代表前面句子的全部或部分意思： They rely on themselves, which is much better. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. （3）which 在从句中有时作定语： 【例句 1】I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. 还原语序为：I should apologize for the mistake. 什么 mistake？（“什么”即是定语）—— I called him by the wrong name. 【例句 2】He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 还原语序为两句话： He is studying economics.The knowledge of economics is very important today. 而第二句的介词短语 of economics 也是作定语，修饰 knowledge。 【例句 3】Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 还原语序，但这次把前半句拆分开来： During the four-year time that Tom spent in college, he learned French. 首先带连字符的 four-year 是定语；that 引导的定语从句也是修饰 time。这两者 变成一句话，内容均被 which 所代替。 【例句 4】I may have to gointo hospital, inwhich case I won't be going on holiday. 还原语序：In this case, I won’t be going on holiday. 在什么情况下？（“什么”即是定语）—— I may have to go into hospital. 原文中的 in which case（“在这种情况下”）也就是【例句 4】这种用法。 参考资料：张道真.(2002). 《张道真实用英语语法》. 外语教学与研究出版社, 530-532.英语点睛 解析：rat trap 在原文是捕鼠器的意思，译文把比喻的意象舍弃掉了，直接翻出 了潜在的意思：陷入了窘境。 有关动物谚语的研究近年来学术界已有不少论文发表,其中既有对中西谚语中动 物词汇进行多方面的比较,也有侧重于谚语中动物形象的对比研究,或侧重于对动物在 英语谚语中的寓意分析,还有涉及到动物谚语翻译问题的研究。有关于 Rat 的英语谚 语有如下： Rats desert a sinking ship. 这个谚语又作 Rats leave [forsake] a sinking ship. 它直译为“老鼠逃离即将沉没 的船”,源于航海用语。据说,古代英国海员认为:如果轮船出航后会在海上沉没,那么 原先在船上的老鼠会在出航前本能地离开轮船逃生.莎士比亚 1611 年所作的喜剧 《暴风雨》(The Tempest)第一幕第二场里就有这样一段话: Where they prepared A rotten carcass for aboat, not rigg’d, nor tackle, sail, not mast; the very rats Instinctively have quit it. 在那儿他们已经预备好一只腐朽的船,船帆、滑车索具、桅樯———什么都没有 装配,连老鼠也本能地离开了。可见,“船沉鼠先逃”这种迷信说法在十七世纪初就已流传很广,不限于海员用语 了。由此产生的谚语 desert a sinking ship 就常用来表示 ： One goes away when trouble is brewing, instead of remaining to try to help. 在困难来到之际逃离现场。 When an influential person falls from his power his hangers - on disperse. 有势力的人一旦失权, 他的奉承者便纷纷离去。相当于汉语成语“树倒猢狲 散”。例： Old Thomson has resigned, has he? Oh , well, he’s no loss; rats always leave a sinking ship. 老汤姆森已经辞职了吧?哼,他有什么损失。船沉鼠先逃,树倒猢狲散。 又如： The mountain has brought forth a mouse. 该谚语直译为“大山生出一只小鼠”,典出于《伊索寓言》。大意是:古时有一座 大山响起巨大的隆隆声。观看的人们做了许多猜测,结果从里边钻出一只小老鼠来。 最早使用这个典故的是古罗马诗人贺拉斯(Horace)。他在书简体文艺论文《诗艺》中 写道:“大山经过临盆的阵痛,生出的却是只可笑的老鼠”。贺拉斯用这句话来讽刺那 些没有才华,单凭玩弄词藻装潢门面的诗人。在贺拉斯以后的古希腊作家普卢塔赫 (Plutarch)在其著作《希腊罗马伟人传》和阿泰纳奥斯在其著作《学者们之宴会》中都引用了这个典故。由此产生的谚语 The mountain has brought forth a mouse.主要 用来比喻 a mighty effort made for a small effect (费力大,收效小),相当于汉语成语 “雷声大,雨点小”、“虎头蛇尾”或“事倍功半”。 参考文献：郑声衡,郑声滔.有关 Mouse 和 Rat 的英语谚语及其汉译研究[J].怀化 学院学报,2009,28(12):120-122. 搜索同系列其他序号资源方法： 2021 年全国卷高中英语《经济学人》外刊新高考培优讲义[XX-XX] 將 XX 改为你想要的序号然后在学科网内搜索即可 如： 2021 年全国卷高中英语《经济学人》外刊新高考培优讲义[11-11] 2021 年全国卷高中英语《经济学人》外刊新高考培优讲义[06-01] --- 未完待续---