全国卷高中英语经济学人外刊新高考培优讲义[12-06]作文素材阅读理解语法词汇拓展积累

2021 年全国卷高中英语《经济学人》外刊新高考培优讲义[12-06] 作文素材阅读理解语法词汇拓展积累 （含词汇讲解、长难句解析、翻译技巧、背景知识、写作积累：均由阿满编写） 原文[续 12-05] Mr Trump has lobbed his grenade as the WTO is already under strain. The collapse of the Doha round of trade talks in 2015, after 14 fruitless years, put needed reforms on hold indefinitely. Disputes that might have been swept into a new trade round have fallen to the WTO’s dispute-resolution machinery, which is too slow and too frail to carry the burden. The WTO has not kept pace with economic change. Investment is increasingly tied up in intangibles, such as patents and copyright, rather than physical assets, such as steel mills. Rules drafted for rich, market-led economies cannot always police state capitalism. The implicit subsidies China gives its producers were acause of global gluts in industrial metals. No wonder that the world’s second-biggest economy has been the focus of so much anger. 特朗普扔出这枚手榴弹之际，世贸组织本已承受重压。经过 14 年没有成果的会 谈后，2015 年多哈回合贸易谈判破裂，令必需的改革无限期搁置。一些争端本可能 会进入新一轮贸易谈判，然而世贸组织的争端解决机制太过缓慢和脆弱，无法承担 此重负。世贸组织没有跟上经济变化的步伐。投资越来越多地和专利、版权这样的 无形资产联系在一起，而不是像钢铁厂这样的有形资产。为市场主导的富裕经济体制定的规则并不总能管制国家资本主义。中国向其生产商提供的隐性补贴是导致全 球工业金属过剩的原因之一。难怪这个世界第二大经济体已经成为众矢之的。 表达积累 .lob his grenade lob 同义于 throw，但如果搭配“手榴弹” (grenade) 的话，lob 要更准确形 象，因为 lob 表示“向上抛投” (to throw something somewhere, especially over a wall, fence etc) 文中这里将前文中特朗普的行为比喻成扔“手榴弹” (grenade)。grenade 的这 种比喻用法在外刊报道中是比较常见的，来看几个例子： 特朗普的当选曾经在新闻标题中被描述成“Trump is Hand Grenade Thrown by American Working Class Against the System”，该文章的观点认为“特朗普的当选 是美国的劳动阶级向当局扔出的一枚手榴弹”：They might be ugly but they might allow us to throw a political hand grenade into the system to wake up those Americans who have been neglected ideologically by the left and also because they have actually lost their jobs to benefit people in China, as Trump has been arguing.BBC 在 2017 年 12 月 1 日对诺贝尔经济学奖得主约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨 (JosephStiglitz) 的采访中有提到这位经济学家认为“特朗普的所作所为是向国际贸 易关系中扔了一枚手榴弹”：Mr Stiglitz also said: "What Trump has done is thrown a hand grenade into international trade relationships, said... he's going to renegotiate even WTO and he's put a block in the reappointment of the judges in the WTO. 同样是因为特朗普，今年 6 月份的七国集团首脑会议变成了“对骂”峰会，曾 有一张“六大门派围攻光明顶”的报道图刷爆媒体， The Economist 相关报道中就 有：Donald Trump lobs a grenade from afar into the G7 The Economist 近日在报道日本的文坛新星 Mieko Kawakami 的时候 (Mieko Kawakami is Japan’s brightest new literary star)，谈到这位女性作家通过她的作品 向陈腐、男性主导的日本文坛扔了一枚手榴弹：Mieko Kawakami lobbed a literary grenade into the fusty, male-dominated world of Japanese fiction with her novella “Chichi to Ran” (“Breasts and Eggs”) .under strain 习语 under (a/the) strain 表示“面临压力”，当你想要表达“不得不去应对很 多难题的境况”(having to do too much, dealing with a difficult problem, etc.) 就可 以用 under (a/the) strain 这个表达。 o She has been under (a lot of) strain lately. o He is holding up under the strain. o He cracked/collapsed/buckled under the strain. .collapse 如果你想描述某种交易行为、某种系统或者某种观念等 (business/system/idea etc) “突然崩溃且不可逆”，就可以使用 collapse 这个表达 (a sudden failure in the way something works, so that it cannot continue)，这里 collapse 等同于 failure。原 文中描述贸易谈判“破裂”且无法继续，就使用了 collapse。 o the collapse of the Soviet Union o the threat of economic collapse o His business was in danger of collapse. .put needed reforms on hold indefinitely这里涉及一个 put... on hold 的表达，意思是“无限期搁置” (in a state or period of indefinite suspension)，比如“搁置计划”就可以表达为“put our plans on hold”。 .sweep into sweep into 可以表示“迅速到达某一位置” (to reach some position decisively or swiftly)，比如“共和党迅速掌权”就可以表达成“The Republican Party swept into power.”，再比如描述一匹马“迅速后来居上”就可以是“The horse came from behind and swept into first place.” 原文这里想要表达争端本应该“顺利”或者“高效”的进入新一轮谈判， TheEconomist 这里通过 sweep into 来将这一层意味生动地传达给了读者，并且和 后文中“世贸组织的争端解决机制太过缓慢和脆弱”形成了对比。 .keep pace with 该习语表示“并驾齐驱”或者“保持同步”这类含义 (to develop or progress at the same rate as something else)，比如描述“法律没有跟上科技进步”就可以是 The law has not kept pace with technology. .intangibles, physical assets 这里 intangibles 即 intangible assets，它和 physical assets 对应。各自包含什么 在原文中都有介绍。所以在阅读时遇到不太熟悉的概念的时候，可以注意一下前后 文有没有补充说明。 .police 它在这里不是做“警察”讲，而是做动词使用表示“管制” (to control a particular activity or industry by making sure that people follow the correct rules for what they do)，比如“军队管制这个被占领的城市”就可以描述成“The army policed the conquered city.”，再比如表达“为了监管核能工业而成立的相应机 构”就可以是“The agency was set up to police the nuclear power industry.”。 .implicit subsidies, global gluts in industrial metals “隐性补贴”和“全球工业金属过剩”的表达可以积累一下。补充一点就是 glut 对应的即是 shortage .the focus of so much anger 如果想表达“众矢之的”，一般而言想到的是 target of public criticism，然后文 中这里则用 the focus of anger 来表示。这种“回译”的小训练适合同学们拿到官方 译文之后的英语输出。具体怎么通过读外刊来有效“输入”和“输出”，可以参与 学心社的课程，我这两天就会发开课信息。语法讲解：长难句分析 Rules // drafted for rich, market-led economies // cannot always police state capitalism. •提取主干：Rules cannot always police state capitalism. 结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 •其他成分： ① 过去分词 drafted 的部分作定语，修饰主语。 ② 两个形容词 rich 和 market-led 都作定语，修饰 economies。 •疑难解析： 原句的结构并不复杂，但在阅读全段时，可能会出现以下误判： ①把 Rules drafted for rich 当作独立主格，进而把 market-led economies 当作 全句的主语。但是，rich 只有形容词词性，形容词一般作定语或表语，是不能作 for 的宾语的。如果想要作宾语，只能用 the rich 表示“富人”这一概念。 ②由于不了解 police 还有动词词性，找不到全句的谓语。 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 给出了 police 作动词时的两种含 义： (1) 指动用警察或军队，实施管制，维持治安；(2) 控制、监督某种活动或行业。 表达动词含义时，对应的还有它的动名词 policing。 来看一个同时包含 police 两种词性的例子： The relationship between noise laws and the police reach another level of conflict that speaks to the fundamental problem of policing the sounds made by individuals. 噪音法规与警察之间的关系冲突再度升级，而这种冲突关乎一个基本问题，就 是如何管控由个人发出的噪音。 — KateWagner, The Atlantic, "City Noise Might Be Making You Sick," 20 Feb. 2018. 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