Unit 14 warm up & lesson 1
【教学目标】
1、学习并掌握重点单词、短语、句型
2 会分析复杂结构的句子，正确理解句义
3、提高学生的阅读理解能力
【知识梳理】及【典型例题】
lesson 1 & warm up重点单词、短语、句型讲解
1．reward n．奖赏 vt.奖赏；酬谢；报答
The old lady is offering a reward of D|S50 to anyone who finds her cat for her！(教材P21)
老太太为能给她找到猫的人悬赏50美元！
I give myself a reward or treat when I do well in English.当自己的英文学得不错时，我就给自己奖赏或好好吃一顿。
How can I reward you for your kindness?
我如何酬谢你的好意呢？
归纳拓展
give/offer a reward to sb.for sth.
为某事而给某人报酬
in reward for...为报答……
reward sb.with/for sth.为某事报答某人
He was given a medal as a reward for his service.
他因其服务获得一枚奖章。
His effort was rewarded with remarkable success.
辉煌的成就是对他辛勤努力的回报。
She got nothing in reward for her kindness.
她的好心未得到报答。
易混辨析
award/reward/prize
award
多用于奖项名称，并不指具体的奖品；表示概念、荣誉上的奖
reward
因某种善举、工作努力等而得到的奖励或报酬；悬赏金
prize
多指在各类竞赛、竞争或抽奖获得的奖品或奖金
His movie won several awards at the film festival.
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他的电影在电影节上获得了几个奖项。
We will offer a reward of ten thousand yuan for information about the case.如果有人 提供有关案件的情报，我们愿意出一万元赏金。
In this competition you could win a prize worth $3,000.
在这次比赛中，你可能会赢得价值3000美元的奖品。
牛刀小试
选词填空：reward/award/prize
①He was nominated(提名)for the best actor ________.
②She won the first ________ in the 100meter race.
③It is said that the police have offered a(n) ________ for information.
【答案】 ①award ②prize ③reward
2．charge vt.收费，要价；控告 n．负责；掌管
Lawyers charge higher fees than doctors.(教材P21)
律师的服务费要价比医生高。
He only charged me half price.他只收我半价。
Calls will be charged at 44p per minute.
电话费是每分钟44便士。
归纳拓展
charge sb.with sth.指控某人做某事
charge sb.for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事向某人索价/要价
in the charge of...在……掌管之下
free of charge免费
take charge of接管；控制
in charge of负责；主管
He was charged with murder.
他被指控有谋杀罪。
All goods are delivered free of charge.
一切物品免费送货。
He took charge of the farm after his father's death.
父亲去世后，他掌管了农场。
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【提示】 in charge of往往以人作主语，指“某人负责/主管某事”；in the charge of往往以物作主语，指“某物由某人负责/主管”。类似用法的还有in possession of，in the possession of；in control of，in the control of等。
牛刀小试
①你认为进公园应该收费吗？
Do you think parks should ________ admission?
②所有商品免费送货。
All goods are delivered ________.
③李老师负责我们的英语课，张老师负责我们的语言课。
Mr.Li is ________ our English class and our Chinese class is ________ Mr.Zhang.
【答案】 ①charge for ②free of charge ③in charge of；in the charge of
3．guidance n．指导；领导
Tell her to phone you if she needs any more guidance.(教材P22)告诉她如果需要更多指导可以给你打电话。
Thanks for your support and guidance in this job.
谢谢您在工作上给予我的支持和指导。
We can already offer some guidance based on past experience.根据以往经验，我们可以归纳出一些指导原则。
归纳拓展
guidance＋on/about...关于……的指导
under sb's guidance在某人的指导下
I went to a career counselor for guidance on how to start my job search.
我到一位就业顾问那里求教如何开始找工作。
Activities all take place under the guidance of an experienced tutor.所有活动都在经验丰富的导师指导下进行。
牛刀小试
完成句子
①在他的指导下，我们顺利完成了工作。
____________ we finished the work smoothly.
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②他从老师那里获得了一些有关如何选专业的指导。
He got some ____________ how to choose his major from his teacher.
【答案】 ①Under his guidance ②guidance on/about
4．aid n．援助；帮助 v．帮助
You are working for an institute that gives aid to the poor in a small village.(教材P22)
你在一家给某个小山村的穷人提供援助的机构工作。
I hope this book will be great aid to English writing.
我希望这本书对英文写作大有帮助。
This feature is designed to aid inexperienced users.
这个特色装置是为帮助没有经验的用户而设计的。
归纳拓展
first aid 急救
in aid of...为帮助……
come to one's aid 帮某人的忙
with/without the aid of...＝with/without one's aid
在/在没有……的帮助下
aid sb.to do sth.(＝aid sb.in/with sth.)
帮助某人做某
They all came to my aid yesterday.
他们昨天都来帮助我了。
With the aid of my English teacher，I have made great progress this term.在我的英语老师的帮助下，这个学期我取得了很大进步。
They aided in solving the problem.
他们帮助解决这个问题。
牛刀小试
完成句子
①这项工作不用计算机是不行的。
This job would be impossible________a computer.
②他们看见他有困难，便过来帮忙。
They saw he was in difficulty and__________.
③为帮助洪涝灾区，举行了一场音乐会以筹集善款。
A concert was given to raise money________the flooded areas.
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【答案】 ①without the aid of ②came to his aid
③in aid of
5．Make sure they know what_to_do.(教材P22)
确保他们知道做什么。
归纳拓展
句型：“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构。
注意此结构中疑问词的选择可依据此疑问句在句中充当的成分而定，如疑问代词what，who，whom，which，whose等一般充当句子的主语、宾语或定语；疑问副词when，where，how等一般充当句的状语。“疑问句＋不定式”结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语或双重宾语等成分。
When to leave hasn't been decided yet.
何时动身尚未决定。
We must know what to do next.
我们必须知道(明确)下一步该做什么。
牛刀小试
完成句子
①我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。
My question is________________.
②她不知道先读哪本书。
She had no idea________________.
③我们可以告诉你在哪儿能买到这本书。
We can tell you________________.
【答案】 ①where to find the answer ②which book to read first ③where to buy this book
6．run across跑过，穿越，横跨；偶然遇到，不期而遇
You are on a school trip and the coach has an accident when a deer runs across the road.(教材P22)
在一次学校组织的旅游中，长途车在躲闪一只跑着穿过马路的鹿时出了事故。
This road runs across the plain.
这条路穿越了平原。
I ran across an old friend last week.
上星期我偶然碰见了一个老朋友。
I ran across some old love letters while I was clearing out a cupboard.
我在清理柜子时偶然发现了一些旧情书。
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归纳拓展
run after追逐
run away逃跑；跑掉
run down撞死；撞伤
run into使(车辆)撞在……上；偶然遇到
run out用完；耗尽
run out of用光；用完
②“偶然相遇”的多种表达方式
If you run after two hares，you will catch neither.
同时追两只兔子，一只也抓不住。
Lose in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him.因为陷入沉思，他几乎撞上了前面的汽车。
He has run out of his money this month.
本月他花光了身上所有的钱。
牛刀小试
用run相关短语填空
①Our food will soon ________.
②I ________an old friend in the street.
③His car ________ the post.
【答案】 ①run out ②ran across ③ran into
7．error n．错误
Check for errors，please.(教材P23)请检查错误。
Then read it to someone else to see if they can find any errors.然后把它读给其他人，看是否能找到错误。
She went through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it.
她认真地检查了打字稿，排除了所有的错误。
归纳拓展
by error 错误地
fall into an error 误入歧途；犯错误
in error 弄错了地；错误地
make an error出差错；犯错误
commit an error 出差错；犯错误
He fell into a serious error by carelessness.
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由于粗心他犯了一个严重的错误。
I did it in error.我误做了此事。
易混辨析
error/mistake/fault
error
强调“违反某一既定标准，不经心而做了错事，产生偏差、疏忽或行动上的错误”。
mistake
指“由于粗心、不注意或在理解、认识或判断上的不正确而造成行动或看法上的错误，有时这种错误是无意的”。
fault
指“过失的责任或性格上的弱点”。
The accident was caused by human error，not by a fault in the machine.
这次事故是人为疏失，而不是因为机器的故障。
The most common mistake young people make is not investing.年轻人常常犯的错误就是没去投资。
A fault confessed is half redressed.
承认错误就等于改正一半。
牛刀小试
用error，fault，mistake的适当形式填空
①She made an________in judgment.
②I used your pen by________.
③It's your________that we didn't finish the work on time.
【答案】 ①error ②mistake ③fault
8．consult vt.请教；查阅
He should consult Mr.Jensen about the new account on the 24th.(教材P23)
他应该向延森先生咨询24日的最新报道。
If the pain continues，consult your doctor.
如果疼痛持续不消退，要请医生诊治。
Have you consulted a dictionary？你查过词典了吗？
归纳拓展
consult sb.about sth.就某事向某人请教
consult sth.(＝refer to sth.)查阅(字典等)
consult with sb.与某人商量(事情)；与某人磋商
consult with oneself暗自考虑
She consulted a lawyer about her divorce.
她向律师请教有关她离婚的事。
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He consulted with his business partners about the matter.他与商业合伙人商议了这件事。
consultancy n．咨询公司
consultant n．顾问，会诊医师
consultation n．咨询，商讨；商讨会；查阅
“查词典”的表达形式：consult a dictionary/look up sth.in a dictionary/turn to a dictionary/refer to a dictionary。
牛刀小试
完成句子
①你咨询过医生你头疼的问题了吗？
Have you ________ the doctor ________ your headache?
②我需要和我的同事商讨这些建议。
I need to ________ my colleges ________ the proposals.
【答案】 ①consulted；about ②consult with；about/on
9．send...off...将……寄出/发出；派遣
Mary mustn't send the charts off before I come back.(教材P23)在我回来之前，玛丽不得将图表寄出。
I'll send the information off today.
我会在今天把资料寄出。
We should send all these parcels off by noon.
这些包裹应该在中午以前全部寄出。
归纳拓展
send away 派/遣(某人)；开除，解雇
send for 派人去叫(拿)；邮购
send out(of)派出；派遣；发出(信号)；寄出；发出
send round 传递；传阅；把……送达；派遣
He sent his daughter away to school in England.
他将女儿送到英国读书。
I'll send for a taxi.我差人去叫出租车吧。
She sent the children out so that the house might be quiet.
她把孩子们打发到外面，以使屋内可以安静些。
send back 寄回；退回
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send down 降下；下发文件、信件
send forth 发出；寄出
send up 发射；升起
牛刀小试
用send的短语填空
①The sun ________light and heat.
②Her mother was ill and she ________ a doctor.
③His servant was ________.
【答案】 ①sends out ②sent for ③sent away
10．rather than而不是
listen rather than speak—learn as much as possible about your job and the company(教材P23)与其多说不如聆听——尽可能多地了解你的工作和公司的情况
I would die rather than give in.我宁死不屈。
I preferred to go home rather than go to the cinema.
我宁愿回家也不愿去电影院。
归纳拓展
①rather than用作连词，连接两个平行结构。
它构成的句型结构：
prefer to do...rather than do...
宁可做……而不愿意做……
would do...rather than do...
宁可做……而不愿意做……
would rather do...than do...
宁可做……而不愿意做……
②rather than用作介词，与instead of同义。
③A rather than B 作主语时，谓语要与A在人称、数上保持一致。
I prefer to get up early rather than go to school without breakfast.我宁可早起也不愿意不吃早饭上学。
He rather than you is wrong.
是他而不是你错了。
other than除了……，除……以外，常用于否定句中，相当于except，but等
or rather更确切地说
would rather sb.did...宁愿某人做……(表示现在或将来的愿望)
would rather sb.had done宁愿某人做了……(表示过去的愿望)
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牛刀小试
完成句子
①我宁愿待在家里不愿意去看电影。
I preferred to stay at home ________________.
②是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。
We should help him ________________.
【答案】 ①rather than go to the cinema ②rather than he should help us
11．keep your desk tidy at_all_times.(教材P23)让你的桌子始终保持整洁。
(1)句中含有“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补由形容词tidy充当。“keep＋宾语＋ 宾补”结构意为“使……处于某种状态”。宾补可由现在分词(表示动作或状态的持续)、过去分词(表示被动和状态的持续)、形容词、副词以及介宾短语充当。
I'm sorry that I have kept you waiting for long.
对不起，让你久等了。
The other students in the class kept their eyes closed.
班上的其他学生闭着眼睛。
Don't keep the door open.别让门开着。
Don't keep us in suspense—what happened next?
别跟我们卖关子了——接下来发生了什么事？
My mother always keeps me at home on Saturday evening.周六晚上妈妈总是让我待在家里。
【对接高考】
(2011·重庆高考)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself________of his own dreams.
A．reminding B．to remind
C．reminded D．remind
【解析】 考查“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构，因为himself与remind之间是动宾关系，所以用reminded。 【答案】 C
牛刀小试
完成句子
①大家必须保持衣服干净。
Everyone must__________________.
②对有些病人来说，药物可以让他们维持生命。
For some patients，medicine can______________.
③冬天我把窗子都关上。
I__________________in winter.
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④别让那个男孩一直站在外面。
Don't__________________outside.
【答案】 ①keep your clothes clean ②keep them alive
③keep the windows closed ④keep the boy standing(2)at all times时常；总是；随时
keep your desk tidy at all times(教材P23)
始终使你的书桌保持整洁
Joan is working hard at all times.
珍妮一直很用功。
I'll be at your service at all times.
我愿意随时为您效劳。
归纳拓展
all the time总是；一直
at any time在任何时候
at a time一次；每次
at no time 决不
at times有时；不时
at the same time 同时；不过；然而
At no time in his life has he been braver than in that case.他一生中从未像那回那样勇敢。
I'm getting exercise，and I'm enjoying it at the same time.
我做着运动，同时，享受着其中的乐趣。
At times he thought of his grandpa who passed away.
有时他想起过世的爷爷。
at one time 曾经；一度
form time to time 不时；
take one's time 不要急；慢慢来
in no time 立刻；马上
牛刀小试
用time的短语填空
⑤Most traffic lights work________.
⑥________I make mistakes when I speak English.
⑦You may use my dictionary________.
⑧We must be ready________to fight off the enemy's attacks.
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【答案】 ⑤all the time ⑥at times ⑦at any time ⑧at all times
12．quarrel vi.争吵；吵架
don't quarrel with anyone(教材P23)不要和任何人争吵
A struggling man should have no time to quarrel with others.努力向上的人，应当没有时间和人吵架。
The couples would quarrel with each other when they have different opinions，or different interests.当这些夫妻们有了不同的意见或兴趣时，他们就会争吵起来。
quarrel with...……争吵
quarrel about/over关于……争吵
quarrel with sb.on/over/about sth.
与某人就某事吵架
She often quarreled with her husband over trivial matters.
她经常因小事情与丈夫争吵。
It's no use quarreling about it with me.
关于这件事与我争吵毫无用处。
I had a quarrel with my husband about money.
我和丈夫就钱的事吵架了。
牛刀小试
She likes to quarrel________neighbors________little things.
A．with；for B．to；about
C．with；about D．about；with
【解析】 quarrel with sb.about/over sth.为固定搭配，表示“因某事而与某人争吵”。【答案】 C
语法专练
观察下列句子，体会祈使句由直接引语变间接引语的用法。
①The mother said，“Doctor，please_save_my_daughter.”
→The mother asked_the_doctor_to_save_her_daughter.
②The teacher said，“Don't_be_late_for_school_again，Wang_Xia.”
→The teacher told_Wang_Xia_not_to_be_late_for_school_again.
1．祈使句变为间接引语后，就成了以不定式短语形式出现的________。
2．转述含有please的祈使句can/could you...？句型时，动词要用________。
3．否定祈使句的“don't＋动词原则”要为“________”，并在not之前加上tell、order或ask。
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【答案】 1.宾语补足语 2.ask 3.not＋动词不定式
知识要点
祈使句直接引语变间接引语
一、祈使句的基本结构有下列几种类型
1．“Please＋动词原形”或“动词原形＋please”
Look at the blackboard，please.请看黑板。
2．Don't＋动词原形
Don't touch anything without permission.
没有经过允许不要动任何东西。
3．Let＋宾语＋动词原形/not＋动词原形
Let's just do it and not speak only.
让我们行动吧，而不要只是说。
二、祈使语气委婉的句型
1．Will/Would/Can/Could you please＋动词原形
Will/would/Can/Could you please lend me your edictionary？你能借我电子词典吗？
2．Would you mind＋动名词
Would you mind allowing me to sit beside you?
介意我坐你旁边吗？
3．Why not＋动词原形
Why not do as your teacher tells you to?
为什么你不按你老师告诉你的去做？
4．祈使句＋附加疑问句
(1)“Let us do...，will you/won't you？”
Let us do the experiment by ourselves，will/won't you?
让我们自己做这个实验吧，行吗？
(2)“Let's do...shall/we/shan't we？”
Let's make sure the light are turned off and the door is locked，shall/shan't we?
让我们确信灯都关了，门都锁了，好吗？
(3)“Let me do...，will you/won't you/may I？”
Let me cook the lunch instead of you，may I?
让我们代替你做午饭，行吗？
(4)“Do...，will/won't/would/wouldn't/can/can't you？”
Show me how to use this PC，won't you?
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教我怎样使用这台电脑，可以吗？
(5)“Don't do...，will you？”
Don't touch papers on my desk，will you?
别动我桌子上的文件，行吗？
三、祈使句直接引语变间接引语的注意事项
1．肯定祈使句的动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定式的前面加上ask(请求)，tell(吩咐)或order(命令)，即ask/tell/order sb.to do.sth.句式。
“Follow his instructions.”she said to me.→
She told me to follow his instructions.
2．否定祈使句的“don't＋动词原形”变成“not＋动词不定式”，并在not前加上ask(请求)，tell(吩咐)或order(命令)，即ask/tell/order/sb.not to do sth.句式。
“Don't make a noise.”he said to the children.→
He told the children not to make a noise.
3．转述含有please的祈使句和Can/Could you...？/Will/Would you...？句型时，动词多用ask。
“Can you lend me two yuan？”he asked me.
He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.
【记忆口诀】
祈使句→不定式结构。基本规则是“一改二变三加四去”。具体说明：
He said to her，“Take the book away，please.”→He asked her to take the book away.
Father said to me，“Don't do that again.”→Father told me not to do that again.
The captain said to the soldier，“Get it done by two o'clock.”→The captain ordered the soldier to get it done by two o'clock.
当堂练习
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．He said to his son，“Put on more clothes.”
A．He told his son to put on more clothes.
B．He asked his son put on more clothes.
C．He said to his son that he would put on more clothes.
D．He told his son that he should put on more clothes.
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【解析】 句意：他对他儿子说：“多穿点衣服。”在将直接引语为祈使句的句子变为间接引语时，应该借助ask/tell/order sb.(not)to do sth.句式，简洁明了，D项表述虽然不错，但是并不是最佳答案。
【答案】 A
2．He said to the soldiers，“Put down your guns at once.”He________the soldiers________down________guns at once.
A．ordered；to put；their B．told；to put；their
C．ordered；put；your D．told；put；their
【解析】 句意：他对士兵们说：“立刻放下你们的枪。”祈使句里的语气含有明显的命令的意味，所以应该使用order sb.to do sth.，而他是对士兵们说话的，在转述的时候还要注意代词的转换。
【答案】 A
3．The captain said，“Take hold of this end，man！”
The captain____the soldier______hold of________end.
A．asked；to take；that B．asked；take；this
C．ordered；to take；that D．ordered；take；this
【解析】 从captain“上尉”这个身份可以判断他说的话有很强的命令意味，这一点从祈使句中man得到体现。而在转换的时候还在注意代词this和that之间的转换，所以最佳答案为C项。
【答案】 C
4．The teacher said to the boys，“Pay attention to this.”
The teacher______the boys________attention to______.
A．asked；pay；this B．ordered；to pay；this
C．told ；pay；that D．told；to pay；that
【解析】 句意：老师对男孩们说：“注意这个。”老师对学生说话没有较强的命令语气，可以用ask或者tell表示说话的语气和态度，但是还要注意代词的转换。
【答案】 D
5．He said，“Mr.Black，introduce yourself to them，please.”
He________Mr. Black________to them.
A．asked；to introduce yourself
B．asked；to introduce himself
C．told；introduce yourself
D．ordered；introduce himself
【解析】 句意：他说：“布莱克先生，请向他们介绍一下你自己。”Mr.Black和He之间应该是宾主关系，所以说话应该很客气，还要注意反身代词的转换。
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【答案】 B
6．The man shouted，“You don't make so much noise.”
The man________so much noise.
A．ordered them not to make
B．told you not to make
C．asked them to not make
D．shouted you to not make
【解析】 句意：这个男人喊道：“你们不要制造那么多噪音。”从shouted可以看出the man已经对方忍无可忍，所以说话的口气应该是严厉，祈使句中的You也证明了这一点，结合代词的转换就能选出A项。
【答案】 A
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