2020 年高三英语之纠错笔记：情态动词和虚拟语气
易错点 1 情态动词的误用
1. Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they _______________ just be
quiet people.
A. must B. may C. should D. would
【错因分析】考生容易误选 C 项，认为是＂一定是＂，实际上这里表示可能性。
【试题解析】句意：一些不爱说话的人并不是真的害羞，他们可能只是比较安静。must 必须；may 可能；
should 应该；would 将要。由句意可知这里表示不确定的推测，要用 may。
【参考答案】B
may/might 接动词原形时表示对现在情况的推测，意思是＂可能＂。
She thought it might be wise to try her luck here. 她认为在这儿碰碰运气也许不错。
2. —What does the sign over there read?
—No person ______________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.
A. will B. may C. shall D. must
【错因分析】考生容易误选 A 项，认为这里要用 will 表示将来或意愿。shall 在本句中用于第三人称，表示
警告和禁止；will 表示现在的意志、愿望等，意为＂要，希望＂；may 表示许可，或用于请求许可，意为＂可，
可以＂；must 意为＂必须，要，应当＂。
【试题解析】句意：——那边的那个标志说的什么？——任何人都不准在这个区域吸烟、或携带点着的香
烟、雪茄或烟斗。根据语境可知这里表示警告和禁止，因此要用 should。
【参考答案】Cshall 用作情态动词主要有以下两个用法：
（1）用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示征求对方意见。
Shall I help you? 要不要我帮你？
Shall I open the window? 要我把窗子打开吗？
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening? 她要和我们一起去音乐会吗？
（2）用于陈述句中表示允诺、告诫、警告、威胁、命令、规定、必然性等（可用于各类人称）。
You shall suffer for this. 你会为此事吃苦头的。（表威胁）
Each competitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要戴一个号码。（表规定）
You shall hear everything as soon as you come. 你一来就可以听到所有的情况。（表允诺）
You shall go to the front at once. 你马上到前线去。（表命令）
Don’t worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon.
不要着急，你今天下午晚些时候可以得到答案。（表允诺）
He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. 我告诉你，他早晚会后悔的。（表警告）
Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution.
什么也阻止不了我们与污染作斗争。（表决心）
1.（2018·北京卷）In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems
for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据
丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词 can。C 选项正确。
其余情态动词均没有该用法。need 需要；should 应该，竟然；must 必须，肯定。
【答案】C
2. I think the work ____________ be completed ahead of time.
【解析】句意：我认为这项工作可以提前完成。由句意可知这里表示说话人的一种看法，故填 can。
【答案】can
【名师点睛】此题有些考生可能会认为这里是要求工作＂必须＂提前完成而误填 must，因此在做此类题时，
一定要结合语境，仔细推敲语境暗含的意思，从而提高做题的正确率。
3. —It’s the office! So you ____________ know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.A. must B. will C. may D. need
【解析】句意：——这里是办公室。所以你必须知道在这儿吃东西是不被允许的。——哦，对不起。结合
语境可知，这里表示命令，因此要用 must。
【答案】A
【名师点睛】must 常用来表示禁止、命令，这时主要用于否定句中。
You must not speak ill of others. 你一定不要说别人的坏话。
You must not go there. 你不准去那儿。
情态动词的基本用法
（一）情态动词的特点
情态动词，在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来
说，它有这样几个特点：
1. 各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。
2. 情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。
3. 情态动词在句中不受任何人称、性、数变化的影响。
4. 情态动词后接的不定式（除 ought 外）都不带 to，即接动词原形。
（二）常用情态动词的基本用法
英文中的情态动词主要有：can, could; may, might; must; ought; need; dare, dared，另外，shall,
will, should, would 在一定的场合也可用作情态动词。
He can speak five languages. 他会说五种语言。
She must have arrived home by now. 现在她准到家了。
We should study hard for our motherland. 我们应该为祖国而努力学习。
They needn’t be in such a hurry for there is enough time for them.
他们还有足够的时间，用不着这么慌张。
1. can, could 能，会
could 可以看作是 can 的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相同的。当
然 could 也有自己独特的用法。
（1）表示脑力或体力上的能力
Nobody can stop the development of science. 谁也无法阻止科学的发展。
She can sing that song in English. 她能用英文唱那歌。He can submerge to a depth of about twenty meters. 他能潜入约二十米深的水中。
He could hardly support his family before he found the new job.
他在找到那份新工作前几乎无法养家。
I could not understand the lecture on the computer given by Mr. Smith.
我听不懂史密斯先生作的那个关于计算机的讲座。
（2）表示客观上的可能性
You can borrow this useful book from the library.
你可以从图书馆借到这种有用的书。
A more suitable person than him for the job cannot be found.
不可能找到比他更适合这份工作的人了。
Now people can skate on the lake. 现在人们可以在湖上滑冰了。
When the storm stopped, the plane could take off. 当风暴停下来时，飞机可以起飞了。
（3）表示主观上的允许
Can I ask you some questions about it? 我可以问你有关这件事的几个问题吗？
You cannot leave here till I come back. 直到我回来你才能离开。
Such kind of thing can’t happen anymore later. 这类事以后不准再发生了。
Can you tell me how to get to the airport? 你能告诉我怎么去机场吗？
Could you tell me how to get to the airport? 您能告诉我怎么去机场吗？
Could I be forgiven my negligence? 请原谅我的疏忽，行吗？
（4）表示猜测、怀疑或惊诧（用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）
How can / could you be here? 你怎么会在这儿？
She couldn’t / can’t be so stupid to do that. 她不可能蠢得去做那种事吧。
He couldn’t / can’t be over seventy. 他不可能有七十多岁了。
Where could / can the boy be now? 那孩子现在能在哪儿呢？
另外，could 还常用于表示较客气委婉的看法、提问及用于虚拟语气的结构中。这时候，could 就不
可以看作是 can 的过去式了。而是 could 自己独特的用法。
Could you speak a little slowly? 您能稍微说慢一点儿吗？
I could come earlier if asked. 如果要让我早一点来，我可以来早一点。
I’m afraid that we couldn’t give you any definite answer at this moment.
恐怕我们这时候还无法给予你任何确切的答复。We would appreciate it if you could offer us any help.
如果您能为我们提供帮助的话，我们将不甚感激。
You could have done better if you had worked harder at it.
如果你再加把劲，你本来可以做得更好一些的。
2. may, might 或许，可能，可以
might 可以看作是 may 的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当
然 may 和 might 又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。
（1）可能性
I may be busy from tomorrow on. 从明天起我可能会忙起来。
I wondered if they might agree with the idea. 我想知道他们是否会同意这种想法。
She thought it might be wise to try her luck here. 她认为在这儿碰碰运气也不错。
You may catch sight of the sunrise from here when you get up before 5 in the morning.
你在早晨五点钟以前起来，或许能从这儿看到日出。
（2）表示允许
May I come in? 我可以进来吗？
I’d like to have a smoke here if I may. 如果可以的话我想在这儿抽一支烟。
The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.
图书馆理员告诉她说，她可以在三天后还那本书。
At the press conference, a news reporter asked the chairman if she might trouble him with a
question about Taiwan issue. 在记者招待会上，一位新闻记者问大会主席她是否能提一个有关台湾问题
方面的问题。
（3）may 可以用来表示祝愿，也常用于表示目的或让步的状语从句中：
May that day come soon. 但愿那天早日到来。
May you succeed in winning the first prize in the game. 祝愿你比赛夺冠成功。
May you continue in your efforts and achieve greater successes. 祝愿你继续努力并取得更大
的成功。
（4）might 也常用于表示目的等状语从句中，或用于虚拟语气的结构中：
I could not convince him, try as I might. 我无论用什么样的办法也不能说服他。
He died so that the others might live. 为了其他的人能活下去，他自己牺牲了。
One error in calculation might ruin the whole project. 计算中出一点错就可能毁掉整个工程。They left off earlier on that day so that they might catch the first train.
那天，他们为了赶上头班车动身早一些。
If you had made better use of your time, you might have learned more.
假若你将自己的时间利用得更好一些，你本可以学到更多东西的。
★ 注意：在回答以 may 引导的问句时，一般说来避免使用 may，以免显得太严厉、或不太客气，而
改用其他方式。
—May I come in? 我可以进来吗？
—Yes, please. / Sure. / Certainly. 请进。
—Please don’t. 请不要进来。
—No , you mustn’t. 不行。
3. must 应该，必须，一定
（1）表示出于职责、义务该做某事
We must protect people’s rights. 我们应该保护人民的利益。
Everyone must be loyal to his motherland. 每个人都应该忠于自己的祖国。
You must serve the people when you grow up. 你们长大成人后应该服务于人民。
Students must work hard at their study. 学生应该努力学习。
（2）表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事
We must speed up the pace of our economic reform. 我们必须加速经济改革的步伐。
We must keep steps to the scientific development. 我们一定要与科学的发展保持步调一致。
You must hurry up or you’ll be late. 你必须得快点儿，不然会迟到的。
★ 注意：在这种用法中 must 表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事；have to 却表示由于某种客观原因
而不得不做某事。除此以外，have to 自身有时态的变化形式。
I have to go now for I’ve got a meeting 15 minutes later.
我现在必须要走了，因为我 15 分钟后有个会要开。
He has to be back home by five to fetch his son from kindergarten.
他必须在五点钟前回家去幼儿园接他的儿子。
Jenny had to tidy up the room before her mother came back.
珍尼不得不在她妈妈回家以前将房间整理好。
★ 注意：在这种用法中，回答以 must 引导的问句时，若是否定答复，不可以用 mustn’t 而需要用
needn’t 或是 don’t have to，因为 mustn’t 意思是＂绝不能、一定不要＂，而没有＂不必＂的意思。—Must we hand in our exercises today? 我们今天必须交作业吗？
—Yes, you must. 是的，必须交。
—No, you needn’t（or, you don’t have to ）. 不，不必今天交。
（3）表示禁止（用于否定句）
You must not speak ill of others. 你一定不要说别人的坏话。
Cars must not park here. 这里禁止停车。
Smoking must not allow in the office. 严禁在办公室吸烟。
You mustn’t talk to girls like that. 你绝不能那样对女孩子说话。
（4）表示猜测、推测，must 常用于肯定句中表示猜测。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时，后接动词原
形；对已经发生的事进行猜测时，后接 have + 过去分词。
You must be tired after working so long. 你工作这么长时间，肯定累了吧。
It must be that naughty boy crying outside. 肯定是那个调皮的孩子在外面大叫。
It must have rained last night for it is so wet outside. 外面这么湿，昨晚肯定下雨了。
The idea must be accepted by the society sooner or later.
这种想法肯定迟早会被社会所接受的。
I didn’t see you in class yesterday. You must have been absent.
我昨天上课没见着你，你肯定没有来。
4. ought 应该（后接带 to 的不定式构成谓语动词）
（1）表示出于职责、义务该做某事
You ought not to be so careless in your work. 你不应该在工作上如此粗心大意。
We ought to study hard for the sake of our motherland. 我们应该为了我们的祖国而努力学
习。
His doctor said to him that he oughtn’t to smoke so much. 他的医生说他不应该抽这么多烟。
Oughtn’t you to give us a chance to try? 你难道不应该给我们一个尝试的机会吗？
（2）表示极有可能发生某事
As an auto repairman, Dick ought to know what is wrong with the car.
作为一个汽车修理工，狄克应该知道这部车的毛病所在。
If we set off right now, we ought to be able to get there in time.
如果我们马上出发，我们应当能够按时到达那里。
Tomorrow ought to be a nice day for we have such a fine sunset today.今天有这么好的晚霞，明天准是个晴天。
5. need 需要（用于否定句和疑问句）
There are still one and a half hours to go, we needn’t be in such a hurry.
还有一个半小时，我们无需如此慌张。
I hardly need say how much we missed you. 不用说我们是多么地想念你。
Need you go so soon? 你需要这么早就去吗？
You need have no anxiety on my account. 你不必为我而着急。
6. dare, dared 敢（用于否定句、疑问句和疑问句）
Dare you stay here alone in the night? 你敢在夜里待在这儿吗？
Nobody dared mention that matter. 没有人敢提那件事。
How dared you say that to her? 你怎么敢对她说那件事？
Even if you dare do it, I won’t allow you to because it’s too dangerous.
即使你敢做，我也会让你做那件事，因为太危险了
7. shall 用作情态动词时，适用于第二人称和第三人称。
主要表示下面几层意思：
（1）许诺
You shall hear everything directly you come. 你一来就可以听到一切了。
＂Whatever you want you shall have, ＂said the Fairy. 仙女说：＂你想得到什么，你就可以有什
么。＂
I don’t want to be hard on your daughter; she shan’t be pressed.
我不想对你女儿太严厉，她不会受压制。
I promise that you shall see her again before long.
我保证你不久就能再见到她。
（2）命令
You shall come to my office immediately. 你必须马上来我的办公室。
She shall not stay in my garden. 她不可以待在我的花园里。
He shall not come into my study. 不许他进我的书房。
You shall do as you are told. 按告诉你的那么做。
（3）决心（表示某事一定会发生）
That day shall come. 那一天一定会到来。It has been decided that he shall be given the job. 已经决定让他做那份工作了。
This law shall come into effect on January 1st 2001. 这个法律于 2001 年 1 月 1 日生效。
（4）规定
Each competitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要佩戴一个数字标。
The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly state. 租赁者要保持房屋整洁有序。
The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment
within 15 days after receipt of the goods. 卖方十月以前装运，买方在收到货物后十五天内付款。
8. should 用作情态动词时，有时表示具体的意思，有时没有意义。主要用于下面几个方面：
（1）表示出于职责、义务该做某事
You shouldn’t come to such a decision hastily. 你不应该匆忙做出这么一个决定。
You should write to your parents at least once a month. 你应该至少每月给你父母亲写一封信。
We should read English aloud every morning. 我们应该每天早晨朗读英文。
They should do it for their own good. 为了他们自己利益他们应该做这件事。
（2）表示对某种情况的估计
She shouldn’t be out in such an early morning. 她不会这么一大早就出去了吧。
This book should be published in two months at most. 这本书最多两个月后就会出版的。
The effect of the tax should be felt in higher prices.
人们可能会从各种上涨的物价中感觉到这种税的影响的。
The event should lead them to a even worse economic crisis.
这次事件可能会将他们引向更严重的经济危机。
（3）表示惊讶、失望等情绪
I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. 我认为，竟然每个人都如此伤心就太糟
糕了。
Why should I pay him for nothing? 我干吗要白白付给他钱？
It seems so unfair that this should happen to me. 这件事竟然发生在我身上，似乎太不公平了。
It’s strange that it should be so cold today. 奇怪，今天怎么会这么冷。
（4）用于某些从句中表示虚拟语气
The doctor insisted that the girl should be hospitalized. 大夫坚持认为那个女孩要住院治疗。
She stood away so that he should enter the room first. 她让到一边，好让他第一个进入房间。
I’ll write it down lest I should forget it. 我将它记下以免遗忘。Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。
9. will, would
would 可以看作是 will 的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当
然 will 和 would 又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。
（1）用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求（在这种用法中 would 使语气更为客气、委婉）
Will you tell her that I’ll be back in twenty minutes? 请告诉她我二十分钟后回来，好吗？
If you want help, just let me know, will you? 你需要帮助就告诉我，好吗？
Would you tell me how to get to the shopping center? 您能告诉我怎么去购物中心吗？
Won’t you come in and have a little whisky?
你要不要进来喝一点儿威士忌？（或是：你进来喝一点儿威士忌，好吗？）
（2）用于表示愿望
Go where you will. 去你想去的地方吧。
I will pay you at the rate you ask. 我会按你要的利率付给你钱的。
He wouldn’t let the doctor take his blood pressure. 他不愿意让大夫给他量血压。
They had to obey whether they would or not. 不管他们愿意与否，他们必须要遵从。
（3）表示习惯、倾向（可译成＂总是会、老是，等＂ ）
Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon. 有时侯，那只猫会整个下午都躺在那儿。
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水不能混合。
He would sit there for hours, doing nothing at all. 他总是在那儿一坐就是几个小时，什么都不干。
（4）表示猜测（可译成＂一定是……、想必……，等＂ ）
This will be the house you’re looking for. 这想必就是你要找的房子吧。
He will have gone back to New Zealand. 他一定是回新西兰去了。
That would be in 1999, I think. 那大概是在 1999 年吧。
（5）will 用于表示决心（可译成＂一定要，决心＂等 ）
We will never talk about that subject again. 我们决不会再谈论这个话题了。
I will make this computer work even if I have to stay up all night.
我即使整晚不睡觉也一定要让这台计算机工作起来。
（6）would 常用于虚拟条件句，表示与事实相反或不太可能实现的情况
But for your help we would have been late. 要不是你帮忙我们就迟到了。
Well, I wouldn’t worry about it. It won’t do me any good.好了，我不会担心那件事的，因为它不会给我带来什么好处。
易错点 2 混淆＂情态动词+have done＂各种句式的不同含义
1. —Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ____________ it in the wrong place.
A.must put B.should have put
C.might put D.might have put
【错因分析】考生容易误选 A 项，原因是受汉语表达习惯的影响，认为＂你一定是把它放错地方了＂。根
据前面的语境可判断出，本题考查情态动词表推测的用法。所以要用 might have done。should have
done 表示＂(过去)本来应该做某事＂。must 意为＂一定＂，是肯定的推测，与所提供的情景矛盾。might
put 表示现在发生的事。
【试题解析】句意：——我的字典在哪儿？我记得昨天把它放这儿了。——你可能放错地方了。结合语境
可知，这里表示对过去发生的事情的推测，表示一种可能性，may/might have done 表示＂过去可能做
了(某事)＂，故用 might have put。
【参考答案】D
情态动词＋have done 用法
must have done
一定做过某事，其否定形式为 can’t/couldn’t have
done
can/could have done
本来能够做某事但却未做
可能做过某事
can’t/couldn’t have
done
不可能做过某事
may/might have done 或许/可能做过某事
should/ought to have
done
本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了needn’t have done 做了本没有必要做的事情
1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time
together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光
的。根据上文，可知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完
成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选 C。
【答案】C
2. That car nearly hit me; I ______________.
A. might be killed C. may be killed
B. might have been killed D. may been killed
【解析】句意：那辆小轿车差点撞到了我，我差点被撞死。被撞死是过去可能发生而实际并没有发生的事
情，因此要用 might have been killed。
【答案】B
【名师点睛】may/might have + 过去分词表示对过去已经发生的事进行推测判断，一般只用于肯定
句或否定句中（疑问句中用 can 或 could），may/might 的意思是＂可能，也许＂，may/might 的意
思是＂可能不（没有）＂。
Nobody stopped him; he might have been a passenger’s child. 没人制止他，他或许是一个旅
客的孩子。
It’s no use going to his house. He may not have gone home; he may have gone somewhere
else.
去他家没有用，他可能没有回家，可能去别的地方了。
注意：might have + 过去分词可用来表示过去可能发生而没有发生的事情。
You were so careless that day. You might have made a bad mistake.
那天你太粗心了，你有可能犯错误的。（事实上并没有犯错）
1.＂must have done＂
表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成＂一定做过某事＂，该结构只用于肯定句。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。
You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。
2.＂can’t have done＂
表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成＂不可能做过某事＂。
Mr Smith can’t have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。
Mary can’t have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。
3.＂can have done＂
表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成＂可能做过……吗？＂。
There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？
There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone?
到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？
4.＂could have done＂
是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。
He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.
本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。
5.＂may have done＂
表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是＂可能已经＂或＂也许已经＂，用于肯定句中。
—What has happened to George? 乔治发生了什么事？
—I don’t know. He may have got lost. 我不知道，他可能迷路了。
6.＂might have done＂
表示对过去事情的推测，might 与 may 意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。
She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances.
如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。
7.＂would have done＂
虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是＂本来会……＂。
I would have told you all about the boy’s story, but you didn’t ask me.
我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。
8.＂should have done＂
意思是＂本来应该做某事，而实际没做＂。＂shouldn’t+have+done＂表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。
Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.
汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。
Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn’t have been so harsh on him.
看，汤姆哭了，我本不应该对他如此严厉的。
9.＂ought to have done＂
表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成＂理应做……＂，往往表示遗憾。与＂should have done＂用
法基本一样。
I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。
You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。
10.＂need have done＂
表示本来需要做某事而实际没有做。＂needn’t have done＂则表示＂本来不需要做某事而实际做
了＂
I needn’t have bought so much wine — only five people came.
我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。
He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
他本来需要快点去车站的，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。
易错点 3 虚拟语气时态的误用
1. I _________ through that bitter period without your generous help.
【错因分析】此题考生容易误认为空格处表示现在的情况，用＂would+动词原形＂，从而填成了 wouldn’t
go，实际上这是对过去的假设。
【试题解析】句意：如果没有你的慷慨帮助我不能度过那段艰难的时期。度过那段艰难的时期是过去发生
的事情，因此这里是对过去发生的事情的假设，又因这里表示否定意义，因此要用 couldn’t have done。
【参考答案】couldn’t have gone
虚拟语气中，主句用＂would / might / could + 动词原形＂表示现在或将来的情况，用＂would /might / could + have + 过去分词＂表示过去的情况。
1.（2018·北京卷）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive
C. were to drive D. had driven
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might
have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if ____ a few more kilometers 是条件句
部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态，故 D 选项正确。
【答案】D
2. But for their help, we _______ the program in time.
A. cannot finish B. will not finish
C. had not finished D. could not have finished
【解析】句意：要不是他们的帮助，我们不会按时完成这个项目。考生容易误选 C 项，原因是没有注意到
but for their help 这一含蓄条件。由语境可知，这里表示与过去的事实相反，所以主句应该用 would /could
/ might / should + have done 结构。
【答案】D
【名师点睛】
（1）有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词、短语或从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略
了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么是隐含在上下文之中。
We would have made a lot of money. 我们本来能够挣很多钱的。
（2）用介词代替条件状语从句。常见的介词有：with，without，but for 等。
But for the rain (=If it had not been for the rain), we would have finished the work.
要不是下雨，我们就完成这项工作了。
Without electricity (=If there were no electricity), life would be quite different today.
如果没有电，今天的生活就会是另一个样子。
（3）用 but，otherwise，or else 等由真实语气转化为虚拟语气或反之。
The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident wouldn’t have been
prevented.
船长在可怕的大风暴中显得很镇静，否则一场事故不可避免。
3. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____________ in love, at the age ofseven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
【解析】本题考查错综时间条件句中虚拟语气的用法。主句由 today 可以看出是对现在情况的虚拟，而条
件句则是对过去情况的虚拟，因此要用 had not fallen。本题易误选 A 项，原因是忽视了前后两句话时间
的不一致性。
【答案】B
【名师点睛】错综条件句就是虚拟条件主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动
词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。
If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night.
如果我是你，我不会错过昨晚的电影。
If they had started in the early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.
如果他们清早就出发，那么再有半个小时就到了。
时态类型 主句谓语形式 条件句的谓语形式 例句
与现在事实
相反
would / should /
could / might + 动
词原形
动词过去式 did
*be 多用 were
If I were you, I should study
English.
I would certainly go if I had time.
与过去事实
相反
would / should /
could / might +
have done
动词过去完成式
had done
If you had taken my advice, you
would not have failed in the test.
If I had left a little earlier, I would
have caught the train.
与将来事实
相反
would / should /
could / might + 动
词原形
动词过去式 If you came tomorrow, we
would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the
meeting would be put off.
should + 动词原形
were + to do
注意：1. would/should/could/might
主句谓语中的 should 主要用于第一人称；would 表示结果还表示过去经常做某事，might 表示可能性，
could 表示能力、允许或可能性。比较：
If you tried again, you would succeed.
要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。 (would 表结果)
If you tried again, you might succeed.
要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。 (might 表可能)
If you tried again, you could succeed.
要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could 表能力)
2. 错综时间虚拟条件句
即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的
语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整：
If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.
要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。
You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.
假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。
3. If 虚拟条件句的否定（含蓄条件句） 常考两个句型：If it weren’t for...和 If it hadn’t been for...，
其意为＂若不是(有)＂ ＂要不是＂。
If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。
If it hadn’t been for your assistance, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
=But for your assistance, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
=Without your assistance, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
要是没有你的支持，我们不会成功的。
4. If 虚拟条件句的倒装形式，即把 were，had，should 置于句首。
Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would study harder.
如果我再上学，我一定更加努力地学习。
Had you asked me, I would have told you.
=If you had asked me, I would have told you.
要是你问我的话，我就告诉你了。易错点 4 忽视名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法
1. The doctor recommended that you ______________ swim after eating a large meal.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. needn’t D.
shouldn’t
【错因分析】考生容易误选 B 项，原因是不知道 recommend 的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。
【试题解析】句意：医生建议你在大吃一顿后不要游泳。recommended 后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，
即 should+动词原形，should 可以省略。
【参考答案】D
2. It is important that we ______________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we
1eave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we 1eave
【错因分析】考生容易误选 C 项，原因是没有掌握主语从句中用虚拟语气的用法。
【试题解析】It is important(necessary，strange) that...主语从句中，谓语用 should + 动词原形表示虚
拟语气，should 可以省略。
【参考答案】D
表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词（如：advise 建议，command 命令，demand 要求，
desire 渴望，insist 坚持，intend 打算，propose 提议，order 命令，require 需要，request 要求，recommend
劝告）后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气，即 should+动词原形，should 可以省略。
I suggest that we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
1.（2018·江苏卷）There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to
become more involved.A. had B. will have
C. would have had D. have had
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本
题考查 wish 引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选 A。
【答案】A
2. I’m ashamed that you ______________(do) such a thing.
【解析】作某些形容词或相当于形容词的过去分词的宾语的 that 从句，其谓语是＂should+动词原形＂
或＂should + have + 过去分词＂，此处从句是过去时态，因此要填 should have done。
【答案】should have done
【名师点睛】在 It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+主语从句的句式中，主语从句用 should + 动词原形，should
可以省略。这类形容词或分词有：determined 决定的，commanded 命令的，arranged 安排的，anxious
焦急的，important 重要的，desired 想要，asked 请求，natural 自然的，insisted 坚持，necessary 必
要的，suggested 建议，ordered 命令，proposed 提议，requested 要求的，required 要求的，
recommended 推荐，possible 可能的，a pity 可惜的是等。
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他去那里。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 有人建议会议推迟到下星期。
名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1. wish 与 hope 接宾语从句的区别在于：hope 表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish 表
示很难或不大可能实现的希望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：
We hope they will come. (We don’t know if they can come. 我不知道他们是否会来。)
We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming. 我知道他们不会来。)
2. if only 与 I wish 一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish 后所接时态
的情况相同：
If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
★ if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。
3. would rather 后的句子用虚拟语气只分现在和过去
在 would rather 后的 that 从句中，句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气， 表示宁愿做什么，具体用法为：（1）一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望
I’d rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。
（2）用过去完成时表过去的愿望
I’d rather you hadn’t said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。
4. as if (though)从句用虚拟语气
以 as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，与 wish 用法相同。
He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。
They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。
He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。
★ 注意：（1）从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气：
It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。
（2）It isn’t as if... 的翻译：
It isn’t as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。
5. 从句中 should+动词原形，should 可省略
（1）在 lest, for fear that( 以免), in case(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气。
She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。
（2）表应当做值得做一类动词后的宾语从句
建议 advise, suggest, propose, recommend 命令 order, command
请求 ask, demand, require, request 指示 direct
敦促 urge 提议 move, vote 希望 desire
坚持 insist 打算 intend 安排 arrange
试比较下列句子：
I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。
He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。
He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。
He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。
He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.
将军指示释放那些俘虏。*suggest 表＂暗示＂，insist 表＂坚持认为＂不用虚拟语气。
比较：
He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。
（3）order, suggestion, idea, plan, proposal, advice, demand 等名词后的表语从句或同位语从
句。
Our suggestion is that you（should）be the first to go.
我们的建议是你应该第一个去。
（4）advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication,
insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan,
order
上述 demand/suggest 等动词过去分词 或 important，natural，strange，necessary，surprised，
appropriate 等形容词后的主语从句。
It is ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m. 军队必须在上午 4 点之前到达那里.
6. It’s time 后的从句用虚拟语气：从句谓语通常用过去式表示 (早)该干某事了，有时也用过去进行时
或＂should+动词原形＂(较少见，且 should 不能省略)。
It’s time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用 were)
注意：It’s time = It is (the very/high/right/about) time。
7. wish 引导的虚拟语气
（1）表示与现在事实相反的愿望，构成：主语 + wish (that) +从句主语+动词过去式（be 一律用 were）。
I wish I knew everything in the world. 我希望我知道世界上的一切。
I wish that the experiment were a success. 我希望实验是成功的。
（2）表示与过去事实相反的愿望，构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过
去分词或 had + 过去分词。
I wish that you had called yesterday. 我希望你昨天打来电话。
I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.
我没有去参加聚会，但我真希望我去过那儿。
（3）表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 +would/should/could/might + 原形动词。
I wish that he could try again. 我希望他能再试一次。
I wish that someday I should live on the moon.
我希望有一天我能在月球上生活。
I. 单项填空
1.（2019·天津卷）The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ____________ the task in
half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
【答案】D
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根
据上句 the workers were not better organized 可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设，
其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成
时+其他，故选 D。
2.（2018·天津卷）I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not
sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词表推测和虚拟语气。句意：我不能找到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，
但我不确定。根据句中时间状语 yesterday 可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再
根据后句 but I’m not sure.可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词 could，表示“可能”。故选
D。
3.（2018·天津）If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the
beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语 yesterday 可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，故用 had + v-ed。故选 A。
4.（2018·江苏）It’s strange that he _______
have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It is
important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...”中，其中由 that 引导的主语从句通常用
“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的 should 可以省略。故选 B。
5. The law is equally applied to everyone. No one _______ be above it.
A. shall B. must
C. may D. need
【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：法律面前人人平等。没有人能凌驾于法律之上。A. shall 用于第二、第三人
称，则含有命令、警告、允诺或威胁的语气。B. must（必须，一定）用于肯定句。C. may（可以，能够）
表允许时一般不与第三人称连用。D. need (表示没有必要或询问是否有必要) 需要，故选 A。
6. —I spend two weeks in Beijing last year.
—Then you must have visited the Great Wall during your stay, ________ you?
A. mustn’t B. didn’t
C. haven’t D. hadn’t
【答案】B
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：——去年我在北京待了两周。——那么你在逗留期间一定参观过长城，是
吗？题中 last summer 表示的是一个确定的过去时间，可认定 must have visited 是对“过去”的推断，
用一般过去时反问。此处是反意疑问句，前半句肯定，后半句应该用否定形式，故选 B。
7. The bus would not have run into the river ________ for the bad tempered lady.
A. if it were not B. had it not been
C. if it would not be D. should it not be
【答案】B
【解析】考查 if 从句的虚拟语气。句意：要不是那位坏脾气的女士，公共汽车是不会掉进河里的。此处是if 引导的虚拟语气，与过去的事实相反，从句用过去完成时态，从句中有 had 则 if 省略，把助动词 had 提
到主语前面，故选 B。
8. If she ________ generous as she makes out, she would have donated more money in the
catastrophe.
A. had been B. were
C. would be D. was
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。从句首的 if（如果）与主句的 would have done（早就做……）可判断本题考查
虚拟语气，并且根据主句时态可以判断是与现在事实相反的假设，所以 if 从句用一般过去式，be 动词要用
were。虚拟语气中，be 动词的一般过去时只能用 were 不能用 was，故选 B。
9. —Where are you going to hang the picture?
—I haven’t decided yet. I ______________ hang it in the dining room.
A. might B. must C. need D. would
【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：——你准备把这幅画挂在哪？——我还不确定，可能会把它挂在餐厅。根
据前一句可知，此人并不确定要把这幅画挂在哪，may/might 可表示＂可能性＂，故选 A。
10. If you were to have a few minutes free, I ______________ the opportunity to ask you one more
question.
A. would appreciate B. would have appreciated
C. were to appreciate D. had appreciate d
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你有几分钟的空闲时间，我将会珍惜这个机会再问您一个问题。将来
时的虚拟语气中，从句为：if + 主语+were to do/should do/动词过去式，主句为：主语+should/would
+do，故选 A。
11. We ______________ be careful with the words we say when we are angry.
A. may B. can C. might D. should
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：当我们生气的时候我们应该注意我们的话。should 表＂应该＂，符合语境，故选 D。
12. After making the speech, he went through it in his mind to reflect where he ______________
better.
A. could do B. would do
C. could have done D. would have done
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词与虚拟语气。句意：演讲完成之后，他在脑子里想了一遍，反省还有哪些地方他本
来可以做得更好。could have done 表示未曾实现的能力：即表示过去本来有能力可以做某事的，但实际
上没有那样去做，通常译为＂本来可以＂＂本来能够＂等，故选 C。
13. One of our rules is that every student ______________ wear school uniform while at school.
A. might B. could C. shall D. will
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：我们的规定就是每个学生在校期间都要穿校服。shall 用于第二、第三人称，
表示警告、命令、允诺、威胁等，本句是规定。故 C 正确。
14. Obviously, a good habit ______________ help us to speed up to reach our destinations.
A. need B. must C. can D. shall
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：显而易见，一个好习惯能帮助我们加速到达目的地。need 需要；must 必
须；can 能；shall 应该，故选 C。
15. —Can’t you drive a little faster?
—No. If I ______________ another speeding ticket, my dad would take away my car.
A. would get B. would have got C. had got D. got
【答案】D
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：——你就不能开得更快一点吗？——不能。如果我再有一个超速罚单，我
爸爸就会带走我的车。根据语境可知，表示与现在事实相反，所以用一般过去时。故选 D。
16. —What if I had parked my car here just now?
—What luck! You ______________.
A. would have been fined B. should be finedC. would be fined D. must have been fined
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构：If ...had done ...,...would(might, could)
have done...，所以选 A。句意：——刚才如果我把车子停到这里会怎么样？——你太幸运了，如果那样，
你可能要被罚款了。
17. You ______________ worry about me. I’ve decided to join a local health club.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. needn’t D.
daren’t
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：你不必为我担心。我已经决定加入本地的健身俱乐部了。A. mustn’t 不可
以；B. can’t 不可能，不能；C. needn’t 不必；D. daren’t 不敢。结合句意可知选 C。
18. The first thing you must remember is that in order to succeed, it is almost compulsory that you
______________ optimistic.
A. be B. are C. must be D. have been
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：你必须记住的第一件事就是为了成功你一定要乐观。It is necessary /
compulsory / important / strange that...句式中，主语从句用 should + 动词原形，should 可以省略。
II. 单句语法填空
1. —Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really ______________ go now. My daughter is home alone.
【答案】must
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：——你不能再多待一会儿吗？——天要黑了，我真的现在必须走了，我的
女儿独自待在家里。must 必须，符合语境。
2. You ______________ feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later
you’ll be grateful you did it.
【答案】may
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：你也许会认为所有的培训都是浪费时间，但是我百分之百地保证你以后会
感激你所做的事情。根据后文的描述可以看出此处培训还没有结束，是一种不肯定的推测语气。3. You ______________ be careful with the camera. It costs!
【答案】must
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：你一定要非常小心地对待这部照相机，它很昂贵。此处表示命令语气。
4. It ______________ be the postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock.
【答案】can’t
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：不可能是邮递员在门口，才六点钟呢。根据后一句中＂现在仅仅六点＂，
可知，前一句为＂门外的绝不可能是邮递员＂。故用 can’t。
5. Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ______________ (dance) as well as her.
【答案】danced
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：艾伦是一位出色的舞者，我希望我能像她跳得那么好。wish 后跟宾语从句
时，从句中需要用虚拟语气，从句中用 did 表示对现在事实的虚拟。
6. It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______________ (have) nowhere to stay now.
【答案】would have
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：很幸运我们订了一个房间，否则我们现在将无处可住。引导含蓄虚拟条件
句，or 后面是主句，相当于 if we hadn’t booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now，
根据＂now＂可知，是对现在进行虚拟，因此用 would＋动词原形。
7. —Did you visit the famous cultural relics last month?
—No, we ______________ (visit) it, but we spent too much time shopping.
【答案】could have visited
【解析】考查情态动词。我们＂本能够＂去的，但是我们花太多时间购物，所以没能去。could have done
本能够做某事(但没做成)。
8. He walked in as if he ______________ (buy) the school, and the word quickly got around that he
was from New York City.
【答案】had bought
【解析】考查虚拟语气。在人称代词 he 后，显然是作谓语；又因他不可能是买下了这所学校，故应用虚拟
语气，与过去事实相反，故填 had bought。
9. I recommend that you ______________ (try) Baihe.com.
【答案】(should) try【解析】考查虚拟语气。recommend, suggest, request, command 等后面的宾语从句使用虚拟语气，
即 should ＋动词原形，should 可省略。
10. All the students ______________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected
with flu virus.
【答案】shall
【解析】考查情态动词。所有学生应在去学校之前带上口罩以防感染流感。shall 用于第二、第三人称，表
示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
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