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Section Ⅱ Warming Up & Reading—Language Points
quality n．质量；品质；性质
(教材P33)And what qualities does a great person have?
而且一个伟人需要具有什么样的品质呢？
of good/high/poor quality 质量好/高/差的
improve the quality 提高质量
①He has many good qualities, but his best quality is his kindness.
他有许多良好的品质，而最好的品质是为人善良。
②As a matter of fact, air in many cities is of poor quality.
事实上，许多城市的空气质量很差。
[链接写作]——完成句子
据报道，这个城市的空气质量在过去的六个月有了改善。As is reported, the air quality in the city has improved over the past six months.
mean adj.吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的；刻薄的
vt.意指；意思是
(经典例句)Don’t be too mean to others, or you’ll never make any friends.
不要对别人太刻薄，否则你交不到朋友。
(1)be mean with sth. 对某物吝啬
be mean to sb. 对某人刻薄
(2)mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
①In my opinion, that is a mean thing to do.
依我看来，那是一件很卑鄙的事情。
②The rich boss who is usually mean to his workers is mean with money.
那位富有的老板通常对他的工人很刻薄，对钱非常吝啬。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①She is very generous with her time, but mean with money.
②I’m terribly sorry, but I didn’t mean to upset(upset) your plan.
③Missing the train means waiting(wait) for another hour.
devote vt.(与to连用)献身；专心于
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(教材P33)A great person is someone who devotes his/her life to helping others.
伟人是把自己的一生致力于帮助别人的人。
(1)devote...to... 把……奉献给；把……专注于
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
(2)devoted adj. 深爱的；忠诚的
be devoted to 专心于；致力于
(3)devotion n. 关爱；奉献
①He devoted all his spare time to helping his students with their English.
他把所有的业余时间都用来帮助他的学生学习英语。
②As we all know, he’s a generous, devoted, active and warmhearted man.
众所周知，他是一个慷慨大方、忠诚、积极又热心的人。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①I don’t think we should devote any more time to persuading(persuade) such a stubborn man to change his mind.
②You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted(devote) to your work.
③He is so devoted to his English teaching that I admire him for his devotion．(devote)
[链接写作]——句式升级
(普通表达)The young lady devotes herself to teaching the deaf children, so she has little time to care for her own daughter.
④(高级表达)Devoting herself to teaching the deaf children, the young lady has little time to care for her own daughter.(现在分词短语作状语)
⑤(高级表达)Devoted to teaching the deaf children, the young lady has little time to care for her own daughter.(过去分词短语作状语)
found vt.建立；建设
(教材P33)He founded the first Republic in China in 1912 after many years’ fighting.
经过多年的斗争之后，他在1912年建立了中国第一个共和国。
过去式
过去分词
意义
found
founded
founded
建立
find
found
found
发现，找到
As is reported, it is more than 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.
据报道，清华大学建立100多年了。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①After the new country was founded(found), the poor man finally found his
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family.
②Tsinghua University, founded(found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
vote vt.& vi.投票；选举 n．投票； 选票；表决
(教材P34)Black people could not vote or choose their leaders.
黑人没有选举权，也无权选择他们的领导人。
(1)vote for 投票支持
vote against 投票反对
(2)vote on 投票表决
vote to do sth. 表决做某事
①As we can’t agree on this matter, let’s have a vote on it.
对于这个问题我们无法达成一致意见，投票表决吧。
②Whether you vote for or against the plan doesn’t seem to matter very much.
你是赞成还是反对这项计划看上去似乎不重要。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Our family vote to turn(turn) to the lawyer for help.
②All of us vote for building more shelters for the homeless and the poor.
attack vt.&n.进攻；攻击；抨击；(疾病等的)侵害
(教材P34)We chose to attack the laws.
我们选择向法律进攻。
(1)under attack 遭到攻击
make an attack 攻击
a heart attack 心脏病突发
(2)attack sb. 攻击/抨击某人
be attacked with 患……
①The old man suffered a heart attack yesterday.
这位老人昨天心脏病发作了。
②The judge said that it was not legal to attack other people with violence.
法官说用暴力攻击别人是不合法的。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Hearing her mother was attacked(attack) with cancer, the girl burst out crying.
②This is the third time in one month that the town has been under attack.
equal adj.相等的；平等的；胜任的
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vt.比得上；敌得过 n．平等的人
(教材P34)But I was happy to help because I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal. 但我乐于帮忙，因为我知道这将帮助我们实现黑人和白人平等的梦想。
(1)be equal to 等于
be equal to sth./doing sth.
＝be fit for sth./doing sth. 胜任(做)某事
(2)A equals B in sth. A在某方面比得上B
(3)without equal 无人可比，无敌
(4)equally adv. 同样地；平等地
①Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories. 在你阅读的时候，曲折离奇的故事结尾带来的喜悦是无与伦比的。
②Beethoven was a worldfamous musician, who had no equal in music.
贝多芬是世界著名的音乐家，在音乐方面无人能比。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①As far as I’m concerned, men and women must be treated equally(equal) in education.
②I don’t think he is equal to doing(do) this kind of work.
[链接写作]——一句多译
尽管年轻，但是约翰却能胜任这项重要的工作。
③Young as he was, John was equal to the important task.(equal)
④Although he was young, John was fit for the important task.(fit)
in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
(教材P35)Elias went to see Nelson Mandela when he was in trouble.
当纳尔逊·曼德拉处于困境时，伊莱亚斯去看望了他。
ask for trouble 自找麻烦；自寻烦恼
get into trouble 陷入困境
have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
take the trouble to do sth. 不辞辛劳地做某事
①Although Mike was in trouble, he didn’t lose heart.
迈克虽然遇到了麻烦，但他并没有灰心。
②The worker has taken great trouble to help me with the work.
那位工人费心地帮我做那项工作。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
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①We should lend a hand to those people in trouble.
②As your income increases you will find less difficulty in finding(find) the money to meet your monthly repayments.
turn to 求助于；致力于；翻到(书的某页)；查阅；转向
(教材P35)Why did Nelson Mandela turn to violence to make black and white people equal？ 纳尔逊·曼德拉为什么使用暴力，以达到黑人和白人的平等？
[一词多义]——写出下列句中turn to的含义
①Whenever you are in trouble, you can turn to the police for help.求助于
②If you turn to page 40, you will find it.翻到
③More and more people turn to computer science.从事于
④You shouldn’t always turn to the dictionary when you meet new words in reading.查阅
He was turned to for advice by all sorts of people.
各种各样的人都向他求教。
turn down 关小；拒绝
turn on 打开(水、煤气、电灯等)
turn off 关上(水、煤气、电灯等)
turn out 结果是，证明是；生产出
turn up 开大；出现
[即学即练]——用turn的相关短语填空
⑤The meeting has already begun, but the chairman hasn’t turned up yet.
⑥Tom turned down the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
⑦It turned out that the job was much harder than we had thought.
[链接写作]——词汇升级
⑧(普通表达)When you are in trouble, you can ask me for help.
(高级表达)When you are in trouble, you can turn to me for help．
This is/was a time when...这是一个……的时期， when引导定语从句。
(教材P34)However，this was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.
然而在那个时候，一个人要想住在约翰内斯堡就非得要有身份证不可。
This is/was a time when... 这是一个……的时期
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There was a time when... 曾有一段时间……
①This was a time when black people were treated unfairly.
这是一个黑人遭受不公平待遇的时期。
②There was a time when women were not allowed to go to school.
曾经有一段时间，女性不被允许去上学。
[链接写作]——完成句子
这是一个我们中国人既有许多挑战又有机遇的时期。
This is a time when we Chinese have both a great many challenges and opportunities.
(1)see，find等动词以地点或时间名词作主语
(2)where引导的定语从句修饰表示抽象概念的名词
(教材P34)The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.
过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
(1)see，find等动词可以用地点或时间名词作主语，表示某地或某时经历、发生、目睹了某事。该句是一个无生命的名词作主语的句式。
(2)当先行词是stage，situation，case，point，position等词时，定语从句常用where或in which来引导。
①National Day saw people singing and dancing happily in the street.
国庆节里，人们在大街上高兴地唱啊，跳啊！
②The last ten years have seen the great changes in our city. 我们的城市在过去的十年里发生了巨大变化。
③The matter has reached a stage where both their parents are to be called in.
事情已经发展到双方家长必须被叫来的地步。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The past 30 years have seen(see) the great changes that have taken place in my hometown.
②The two stone lions standing in front of Tian’an men saw(see) many great historic events.
③You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.
④We just hope to reach a point where both sides will sit down and talk together.
only倒装句型
(教材P34)...only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
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只有到那个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。
only放在句首修饰状语(通常是副词、介词短语或when, if引导的状语从句)时，句子需要部分倒装。
①Only then did he know how much damage had been caused.
只有在那时他才知道造成了多少损失。
②Only in this way can you solve this problem.
只有用这种方法，你才可能解决这个问题。
[链接写作]——一句多译
(2018·浙江卷6月)只有当我在英语口语比赛中获得一等奖时我才意识到精通英语口语的重要性。
①I realized it was important to have a good command of spoken English only when I won the first prize in the spoken English contest.
②Only when I won the first prize in the spoken English contest did I realize it was important to have a good command of spoken English.(倒装)
品句填词
1．I thought it was really mean of him not to let Jane use his car.
2．All people are equal, having the same rights as each other.
3．She left a lot of money in her will to found a school.
4．Don’t worry about the baby not wanting to leave you—it’s a stage they all go through.
5．You may wish to get legal(法律的) advice before solving the problem.
6．Professor Li always encourages students to take a(n) active(积极的) part in discussions.
7．He is popular with his friends because he is always willing(愿意的) to help them when they are in trouble.
8．Bill is a generous(慷慨的) person, who has given millions of dollars to help those people in the disasterhit area.
9．He said that he would devote(致力于) all his life to educating children.
10．Great people have lots of good qualities(品德), such as honesty, selflessness and independence.
11．We must follow the principle(原则) that education should be fair to everyone.
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12．It does serious harm to children’s character that too much violence(暴力) is shown on television.
13．In the past, the black people in the USA had no right to vote(选举)．
14．It is hopeful(有希望的) that we can finish the task ahead of schedule.
15．A lawyer(律师) is a person who can give others guidance about legal problems.
单句改错
1．Over one in four unemployed people have now been out of the work for over a year.去掉the
2．A worker was killed when his car blows up.blows→blew
3．We first broke the law in a way in which was peaceful.去掉第二个in
4．The school that I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.that→where
5．The old man was kind to me, to which I was grateful.第二个to→for
6．You should do as you are told or you will in trouble.在will后加be
课文语法填空
Elias was born in 1940 and had little education because his family was poor. He first met Mandela in 1952 when he was 1.a poor black worker in a gold mine in South Africa.Mandela helped him get the correct papers, which allowed him to stay in Johannesburg. Elias was grateful 2.to Mandela. When Mandela 3.organized(organize) the ANC Youth League, he joined it as soon as possible.
As Mandela once said, black people had reached a stage 4.where they had almost no rights at all.They couldn’t vote or choose their 5.leaders(lead)．They lived in the poorest parts of South Africa. Black people first broke the law in a 6.peaceful(peace) way, but it was useless. As a result, Mandela called on black people 7.to fight(fight) for their equal rights and answer violence with violence.
8.Actually(actual), Elias didn’t like violence. But in 1963, he helped Mandela blow up some government buildings. Although Elias was 9.frightened(frighten) to be caught and put in prison, he was happy to help because he knew it would help them achieve their dream of 10.making(make) black people and white people equal.
单句语法填空
1．Mr Zhang asked us to be well prepared before attending the class and take an active(act) part in discussions.
2．People in that village are hopeful(hope) about getting through this long winter though their food is running out.
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3．Mary is so selfish(self) that few of us are willing to make friends with her.
4．Devoted(devote) to the cause of education, she didn’t get married in her whole life.
5．Our goal is to create a peaceful(peace) community with shared future for mankind.
6．I was looking forward to working under her expert guidance(guide)．
7．Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be equally(equal) respected.
8．Founded(found) in last century, the church has a history of about 90 years.
9．Our hometown has seen(see) a lot of changes in recent years.
10．I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
阅读理解
A
Although I had wanted to quit smoking, I never made up my mind until New Year’s Day last year. I was having a terrible headache. I knew it was time to quit.
Searching for methods to quit smoking on the Internet is like searching for weight loss tips—there are thousands of different ways that are said to be the best, but not all are right for you.One approach that did draw my interest was apps.Along with cigarettes(烟), my phone was the only other thing I couldn’t leave my apartment without.
There are hundreds of apps for quitting smoking.I downloaded an app called QuitIt because it was said to be good. It was free and didn’t cost much time as some others. You input the amount of cigarettes you smoke, the cost per pack and the time you decide to quit smoking. The app does the maths and then gives you information based on the information given by you. It tracks the amount of time since you decided to quit, the money you’ve saved, and the danger you’ve avoided. The app also includes a number of health goals.
Quitting smoking was one of the hardest things I’ve ever had to do. Like most stories of quitting, I did get a little sick and I felt terrible, but the most difficult part was the empty feeling I was left with.Any time I felt like a cigarette, I would open the app and track the progress I had made.If I wanted to smoke while I was on the computer, I’d immediately go to stopsmoking to read a success story, or to offer support to someone else having a harder time than me.
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I quit smoking 1 year 2 months and 27 days ago.I did not smoke 6, 771 cigarettes and saved $4, 062.84.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者想要戒烟，后来利用一个手机应用软件成功地戒了烟。
1．What did the author realize when suffering the terrible headache?
A．He should turn to an app.
B．He should go to see a doctor.
C．It was time to make a new plan.
D．It was about time that he quit smoking.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Although I had wanted to quit smoking, I never made up my mind until New Year’s Day last year. I was having a terrible headache. I knew it was time to quit.可知，作者意识到是时候戒烟了。
2．What does the underlined word “approach” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Method. B．Result.
C．Place. D．Suggestion.
A 解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段的Searching for methods to quit smoking可知，这里是指一种利用app戒烟的“方法”。
3．It’s implied in Paragraph 4 that QuitIt________.
A．played a big role in the author’s quitting smoking
B．made the author’s time much harder
C．was questioned by many people
D．could be used on the computer
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的Like most stories of quitting, I did get a little sick...Any time I felt like a cigarette, I would open the app and track the progress I had made.可知，这个app在作者的戒烟过程中起着很重要的作用。
4．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To show us the harm of smoking.
B．To encourage readers to use an app.
C．To explain why he chose to quit smoking.
D．To tell us how he managed to quit smoking.
D 解析：写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，作者主要讲述的是自己是如何成功戒烟的。
B
Nelson Mandela was a figure(人物) of international fame, and many details of his life and career were public knowledge.
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But here are some things you may not have known about him.
In his youth, Mandela enjoyed boxing. Even during the 27 years he spent in prison, he would exercise every morning. “I did not enjoy the violence of boxing so much as the science of it. Boxing is equal. I never did any real fighting after I entered politics. My main interest was in training，” he wrote in his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. In the Mandela Family Museum, visitors can find the world championship belt given to Mandela by American boxer Sugar Ray Leonard.
When Mandela was nine years old, a teacher at his primary school gave him an English name “Nelson”， which is a custom to give all school children Christian names. Rolihlahla is his original name but it’s not a common name in South Africa. It means “troublemaker”. In South Africa, Mr Mandela was often called by his clan(宗族) name “Madiba”， which South Africans used out of respect.
A fake passport in the name of David Motsamayi was used by Mr Mandela. He had changed his appearance and pretended(假装) to be a driver, a gardener and a chef in order to travel around the country unnoticed by the authorities.
Mr Mandela studied law on and off for 50 years from 1939, failing about half the courses he took. In August 1952, he and Oliver Tambo set up South Africa’s first black law firm in Johannesburg. He persevered(坚持不懈) to finally get a law degree while in prison in 1989.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇人物传记。曼德拉是一位国际知名人物，他的生活和事业的许多细节都为公众所知。但本文讲了他一些鲜为人知的事情：他是个拳击迷，还有一个法律公司。
5．Nelson Mandela became a boxing fan because________.
A．he enjoyed the violence of boxing
B．he wanted to take the championship
C．he desired to enjoy the training
D．he hoped to find a better job
C 解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的I did not enjoy the violence of boxing so much as the science of it. Boxing is equal. I never did any real fighting after I entered politics. My main interest was in training可知，他因为渴望得到训练才迷恋上拳击的。故选C项。
6．Which of the following is TRUE about Mandela’s name?
A．His original name was not Nelson.
B．His parents gave him the name “Nelson”．
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C．Rolihlahla is a popular name in South Africa.
D．Madiba was his Christian name.
A 解析：细节理解题。由第三段中的When Mandela was nine years old, a teacher at his primary school gave him an English name “Nelson”， which is a custom to give all school children Christian names. Rolihlahla is his original name可知，他的原名并不是Nelson。故选A项。
7.The underlined word “fake” in the fourth paragraph probably means “________”．
A．not clear B．not real
C．not accessible D．not available
B 解析：词义猜测题。由第四段的He had changed his appearance and pretended(假装) to be a driver, a gardener and a chef in order to travel around the country unnoticed by the authorities.可知，他的名字及外表都进行了改变，所以护照是假的。故选B项。
8．From the last paragraph, we can infer that________.
A．it took Mr Mandela over fifty years to get a law degree
B．black people are not allowed to set up law firms
C．one can’t get a law degree if he/she has been put into prison
D．Mr Mandela was a determined person
D 解析：推理判断题。由最后一段内容可知，他花了50年的时间学习法律，并坚持不懈地去争取获得学位。由此可知他是一个意志很坚定的人。故选D项。
七选五
Memorizing an essay is a great way to pass tests and increase your overall knowledge. 1.____
Here are some techniques to help you memorize an essay easily.
2．________Start early when you need to memorize something.Give yourself one day for every paragraph or page. Master one section each day. Once you have memorized two sections separately, try putting them together.Then you will find memorizing the whole essay is not so hard.
Read the essay out loud to start learning it. Reading the essay out loud is important because it forces you to read and speak every single word in the essay.3.________
Test yourself after reading. After you have studied the text for a while, put it down, and recite(背诵) as much as you can from memory. At first, you may not remember much, but every time you practise, you will recall more and more. 4.________If you
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miss a word or forget a line, he can prompt(提示) you by telling you the next word or two.
Start from the end if going from the beginning is not working.5.______Begin by memorizing the last sentence or paragraph, and then move back to the sentence or paragraph right before that one.
A．Memorize a little bit each day.
B．This will help you remember it.
C．Try writing out the essay once or twice.
D．Sometimes you may find it easier to start from the end.
E．However, many students find it difficult to memorize an essay.
F．In addition, find a partner to test you on what you’ve memorized.
G．Memorizing something in one session is not the most effective way to learn it.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了如何背诵一篇文章。
1．E 解析：此空设于段尾，与前一句形成逻辑上的转折关系。本空前一句介绍了背诵文章的重要性，而下文提到了几个背诵文章的技巧，故此处需要一个承上启下的句子。此句意为：然而，很多学生发现背诵一篇文章很难。
2．A 解析：此空设于段首，是本段的主题句。本段主要是讲将文章分为几部分，然后每天背诵一部分，后文都是围绕此句展开说明的。
3．B 解析：此空设于段尾，是本段的总结句。本段主要是讲大声朗读文章，且空前提出了大声朗读文章的原因，此句进一步总结大声朗读文章的作用。
4．F 解析：此空设于段中，与后一句存在逻辑上的指代关系。后文中的he指代的是本句中的partner。
5．D 解析：此空设于段中，与前一句存在逻辑上的解释关系。前一句说如果从开头背诵不起作用的话就从结尾开始，此句进一步解释，有时候你会发现从结尾背诵更容易。
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