动词不定式
动词不定式
知识精讲
非谓语动词指的是在句中不能单独作谓语，但保留动词的某些特征（如有自己的宾语或状语等）的动词形式。非谓语包括动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但要遵循基本的时态语态规则，在句中充当各种成分。
一、动词不定式基本构成
形式
结构
例句
肯定形式
to+动词原形
The teacher asked his students to finish their homework on time.
老师让学生们按时完成作业。
否定形式
not to+动词原形
Aunt Li often tells her son not to eat too much sugar.
李阿姨经告诫她的儿子不要吃太多的糖。
被动形式
to+be+过去分词
He would like to be treated as a child.
他喜欢被当成孩子般看待。
注意：动词不定式在一些感官动词（see, watch, hear等）或使役动词（make, let, have等）的后面，做宾补时，通常会省略to，如：
The boss made me work ten hours a day.
=I was made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
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这个老板让我一天工作十个小时。
二、动词不定式的语法功能
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。
1. 不定式作主语
1). 动词不定式短语作句子主语时，视为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数，如：
To make work more efficient is our goal.
让工作更有效率是我们的目标。
2). 不定式短语作主语时，为了考虑句子的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语放在句子后面，结构为：It+is/ was+adj. (+for sb.)+动词不定式，如上一句话也可写成：
It’s our goal to make work efficient.
我们的目标是让工作更有效率。
It’s very important for us to learn English well.
学好英语对于我们来说很重要。
2. 动词不定式作宾语
1). 动词不定式跟在及物动词后作宾语，这种形式非常常见，就是我们平时积累的一些动词后面跟to do形式，如：
I have decided to study hard.
我已经决定要刻苦学习。
常见的这类动词有：begin, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, try, want, wish, determine, afford, agree, start, like等。
2). 在find，think后跟不定式时，常用it代替，而将真正宾语，即不定式放在后面，如：
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I find it not easy to achieve one’s goal.
我发现实现一个人的目标并不容易。
3). 有些不定式结构中的to会省略，直接跟动词原形，这样的结构有：Why not do…, Why don’t you do…, had better (not) do…, would rather do…等，如：
I would rather stay at home.
我宁愿待在家里。
3. 不定式作宾语补足语
1). 不定式宾补很常见，结构为：动词+sb. to do sth, 这样的动词有：tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage等，如：
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
老师建议我们先休息一下。
2). see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to，但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to，如：
My mom made me clean the house.
=I was made to clean the house by my mom.
我妈妈让我把房间打扫干净。
注意：help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to，即help sb.(to)do sth.，如：
He often helps his parents (to) do their housework.
他经常帮助他父母做家务。
4. 不定式作定语
不定式有时起形容词作用，修饰名词，代词，在句中作定语。不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：
Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?
昨天谁第一个登上了山顶？
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He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
他是一个值得信赖/相信的人。
5. 不定式作状语
不定式放在不及物动词后可表目的或原因状语，也可以放在一些形容词后。
1). 目的状语：
She reads China Daily every day to improve her English.
她每天都读中国日报，来提高自己的英语能力。
2). 原因状语：
I’m glad to see you.
很高兴见到你。
注：这种“be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.
3). 结果状语：
They lived to see the liberation of their hometown.
他们一直活到见到家乡解放。
(1). 在“too…to…”结构中表“太……结果不能”，如：
He is too weak to do the work. 他太过虚弱，以至于不能工作。
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
(2). 在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能”，如：
He is strong enough to do the work .他足以胜任此项工作。
6. 疑问词＋不定式
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不定式可以和疑问代词who，what，which及疑问副词when，how，where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：
How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）
如何按时完成任务是个问题。
We don’t know when and where to go.（宾语）
我们不知道何时出发，也不知道要去哪。
三点剖析
一、重点：不定式的形式变化，不定式的语法功能。
二、难点：不定式在句子中充当不同成分时的规则和例外。
中考阶段主要考查不定式的使用，还要求考生掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾补以及疑问连用结构，理解动词不定式作主语、定语和表语的基本用法。考试中多以动词之后跟to do还是doing的形式出现，所以理解的同时，积累一些固定搭配也是本节知识学习必不可少的。
三、易错点：
1. 形式主语的使用
在It+is/ was+adj. for sb. to do的结构中，若形容词为表示人的内在品质，则介词不用for而用of，如：
It’s very clever of you to do like that.
你那么做真是太聪明了。（正确）
It’s very kind for you to help me.
你能帮我真是太好了。（错误）
2. 使役动词省略to的不定式的被动形式
一些使役动词的不定式中to可省略，被动需还原，如：
I was made to finish my homework on time by my teacher.（正确）
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I was made finish my homework on time by my teacher.（错误）
老师让我按时完成作业。
题模精选
题模一：动词不定式基本应用
例1.1.1 In order _________ for the meeting, my sister forced herself to get up early this morning.
A． not to be late
B． not being late
C． to be late
D． being late
例1.1.2 用动词适当形式填空。
The teacher raised his voice so that he could make students _________ him clearly. (hear)
例1.1.3
—I didn’t see you last week.
—I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me at home for a week.
A． stay
B． staying
C． stayed
D． to stay
题模二：动词不定式语法功能
例1.2.1 To climb the tall trees _________ very dangerous.
A． are
B． is
C． were
D． was
例1.2.2 He wants _________ some vegetables.
A． buy
B． buying
C． to buy
D． buys
例1.2.3 So much work usually makes them _________ very tired.
A． to feel
B． feels
C． feeling
D． feel
例1.2.4 ---Do you know Neil Armstrong?
---Yes. He is the first man _________ on the moon.
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A． walk
B． walks
C． to walk
D． walked
例1.2.5 Why not _________ your teacher for help when you can’t finish _________ it by yourself?
A． ask; write
B． to ask; writing
C． ask; writing
D． asking; write
例1.2.6 用动词适当形式填空。
我想知道要去哪？
I want to know _________ _________ _________. (go)
随堂练习
随练1.1 The new hospital _________ is near the factory.
A． build
B． builds
C． to build
D． to be built
随练1.2 It’s our duty _________ the room every day.
A． to clean
B． cleaned
C． clean
D． cleans
随练1.3 We have two rooms _________, but I can’t decide _________.
A． to live; to choose which one
B． lived; choose which one
C． to live in; which one to choose
D． live; which one
随练1.4 We saw him _________ the building and go upstairs.
A． to enter
B． enter
C． entering
D． entered
随练1.5 My parents always tell me ______ more vegetables and fruit.
A． eat
B． eating
C． eats
D． to eat
随练1.6 用动词的适当形式填空。
1. I hope _________ (find) a good job in a foreign company after I graduate from
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school.
2. Father asks me _________ (not play) computer games before finishing my homework.
3. He found it hard _________ (catch up with) his classmates.
4. Let him _________ (have) a rest. I think he must be tired after the long walk.
5. All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them _________ (laugh).
自我总结
课后作业
作业1 It took me two weeks _________ reading the novels written by Guo Jingming.
A． finish
B． to finish
C． finishes
D． finishing
作业2 This question is too difficult. I find it really hard _________ it by myself.
A． answer
B． answering
C． to answer
D． answered
作业3 Boys and girls, attention please. Now let me tell you _________ to the Bird Island.
A． how to get
B． what to get
C． whom to get
D． where to get
作业4 The students in Grade Three _________ their homework for more than three hours every day, so they _________ have any time to watch TV.
A． were made to do; hardly
B． are made to do; hardly
C． were made do; hardly
D． are made do; hardly
作业5 Our teacher often asks us____________ questions in groups.
A． discuss
B． to discuss
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C． discussing
D． discussed
作业6 用词的适当形式填空
1. I was tired out, so I stopped the car _________ (have) a short rest.
2. Let’s _________ (go) for a walk, shall we?
3. ---Excuse me, could you tell me how _________ (get) to the Beijing Zoo?
---Well, you may take Bus No.27.
4. It is impossible for you _________ (teach) her well.
5. The boy found it hard ___________________ (get along with) the other classmates.
答案解析
动词不定式
题模精选
题模一：动词不定式基本应用
例1.1.1
【答案】A
【解析】 考查动词不定式的否定表达。句意：为了开会不迟到，我姐姐迫使自己今天早晨很早起床。不定式否定直接在to前加not，故选A。
例1.1.2
【答案】 hear
【解析】 考查使役动词省略to的不定式表达。句意：老师提高了他的嗓音以便学生们能够清楚地听到他。使役动词后为省略to的不定式，故填原形hear。
例1.1.3
【答案】D
【解析】 考查动词固定搭配。Ask sb. to do sth.。
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题模二：动词不定式语法功能
例1.2.1
【答案】B
【解析】 考查不定式作主语。不定式作主语视为单数，排除AC；这是对事实陈述，用一般现在时，故选B。
例1.2.2
【答案】C
【解析】 考查动词不定式作宾语。want后跟不定式作宾语，结构为want to do sth.，意为“想去做某事”，故选C。
例1.2.3
【答案】D
【解析】 考查动词不定式作宾补。make为使役动词，后接不定式作补语省略to，故选D。
例1.2.4
【答案】C
【解析】 考查不定式作定语。He is the first man to walk on the moon意为“第一个在月球上行走的人”，动词修饰名词需要用不定式形式，跟在名词之后，故选C。
例1.2.5
【答案】C
【解析】 考查疑问词+不定式。why not后跟不定式省略to，排除BD；finish后跟doing做宾语，即finish doing sth.，故选C。
例1.2.6
【答案】 where to go
【解析】 考查“疑问词+不定式”结构。根据句意，所以填where to go。
随堂练习
随练1.1
【答案】D
【解析】
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考查不定式作定语。根据句意：要建的新医院在这个工厂附近。可知医院与建造之间是被动关系，不定式被动在to后加be done，故选D。
随练1.2
【答案】A
【解析】 考查不定式作主语。本句涉及形式主语，真正的主语是句子后面的不定式，故选A。
随练1.3
【答案】C
【解析】 考查不定式作定语和疑问词+不定式结构。第一空作定语，要用不定式，且live为不及物动词，需要加介词in链接宾语；第二空符合疑问词+不定式，故选C。
随练1.4
【答案】B
【解析】 考查不定式作宾补。本句中动词为see，为感官动词，不定式宾补省略，构成see sb. do sth.看见某人做某事，故选B。
随练1.5
【答案】D
【解析】 动词搭配，tell sb. to do。
随练1.6
【答案】 1. to find
2. not to play
3. to catch up with
4. have
5. laugh
【解析】 1. 考查不定式作宾语，构成hope to do sth.希望做某事，所以填to find。
2. 考查不定式作宾补，构成ask sb. not to do sth.，故填not to play。
3. 考查不定式作形式宾语。本句涉及it作形式宾语，构成find it+adj.+to do sth.，故填to catch up with。
4. 考查特殊动词的不定式作宾补。let后不定式作宾补省略to，构成let sb. do，故填have。
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5. 考查使役动词不定式宾补。make后不定式作宾补省略to，构成make sb. do，故填原形laugh。
作业1
【答案】B
【解析】 考查不定式作主语。本句涉及形式主语，不定式作真正主语，构成it took sb. st. to do sth.花费某人多长时间做某事，故选B。
作业2
【答案】C
【解析】 考查不定式作宾语。本题涉及形式宾语，真正宾语以不定式的形式放在句子后面，构成find it+adj. to do sth.“发现做某事很……”，故选C。
作业3
【答案】A
【解析】 考查疑问代词+不定式结构。根据句意：孩子们请注意！现在让我来告诉你如何到达Bird Island，故选A。
作业4
【答案】B
【解析】 考查时态和使役动词的被动不定式。第一句中的every day可判断为一般现在时，排除AC；使役动词make的被动要还原不定式to，故选B。
作业5
【答案】B
【解析】 动词搭配，ask sb. to do，中考重点动词短语还有decide/want。
作业6
【答案】 1. to have
2. go
3. to get
4. to teach
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5. to get along with
【解析】 1. 考查动词不定式作状语，停下来的目的是休息一下，表目的用不定式，故填to have。
2. 考查不定式作宾补。let后不定式宾补省略to，故填go。
3. 考查疑问代词+不定式结构。如何到达，how to get to，故填to get。
4. 考查不定式作主语。涉及形式主语，构成it is+adj. for sb. to do sth.“对于某人来说做某事是……的”，故填to teach。
5. 考查不定式作宾语。涉及形式宾语，构成find it+adj. to do sth.“发现做某事是很……”，故填to get along with
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