2015中考英语 基础语法一 名词.doc

基础题型篇 基础题型一 单项选择 5‎ ‎§1 基础语法 ‎（一）名词 ‎01 命题趋势 考标导向化 近几年全国各地中考对名词的考查主要是词义辨析及名词所有格，名词变复数的规则也是各地中考的考点之一。随着“淡化语法，注重语言运用和交际”这一理念被广泛认同，预计2015年各地中考对名词辨析的考查将呈上升趋势。‎ ‎02 定义 概念清晰化 名词是指人、地点、事物、行为、品质、抽象概念、感情等的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称(如：Beijing，China，Jack)。普通名词表示某类人或某类事物的名称。普通名词又可分为个体名词(表示单个的人或事物，如：astronaut，building等)、集体名词(表示一群人或一些事物的总称，如：family，group等)、物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如：water，rice等)和抽象名词(表示抽象概念的词，如：health，education等)。一般地说，个体名词和集体名词是可数的，称为可数名词，有单、复数之分；物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，称为不可数名词，通常只有单数，但在某些具体情况下也可以用复数。‎ ‎03 知识归类 知识网络化 ‎❶可数名词和不可数名词 分类图解 可数名词 不可数名词 分单、复数两种形式 desk→desks bus→buses 没有复数形式 tea meat 前面可用基数词、不定冠词修饰 three boys;‎ an orange 不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰，若表示数量可用“单位词+不可数名词”‎ a piece of paper; two cups of tea 可数名词的复数前可用many, some, any 修饰 many teachers; some friends 可用much, some, any修饰 much bread;‎ some milk 特例清单 ‎◎有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。如：‎ work(工作)—a work(著作)‎ glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)‎ paper(纸)—a paper(报纸；文件；试卷)‎ tea(茶)—a tea(一种茶)(表示种类)‎ wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)‎ room(空间)—a room(房间)‎ chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡)‎ light(光，光线)—a light(电灯)‎ fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)‎ exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题)‎ life(生活)—lives(生命)‎ orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子)‎ time(时间)—times(倍，次数)‎ hand(帮助)—a hand(手)‎ radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)‎ ‎【题组训练】‎ ‎( )1.(2014·襄阳)—What are you going to do when you grow up?‎ ‎—My _______ is to become an astronaut.‎ A.hobby B.dream C.job D.advice ‎( )2.(2014·凉山)—Where are you going，Sam?‎ ‎—There isn’t any ______ in the fridge. I’ll go and buy some.‎ A.vegetables B.beef C.eggs D.money ‎( )3.(2014·扬州)—What a good _____ you’ve given me! Thanks a lot.‎ ‎—My pleasure.‎ A.information B.news C.suggestion D.advice ‎( )4.(2014·乌鲁木齐)—I have great _____ in learning physics and I am so worried. Could you help me?‎ ‎—Sure，I’d be glad to.‎ A.interest B.fun C.question D.trouble ‎( )5.(2014·菏泽)My teacher gave me much _____ on how to study English well when I had some trouble.‎ A.advice B.question C.suggestion D.problem ‎❷可数名词的复数形式 分类图解 5‎ 情况 构成方法 例词 一般情况 加-s cap→caps; dog→dogs; bike→bikes; driver→drivers 以字母s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加-es bus→buses; wish→wishes; watch→watches; box→boxes 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加-es lady→ladies; century→centuries; family→families; story→stories 以f或fe结尾 一般变f, fe为v，再加-es leaf→leaves; life→lives; half→halves; knife→knives 以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加-es, o前为元音音素时加-s。‎ tomato→tomatoes; hero→heroes; potato→potatoes; radio→radios; zoo→zoos;例外，photo→photos; piano→pianos 复合名词 将后一个词变为复数 tooth-brush→tooth-brushes; film-goer → film-goers 两部分都变复数 man doctor→men doctors; woman teacher→women teachers 特殊名词 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet; tooth→teeth; man→men; mouse→mice 词尾加-ren child→children 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese; sheep→sheep; deer→deer 特例清单 ‎1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词须用单数形式。如：‎ five-year-old 5岁大的；‎ a five-pound note 一张5英镑的纸币 a six-foot-deep hole一个6英尺深的洞 a ten-story-high building一幢10层高的楼房 a two-inch-thick dictionary一本2英寸厚的字典 a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑 ‎2.以-s结尾的名词，有的作单数使用，有的作复数使用。‎ ‎(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词，一般是不可数名词。如：maths, physics, politics等。‎ ‎(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，其形式上可数，若表达具体数目时，要借助数量词pair来表示，其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式。如：a pair of trousers一条裤子。‎ ‎(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词，看作单数名词。如：The New York Times(《纽约时报》)；The Arabian Nights(《一千零一夜》)‎ ‎(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词，通常被看做单数。如：the United States(美利坚合众国)；the United Nations(联合国)‎ ‎(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词，通常被看做复数。如：the Huangguoshu Falls(黄果树瀑布)；the Olympic Games(奥林匹克运动会)‎ ‎(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种：一是只将主体名词变为复数形式；二是如果是man，woman与其他名词组成的复合名词，那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。如：an apple tree→two apple trees; a woman teacher→some women teachers ‎【题组训练】‎ ‎( )6.(2014·广安)—How many ______ are there?‎ ‎—About fifty.‎ A.tomatos B.tomatoes C.tomato ‎( )7.(2014·内江)You can find many _______ about the famous film star on the Internet.‎ A.news B.pictures C.tickets D.information ‎( )8.(2014·永州)—Whose _______ are these?‎ ‎—I think they are John’s.‎ A.key B.keies C.keys ‎( )9.(2013·茂名)In autumn there are a lot of _____ on the ground.‎ A.leaf B.leafs C.leaves ‎( )10.(2013·贺州)—What kind of porridge would you like，Alice?‎ ‎—I would like .‎ A.egg porridge B.eggs porridge C.fish porridges D.fishes porridge ‎❸不可数名词的计量 分类图解 类型 英语 汉译 例子 个数单位词 piece 张 a piece of advice; two pieces of advice drop 滴 a drop of ink; three drops of ink pile 堆 a pile of wood; four piles of wood 5‎ 容器单位词 cup 杯 a cup of coffee; seven cups of coffee glass ‎(玻璃)‎ 杯 a glass of milk; eight glasses of milk bottle 瓶 a bottle of juice; nine bottles of juice box 盒、箱 a box of chalk; ten boxes of chalk bag 袋 a bag of flour; eleven bags of flour 度量衡单位词 pound 磅 a pound of meat; fourteen pounds of meat kilo 公斤 a kilo of oil; two kilos of oil 特列清单 ‎1.不可数名词表示数量时，可用a lot of，much，little，a little，some，no等修饰。如：‎ I want some water.我想要一些水。‎ ‎2.不可数名词表示一定的数量时，可借助可数名词，用“a+可数名词+of+不可数名词”结构。表示复数意义时，把可数名词变为复数形式。例如：‎ He needs two pieces of paper.他需要两张纸。‎ ‎【题组训练】‎ ‎( )11.(2014·达州)—After P.E.，I often feel very thirsty.‎ ‎—Why not buy some _____ to drink?‎ A.bread B.noodles C.apple juice D.teas ‎( )12.(2014·绥化)John didn’t find much _____ about the accident.‎ A.news B.answer C.article ‎( )13.(2014·广州)Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef，vegetables and _______.‎ A.some rice B.a few rice C.a little rices D .a rice ‎( )14.(2014·益阳)Please give me some ____ on how to learn English well.‎ A.plan B.information C.advice ‎( )15.(2013·黄冈)—What would you like to drink，girls?‎ ‎—_______，please.‎ A.Two glass of water B.Two glass of waters C.Two glasses of water D.Two cups of teas ‎❹名词所有格 分类图解 类型 构成方法 例子 有生命的名词(人或动物)‎ 在词尾加’s Tom’s book; the girl’s ear-ring; the dog’s ears; the hero’s name 以s, es结尾的复数名词只加’‎ the students’ desks; the workers’ tools; the teachers’ office 不以(e)s结尾的复数名词加’s men’s clothes; Children’s Day; Women’s Day; sheep’s wool 无 生 命 的 名 词 时间、世界、国家、城市等 一般在词尾加’s China‎’s capital; Chengdu’s industries; the world’s population; today’s news 其他 一般用of结构 the door of the room; a map of the world; the legs of the tables; a way of life 特列清单 ‎1.用and连接两个并列名词的所有格：‎ ‎(1)当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：Mary and her sister’s bedroom玛丽和她姐姐共有的卧室；Lily and Lucy’s mother 莉莉和露西的妈妈。‎ ‎(2)当and连接的两个并列名词表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系。如：Tom’s and Mary’s bags汤姆和玛丽他们各自的包。‎ ‎2.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在表示职业的名词或是姓氏后加上’s代表场所。如：a tailor’s裁缝铺；a barber’s理发店；a doctor’s诊所；my sister’s我姐姐的家；a stationer’s文具店；Chaplin’s卓别林的家。‎ ‎3.所有物+of+’s结构或所有物+of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格。如：‎ a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一个朋友 a pen of mine我的一支钢笔 ‎【题组训练】‎ ‎( )16.(2014·绥化)In China，we celebrate _____Day on June 1st， _____Day on September，10 th.‎ A.Children’s;Teacher’s B.Children;Teachers 5‎ C.Children’s;Teachers’‎ ‎( )17.(2014·贺州)—Who’s that girl over there?‎ ‎—Julia，she is a student of ______.‎ A.my fathers’ B.my father C.my fathers D.my father’s ‎( )18.(2014·曲靖)Knowledge can help open up the _____ eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.‎ A.students’ B.student’s C.students D.student’‎ ‎( )19.(2014·广东)Katherine was excited to receive a dozen of roses from her husband on _____ Day.‎ A.Woman B.Women C.Woman’s D.Women’s ‎( )20.(2014·长沙)—Is the school bag under the desk yours?‎ ‎—No，it’s my_______ .He left it there just now.‎ A.brother B.brother’s C.brothers’‎ ‎04 整合集训 反馈层级化 ‎( )1.The two model planes on the table are____ .‎ A.the twins’ B.the twin’s C.twins D.twin’s ‎( )2.It’s common _______ that kangaroos live in Australia.‎ A.information B.knowledge C.direction D.instruction ‎( )3.A human ________ can do some things better than a computer,for example,it can create a new idea.‎ A.head B.body C.brain D.arm ‎( )4.In England, if _____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.‎ A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner ‎( )5.—Can you tell me who the old woman over there under the big tree is?‎ ‎—Oh,she’s ______ grandmother.‎ A.Tom and Mike’s B.Tom’s and Mike’s C.Tom’s and Mike D.Tom and Mike ‎( )6.—Excuse me,is the supermarket far from here?‎ ‎—No,it’s about _______.‎ A.8 minutes walk B.8 minute walk C.8 minutes’ walk D.8 minute’s walk ‎( )7.Look!The ________ are playing football on the playground now.‎ A.boy’s student B.boy student C.boys student D.boy students ‎( )8.It is well known that Mr.Smith is a good friend of_______ .‎ A.Tom’s uncle’s B.Tom’s uncle C.uncle’s of Tom D.uncle of Tom’s ‎( )9.We have no ______ in the fridge.Let’s go and buy some cucumbers,carrots and cabbages.‎ A.vegetables B.eggs C.meat D.fruit ‎( )10.The restaurant is so popular here.Look,there are so many ________ here.‎ A.food B.dish ‎ C.people D.waiter ‎( )11.All the ______ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.‎ A.man B.men ‎ C.woman D.women ‎( )12.—I want to buy the book The Transparent Carrot by Mo Yan.Do you know its __________?‎ ‎—Not really.Maybe 25 yuan.‎ A.cover B.size C.color D.price ‎( )13.—Can you get a piano for me,dear?‎ ‎—But there isn’t enough ______for it in our house.‎ A.place B.floor C.room D.ground ‎( )14.Listen!A group of _____ are talking about two_____ .‎ A.Frenchmans;German B.Germans;Frenchmans C.Frenchmen;Germans D.German;Frenchmen ‎( )15.His father is not an _____ doctor but a _____ doctor.‎ A.animal’s;children’s B.animal;children C.animal’s;children D.animal;children’s ‎( )16.If you work hard,you’ll get good__________ .‎ A.grades B.notes C.lessons D.answers ‎( )17.—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?‎ ‎—Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are_________‎ 5‎ ‎ .‎ A.friends B.neighbors C.classmates D.strangers ‎( )18.—Bill is ill.Do you know what’s wrong with him?‎ ‎—Poor boy.His illness is the ______ of eating bad food.‎ A.cause B.result C.reason D.end ‎( )19.After a three-day heavy rain,the lake rose ______.‎ A.two feet and a half B.two and a half foot C.two and half feet D.two foot and a half ‎( )20.We need to come up with a(n) _____ and make a decision at once.‎ A.information B.advice C.idea D.news ‎( )21.—Can I help you?‎ ‎—I’d like _________ for my twin daughters.‎ A.two pair of shoes B.two pairs of shoe C.two pair of shoe D.two pairs of shoes ‎( )22.Dashan was born in Canada,but Beijing has become his second __________.‎ A.home B.family C.house D.country ‎( )23.—May I know your_________ ,Mr Yang?‎ ‎—Of course.I’m 1.85 metres tall.‎ A.width B.weight C.length D.height ‎( )24.It’s difficult to hear your _____ because the ______ of traffic is too high.‎ A.voice;noise B.sound;voice C.noise;sound D.noise;voice ‎( )25.My father enjoys playing tennis. It’s one of his________ .‎ A.habit B.habits C.hobby D.hobbies 5‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎(一)名词 题组训练 ‎1—5BBCDA6—10BBCCA11—15CAACC16—20CDADB 整合集训 ‎1—5ABCDA6—10CDAAC11—15DDCCD16—20ADBAC21—25DADAD 5‎