高考英语之语法填空全攻略
通过认真研读2016-2018年全国新课标卷的语法填空部分，笔者总结了关于此题型的13个考点，分别为介词的考查、名词单复数的考查、非谓语动词的考查、谓语动词的考查、冠词的考查、形容词的考查、词性转换的考查、定语从句的考查、代词的考查、固定句式的考查、祈使句的考查、连词的考查、状语从句的考查,在下面的篇幅中，笔者会针对这13个考点逐一进行深入分析，帮助广大考生更好地理解和掌握此类题型。
（一） 介词的考查
（2018全国卷三）
I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas
I’d been observing.
（2017全国卷一）
This trend, which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease.
（2017全国卷二）
It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
（2017全国卷三）
After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree in engineering or architecture.
（2016全国卷一）
But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
（2016全国卷二）
Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
（2016全国卷三）
In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
命题规律及预测
通过近几年的真题，命题者对于介词的考查主要有两个方面，一个方面是考查英语中关于介词的惯用表达，另一个方面是考查不及物动词与介词搭配，然后后面接不同的名词作宾语。未来出题者依然可能会从这两个方面来检测广大考生对于介词的掌握，所以考生们在平时的英语学习中要多注意积累关于介词的惯用表达以及常用动词短语。
小试身手：
1. Recently, I have shuttled back and ______ between four cities.
2. My schooling paid attention to ____ my parents is going well.
（一） 名词单复数的考查
（2018全国卷一）
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause).
（2017全国卷一）
This trend, which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects（effect） such as overweight and heart disease.
（2017全国卷二）
It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds（crowd） on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
（2017全国卷三）
She has turned down several invitations （invitation）to star at
shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
（2016全国卷一）
The nursery team switches him every few days （day） with his
sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum-she never suspects.
（2016全国卷二）
Recent studies （study）show that we are far more productive at
work if we take short breaks regularly.
命题规律及预测
对于名词单复数的考查较为单一，即名词单数变为名词复数。未来的命题趋势可能选择一些特殊的名词来考查广大考生，如单复数同形的名词以及一些不规则的名词复数形式，所以广大考生在平时的英语学习中要多注意一些特殊的名词，它们往往是出题者较为青睐的。
小试身手：
1. There are many ______ （sheep）grazing in the grass land.
2. A lot of _____（knife）are randomly placed on the table.
（三）非谓语动词的考查
（2018全国卷一）
You don't have to run fast or for long to see (see)the
benefit.
（2018全国卷一）
You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying (die) early by running.
（2018全国卷二）
The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve (improve) water quality.
（2018全国卷二）
China’s approach to protecting its environment while feeding (feed) its citizens ＂offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.＂ says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.
（2018全国卷三）
I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
（2018全国卷三）
Once his message was delivered, he allowed me to stay (stay)and watch.
（2017全国卷一）
They are required to process （process）the food that we eat, to
recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
（2017全国卷一）
by eating （eat）more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
（2017全国卷二）
This included digging up the road, laying （lay）the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
（2017全国卷三）
But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting（rest）.
（2017全国卷三）
But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove （prove）that she has brains as well as beauty.
（2016全国卷一）
But my connection with pandas goes back to my
days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted （permit） to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
（2016全国卷一）
My ambassadorial duties will include introducing
（introduce）British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
（2016全国卷三）
Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to creat（creat）special designs.
（2016全国卷三）
People probably cooked their food in large pots, using（use）twigs to remove it.
命题规律及预测
通过近几年的真题，出题者倾向于把不定式作为考查手段，且考查形式多样，这与不定式在句中能作很多成分密切相关，其次考查分词的相关用法，主要是考查分词作后置定语和伴随状语。出题者对于动名词的考查较为单一，从历年真题中可以看出，主要考查动名词作宾语这一用法。广大考生在日后的复习中，一定要高度重视非谓语动词中不定式和分词的相关考点，只有勤加练习和思考才能最终提高此考点的解题能力和速度。
小试身手：
1. We're trying to persuade the manufacturers ____（sell） products here.
2. The teacher stood in the middle of the playground, _____（surround）by a group of students.
3. They suffer discrimination in ____（try）to find a job or a friend.
（四）谓语动词的考查
（2018全国卷一）
While running regularly cann't make you live forever, the review says it is (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
（2018全国卷二）
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country has grown （grow）more corn than rice.
（2018全国卷二）
The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started (start) a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
（2018全国卷三）
True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant (mean) me no real harm.
（2017全国卷一）
When fat and salt are removed (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
（2017全国卷一）
Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt;
（2017全国卷二）
Steam engines were used(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
（2017全国卷二）
Later, engineers managed (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels , which became known to the tube.
（2017全国卷三）
Sarah has been told (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year.
（2017全国卷三）
But at the moment, school comes (come) first.
（2016全国卷一）
I was allowed（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
（2016全国卷二）
Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is
（be）often acceptable.
（2016全国卷三）
Truly elegant chopsticks might be made（make）of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
命题规律及预测
通过近几年的真题，笔者发现出题者从最初对时态，语态以及主谓一致单一方面的考查到至少结合其中的两方面甚至三方面进行考查, 这种做法无疑增加了此考点的难度，但同时也为日后广大考生们的备考指明了正确的方向，即以后做此种类型的题目时，一定要从三个方面综合考虑，并勤思考和总结，长期坚持下去，一定能提高此种题型的解题能力和速度。
小试身手：
1. Lots of functional gadgets _______ （invent）at that time.
2. In 1980s, more than one kind of this tree _____ （produce）rubber.
3. As Christmas arrived, many children ______ （invite）to family gathering.
（五）冠词的考查
（2018全国卷二）
Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
（2018全国卷三）
Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at the top of her lungs
（2017全国卷一）
As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
（2017全国卷二）
This included digging up the road, laying the track and then
building a strong roof over the top.
（2017全国卷三）
Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as a model in New York
（2016全国卷一）
The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum-she never suspects.
（2016全国卷二）
Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for a while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
命题规律及预测
从近几年的真题可以看出，冠词的考查主要分两类，第一类是考查和冠词有关的固定搭配，如as a result、one…the other等;另一类是考查冠词本身的用法，即泛指和特指。未来命题者的出题方向依然可能从这两个方面考查广大考生对于冠词的掌握情况。
小试身手：
1. ________ cold wind was blowing from the north.
2. They are living ______happy life now.
（六）形容词的考查
（2018全国卷一）
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three
years longer (long) than non-runners.
（2018全国卷三）
He screams the loudest (loud)of all.
（2017全国卷一）
Even worse (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
（2016全国卷二）
If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify those of greater (great) and less importance.
命题规律及预测
从近几年的真题可以看出，命题者对于形容词的考查主要是形容词原级变为比较级或最高级。根据形容词的特点，未来仍然可能会从这个角度出题，希望广大考生平时注意积累形容词的比较级和最高级的变法，尤其是一些不规则的变法。
小试身手：
1. He comes to school much ____________ (early) than I.
2. He is one of the_________(friendly) people in the class, I think.
（七）词性转换的考查
（2018全国卷一）
To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to strengthen (strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.
（2018全国卷一）
Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic (energy).
（2018全国卷二）
A taste for meat is actually (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
（2018全国卷二）
This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the
country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
（2018全国卷二）
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global (globe) fertilizer consumption.
（2018全国卷三）
I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged (challenge).
（2018全国卷三）
I’m a scientist (science)who studies animals such as
apes and monkeys.
（2017全国卷一）
However, be careful (care) not to go to extremes.
（2017全国卷二）
Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly (fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
（2017全国卷二）
This development was only possible with the introduction (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
（2017全国卷二）
The central London Railway was one of the most successful (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
（2017全国卷三）
She is determined to carry on with her education (educate).
（2017全国卷三）
It is certainly (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more."
（2016全国卷一）
But for tourists like me, pandas are its top attraction (attract).
（2016全国卷一）
The title will be officially (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
（2016全国卷二）
Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of achievement (achieve).
（2016全国卷二）
Recent studies show that we are far more productive
at work if we take short breaks regularly (regular).
（2016全国卷三）
Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which gradually (gradual)turned into chopsticks.
（2016全国卷三）
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development (develop) of chopsticks.
命题规律及预测
从最近几年的真题可以看出，根据不同单词的各自特点，命题者主要考查形容词、副词、动词、名词四种词性之间的相互转换。未来依然可能是这种出题方向，希望广大考生在平时的英语学习中多注意积累单词不同词性的相互转换，从而提高此类题型的解题技巧和速度。
小试身手：
1. Though the city is modern, there are still some problems, such as air
pollution, crowdedness and _________(noisy).
2. Because he lives far away from his grandparents, he goes to visit them ________(occasion)．
3. The little girl stared at the bird ________ (curious)．
（八）定语从句的考查
（2018全国卷一）
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which/that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
（2018全国卷二）
The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program which/that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
（2017全国卷一）
Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health.
（2017全国卷三）
But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
（2016全国卷一）
But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV
show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
（2016全国卷三）
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,
who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
命题规律及预测
从最近几年的真题可以看出，定语从句的考查主要分两类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，考查的主要方面是关系词的选择，对于关系词的选择主要是依据定语从句所缺何种成分来判定，不受前面先行词的影响。未来出题方向依然可能是考查对于关系词的选择。
小试身手：
1. Great changes have taken place in the small town, ______ the famous writer spent his childhood.
2. The last place _____ the foreign friends visited was the Summer Palace.
3. He’s from Shanghai, _____ population is the largest of all cities in China.
（九）代词的考查
（2018全国卷一）
If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it/running a try.
（2017全国卷二）
However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using it every day.
（2016全国卷一）
On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had
been rejected by its (it) mother.
命题规律及预测
从最近几年的真题可以看出，命题者主要考查了代词it的相关用法。未来出题范围可能会进一步扩大，考查this, that,these,those以及指代人的代词的相关用法。广大考生应该在平时的英语学习中多注意积累代词的相关用法。
小试身手：
1. Kate and her sister went to holiday with a cousin of _____（they）．
2. ---Is your camera like Bill's ? ---No，but it's almost the same as _____（he）．
（十）固定句式的考查
（2016全国卷二）
So get an early start and try to be as productive as possible before lunch.
（2016全国卷二）
If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you'll be less likely to bring (bring) your work home.
命题规律及预测
命题者对于固定句式的考查具有很大的偶然性，考生无法在考前进行题目的猜测，应对此类型题目，只有靠平时多积累和总结，做个英语学习的有心人。
小试身手：
Nowadays, more and more children are inclined ______ (play)
online computer games.
（十一）祈使句的考查
（2016全国卷二）
It could be anything, gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, make (make )sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
命题规律及预测
纵观近几年的真题，出题者对于祈使句的考查少之又少，仅仅考查过一次。广大考生只要牢固掌握祈使句的相关用法，便能沉着应答此类型题目。
小试身手：
Open the windows and_____（let） the fresh air in.
（十二）连词的考查
（2018全国卷一）
While running regularly cann't make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
（2018全国卷二）
Corn uses less water than rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff.
（2016全国卷三）
In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”
cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
命题规律及预测
纵观近几年的真题，命题者主要考查四种连词的用法，即than,but, and,or。对于连词的选择，重点是判断连词连接的前后两个分句，语意上是比较、递进，选择还是转折关系，从而选择正确的连词。未来对于连词的考查范围可能会进一步扩大，命题者可能会选择其他较为少用的连词作为考查点，希望广大考生给予高度重视。
小试身手：
____ the city wall, there are many enemies ready to fight.
（十三）状语从句的考查
（2016全国卷三）
Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting
food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
命题规律及预测
纵观近几年的真题，出题者对于状语从句的考查少之又少，仅仅考查过一次。考生们只要牢固掌握状语从句的相关用法，可以从容应对此类型题目。由于状语从句的种类很宽泛，所以命题者的选择很多，状语从句的本质为两个独立的句子，用不同的连词连接，语意上构成互相关联的主从句。所以解答状语从句的题目，一定要准确分析出主从句内在的逻辑关系。
小试身手：
The church was built ____there had once been a Roman temple.
小试身手标准答案：
（一）1. forth 2. by
（二）1. sheep 2. knives
（三）1. to sell 2. surrounded 3. trying
（四）1. were invented 2. produced 3. were invited
（五）1. the 2. a
（六）1. earlier 2. most friendly
（七）1. noisiness 2. occasionally 3. curiously
（八）1. where 2. that 3. whose
（九）1.theirs 2. his
（十）to play
（十一）let
（十二）Outside
（十三）where
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