“四地六校”联考
2015-2016学年下学期第一次月考
高二英语试题
（考试时间：120 分钟 总分：150 分）
：：
第Ⅰ卷
第一部分：听力(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分, 满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1. Why is the man going to New York?
A. To have a holiday B. To attend a meeting C. To see his grandparents
2. How was the weather at noon?
A. Cool B. Cold C. Hot
3. Who had a car accident?
A. Bill B. Dick C. John
4. What do the speakers think of Carl?
A. Modest B. Kind C. Stubborn
5. What can we learn from the conversation?
A. The man missed the meeting completely.
B. The man was late for the meeting.
C. The man attended the meeting on time.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6. When did the woman’s grandmother give her the necklace?
A. Before her death B. At the woman’s wedding C. On the woman’s birthday
7. Where is the beautiful vase from?
A. Canada B. Japan C. China
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
8. Where does the conversation most probably take place?
A. At a bank B. At a restaurant C. At a hotel
9. How does the woman feel at last?
A. Quite surprised B. Very angry C. A little impatient
听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。
10. What is the relationship between the two speakers?
A. Clerk and customer B. Boss the secretary C. Doctor and patient
11. Where is the recreation centre?
A. On the third floor B. On the second floor C. On the ground floor
12. What kind of music isn’t mentioned in the conversation?
A. Country music B. Classical music C. Modern music
听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。
13. Whom does the woman want to buy a piano for?
A. Her daughter B. Her son C. Herself
14. How does the woman feel about the price of the first piano?
A. Quite reasonable B. Very high C. Very low
15. How much will the woman pay for the piano she will take?
A. $ 1,000 B. $ 620 C. $ 600
16. What do we know about the store?
A. It is in New York B. It will deliver the piano for free C. It is not well-known
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
17. What is the problem of some university students?
A. They don’t spend all their time on studies.
B. They don’t know what to do with their free time.
C. They don’t have choices for outside class activities.
18. How was the students’ high school life?
A. Controlled and busy
B. Regular and colorful
C. Active and independent
19. What is the role of outside class activities at university according to the man?
A. To make students healthier and happier
B. To arouse students’ learning interest
C. To enrich students’ life experience
20. What does the man advise the students to do?
A. Learn to enjoy themselves.
B. Learn to be their own masters
C. Learn to develop their potential
第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，满分32分)
第一节（共11小题；每小题2分，满分22分）
阅读下列短文,从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
A
F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her.
His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary：
“ My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary.”
This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel the Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Thales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quick brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men.
However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The Love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. while his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.
21. How many novels written by Fitzgerald are mentioned in the passage?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
22. Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgerald’s life according to the passage?
a. He became addicted to drinking.
b. He studied at St. Paul Academy.
c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise.
d. The Great Gatsby won high praise.
e. He failed to reorder his life.
f. He joined the army and met Zelda.
A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-d C. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a
23. We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald .
A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama.
B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army
C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down
D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital
B
Go, known as Weiqi in China and Baduk in South Korea, was viewed as the last game where humans can defeat machines. Lee Se-dol, one of the greatest Go players, has won 18 world championships for 21 years of his professional career. AlphaGo, a computer program developed by Google's DeepMind, beat the European Go champion, an achievement that was not expected for years in October, 2015.
The match between Lee and AlphaGo was seen as a representative game between humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The match of the century drew great attention from news organizations, Go fans and the general public across the world as well as in South Korea.
Go originated from China more than 2,500 years ago. It involves two players who take turns putting markers on a net-shaped board to gain more areas on it. One can occupy the markers of the rival (对手) by surrounding the pieces of the other. Go is considered to be a lot more complex than chess where artificial intelligence scored its most famous victory to date when IBM’s Deep Blue beat grandmaster Gary Kasparov in 1997.
But experts say Go presents an entirely different challenge because of the game’s
incomputable number of move options. In other words, the computer must be capable of human-like "intuition" (直觉) to win.
"I was very surprised because I did not think that I would lose the game," said Mr Lee. He said AlphaGo’s early strategy was “excellent” and that he was shocked by one unconventional move it had made that a human never would have played.
AlphaGo is proud of a deep learning capability to learn for itself and discover new strategies by playing games against itself and adjusting neural networks (神经网络) based on a trial-and-error process known as reinforcement (强化) learning.
In spite of his loss, he did not regret accepting the challenge. "I had a lot of fun playing Go and I’m looking forward to the future games,” he said after AlphaGo won 3-0 in a five-game match.
“Playing against a machine is very different from an actual human player. Normally, you can sense your rival’s breathing, their energy. And lots of times you make decisions which depend on the physical reactions of the person you’re playing against. With a machine, you can’t do that”, Lee said.
24. Where can we most probably read this text?
A. In a personal diary B. In a science magazine
C. In a science fiction D. In a travel guide
25. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Only people in South Korea pay attention to the match between Lee and AlphaGo.
B. Artificial intelligence rewrote the history as AlphaGo beat Gary Kasparov in 1997.
C. AlphaGo’s early strategy was to play by regular moves the same as human beings.
D. Lee Se-dol was convinced he would finally win the match before the series started.
26. What did Lee think was the cause of his loss?
A. AlphaGo had an excellent strategy and unconventional moves.
B. He couldn’t sense AlphaGo’s breathing and energy in the games.
C. He made decisions depending on the rival’s physical reactions.
D. The designer of AlphaGo was a talent who couldn’t be defeated.
27. This article is mainly about _____.
A. The differences between playing chess and Go
B. The difficulties Lee met in the match with AlphaGo
C. The introduction of a match between Lee and AlphaGo
D. The development of the Artificial Intelligence (AI)
C
Foreign Minister Wang Yi took questions from the press during a news conference on the sidelines of the Two Sessions (两会) on Tuesday. Here are some of the highlights from Wang's remarks.
The Group of Twenty (G20) Hangzhou Summit (峰会) is the most important diplomatic event China has hosted this year. We will try to break new ground from three new angles. First, we want to discover new sources of growth for innovation(创新). Second, we want to inject new power into the world economy through reform. And third, we want to explore new prospects through development.
By not accepting the arbitration(仲裁) case filed by the Philippines, the Chinese government is acting entirely according to the law. The Philippines' practice is unlawful, unfaithful and
unreasonable. Some people are trying to make waves (in the South China Sea) and some others are showing their forces. History will prove who is merely a guest and who the real host is.
As far as China-Japan relations are concerned, the problem is that some politicians in Japan have the mistaken beliefs about China. Do they view China as a friend or enemy? As a partner or an adversary? The Japanese side should give serious thought to this question.
In 2015, people from the Chinese mainland made 120 million traveling-aboard visits, a growth rate of almost 10%. More than 1 million Chinese are currently working overseas and nearly 2 million Chinese are studying overseas. We will do everything on our part to provide protection and bear in mind that diplomacy must serve the people.
28. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Wang Yi meets the press B. The Group of Twenty (G20) Hangzhou Summit
C. China-Japan relations D. The arbitration case Between China and Philippines
29. What is Wang Yi’s attitude toward the arbitration case filed by the Philippines in the text?
A. Alarmed B. Supportive C. Critical D. Sympathetic
30. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. The Group of Twenty (G20) Summit is hosted in Hangzhou annually.
B. It is by following the law that China won’t accept the arbitration case.
C. The situation between China and Japan is caused by the Japanese side.
D. Mainland Chinese made about 110 million traveling-aboard visits in 2014.
31. The underlined word “adversary” in paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A. relative B. competitor C. friend D. companion
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项.选项中有两项为多余选项.
There are so many Confucian Temples (孔庙) around the world, especially in China. If Confucius were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. 32
While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It’s nothing personal. Most Americans don’t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes.
33 In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.
In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. 34 The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy（哲学）. Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the disadvantages of Westerners philosophy. 35 So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about
Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.
36 Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.
As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is.
A. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture.
B. So the old thinker’s ideas are still alive and well.
C. He’d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.
D. Why do Americans have no knowledge about Confucius?
E. Students in the United States, in the meantime, are racing to learn Chinese.
F. But this doesn’t mean that Americans don’t care about Confucius.
G. This is because China is becoming increasing powerful.
第三部分 英语知识运用（共一节, 满分30分）
第一节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从短文后所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Little Amy, a six-year-old kid, arrived home when her parents were talking about her little brother. All she knew was that he was very sick and they had no money left. When she heard her daddy say to her 37 mother with whispered desperation, “ 38 a miracle（奇迹）can save him now”, the little girl went to her bedroom and took out her piggy bank. She 39 all the change out and counted it carefully. Then she 40 her way six blocks to the drugstore.
“What do you want?” asked the chemist. “It’s 41 my little brother,” the girl answered. “He’s really, really sick and I want to buy a 42 . His name is Andrew and he has something 43 growing inside his head and my daddy says only a miracle can save him.” “We don’t 44 miracles here, child. I’m sorry,” the chemist said, smiling 45 at the little girl.
In the shop was a 46 customer. He stooped (弯腰) down and asked the little girl, “What kind of miracle does your brother 47 ?” “I don’t know,” she replied. “He’s really sick and mommy says he needs 48 . But my daddy can’t pay for it, so I have brought my 49 .”
“How much do you have?” asked the man. “One dollar and eleven cents, 50 I can try and get some more,” she answered quietly. “Well, what a coincidence,” smiled the man. “A dollar and eleven cents — the 51 price of a miracle for your little brother. 52 me to where you live. I want to see your brother and 53 your parents.”
That well dressed man was Dr Carlton Armstrong, a surgeon(外科医生). The operation was completed without 54 and it wasn’t long before Andrew was 55 again and doing well.
The little girl was happy. She knew exactly how much the miracle cost ... one dollar and eleven cents ... plus the 56 of a little child.
37. A．forgetful B．hopeful C．cheerful D．tearful
38. A．Simply B．Just C．Only D．More than
39. A．drew B．pulled C．put D．poured
40. A．followed B．made C．took D．found
41. A．to B．as C．for D．on
42. A．hope B．doctor C．favor D．miracle
43. A．bad B．small C．extra D．impossible
44. A．have B．offer C．sell D．store
45. A．gently B．sadly C．strangely D．coldly
46. A．well dressed B．kind hearted C．well behaved D．good looking
47. A．have B．need C．care D．like
48. A．a doctor B．a surgeon C．an operation D．a kindness
49. A．savings B．wishes C．ideas D．suggestions
50. A．since B．as C．after D．but
51. A．same B．exact C．proper D．necessary
52. A．Show B．Help C．Take D．Follow
53. A．help B．encourage C．persuade D．meet
54. A．difficulty B．delay C．charge D．result
55. A．happy B．well C．strong D．home
56. A．cleverness B．faith C．courage D．devotion
“四地六校”联考
2015-2016学年下学期第一次月考
高二英语答题卷
（考试时间：120 分钟 总分：150 分）
：：
第I卷
1 [A] [B] [C] 2[A] [B] [C] 3[A] [B] [C] 4[A] [B] [C] 5[A] [B] [C]
6 [A] [B] [C] 7[A] [B] [C] 8[A] [B] [C] 9[A] [B] [C] 10[A] [B] [C]
11 [A] [B] [C] 12[A] [B] [C] 13[A] [B] [C] 14[A] [B] [C] 15[A] [B] [C]
16 [A] [B] [C] 17[A] [B] [C] 18[A] [B] [C] 19[A] [B] [C] 20[A] [B] [C]
21 [A] [B] [C] [D] 22[A] [B] [C] [D] 23[A] [B] [C] [D] 24[A] [B] [C] [D] 25[A] [B] [C] [D]
26 [A] [B] [C] [D] 27[A] [B] [C] [D] 28[A] [B] [C] [D] 29[A] [B] [C] [D] 30[A] [B] [C] [D]
31[A] [B] [C] [D]
32 [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] 33 [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] 34[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G]
35 [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] 36[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G]
37 [A] [B] [C] [D] 38[A] [B] [C] [D] 39[A] [B] [C] [D] 40[A] [B] [C] [D] 41[A] [B] [C] [D]
42 [A] [B] [C] [D] 43[A] [B] [C] [D] 44[A] [B] [C] [D] 45[A] [B] [C] [D] 46[A] [B] [C] [D]
47 [A] [B] [C] [D] 48[A] [B] [C] [D] 49[A] [B] [C] [D] 50[A] [B] [C] [D] 51[A] [B] [C] [D]
52 [A] [B] [C] [D] 53[A] [B] [C] [D] 54[A] [B] [C] [D] 55[A] [B] [C] [D] 56[A] [B] [C] [D]
第 Ⅱ 卷
第三部分知识运用（58分）
第一节完成句子（共8题，每题1分，满分8分。）
请将该词完整地写在下面相对应的横线上，每空填一词,词组有错不给分。
57. The film was ________ from the novel with the same name. (改编)
58. Most college students have a strong ________ to travel after graduation. (渴望)
59. Britain ________ war on Germany in 1914. (宣布)
60. We shouldn’t ________ our attempt even if there are always difficulties ahead of us during the senior high school years. (放弃)
61. My plan was turned down by my boss. ________ ________ ________, I had to change it.
(换句话说)
62. Now most of middle-aged couples have to ________ ________ some money for the future. (节省、保留)
63. The children were all ________ ________ to look at the famous actress when she entered the classroom. (转向)
64. The first thing I became ________ ________ was all the vivid colours surrounding me. (意识到)
57__________58__________59__________60__________61______ ______ ______
62__________ __________ 63__________ __________64__________ __________
第二节：语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。
Marty Fielding, 65 began to suffer from a muscle disease, cannot run or climb quickly like others. In primary school, children always laughed at 66 since he didn’t look any different from other people. His life was a lot 67 (easy) at high school, because most of his classmates 68 (accept) him. The few who couldn’t accept him didn’t make him 69 (annoy).
His ambition is 70 (work) for a computer software firm when he grows up. He is leading a busy life 71 no time to sit around feeling sorry for himself.
From his story, we know that feeling sorry for the 72 (able) is not necessary and 73 (make) fun of them is even inhuman. Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragement to live as rich and full 74 life as you do.
65____________66____________ 67_____________ 68______________ 69_____________
70____________71_____________72_____________ 73_____________ 74____________
第三节短文改错 （共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（︿），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
To make up a decision on science or arts learning in the future is a question that upsets a lot of student. Not considered the children’s interests or preferences, some parents force their children to make the choice according to their own will, that troubles many students.
In my opinion, we students should talk to our parents or teachers about our decisions, especial life-changing ones. But in fact, when it returned to reality, we’re the ones who must live with their choices. So I think parents should try to help their children make best decisions, instead of forcing them to do something that are against their will.
After all, it depends on ourselves whether we’ll be science students and arts students. Just let our hearts show them the way.
第四节 书面表达(满分25分)
假设你是报社China Daily的主编Michael, 读者林华写信抱怨高中学习生活的压力及厌烦父母整天的唠叨，打算缀学外出打工，到社会上闯荡一下。 请用英文给他写一封信劝说他放弃这个念头并给出自己的建议。文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。
注意：
1．词数110左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．参考词汇：闯荡 make a living away from home
Dear Lin Hua,
This is Michael from China Daily. I’m sorry to hear from you that you plan to drop out and find a job away from your parents.
Yours Sincerely,
Michael
“四地六校”联考
2015-2016学年下学期第一次月考
高二英语试卷答案
听力
1--5 CABCB 6--10 ACACA 11--15 CAABC 16--20 BBACB
阅读理解
(一) 21-23 ADC 24-27 BDAC 28-31 ACAB
(二)七选五 CFAEB
完形填空
37--41 DCDBC 42--46 DACBA 47—51 BCADB 52—56 CDCDB
完成句子
57. adapted 58. desire 59. declared 60. abandon 61. In other words
62. set aside 63. turning around 64. aware of
语法填空
65. who 66. him 67. easier 68. had accepted 69. annoyed
70. to work 71. with 72. disabled 73. making 74. a
短文改错
1. 去掉up 2. student →students 3. considered → considering
4. that → which 5. especial → especially 6. returned → returns
7. best前加the 8. are → is 9. and → or 10. them → us
作文One possible version:
Dear Li Hua,
This is Collins from Teens. I’m sorry to hear from you that you plan to drop out and find a job away from your parents. It is a very dangerous idea for a teenager like you to intend to make a living away from home.
As a high school student, it is natural for us to meet problems in our school life. Both our teachers and parents show their love for us every day in the form of praises, criticisms or even complaints. We should be aware of it and grateful to it.
In my opinion, the most important duty for you today is to learn knowledge and learn how to deal with different difficulties at home and at school. To face the unknown world is our next step after graduation.
I hope my idea will be useful to you.
Yours Sincerely
Collins
高二英语听力文稿
Text 1: W: Are you going to New York next weekend?
M: Yes, I’m going there to visit my grandparents.
Text 2: W: It’s so hot today.
M: Yes. It’s been more than 35 degrees centigrade nearly the whole day.
W: Quite surprising though, the coolest time today was near noon.
M: Well, we did have rain at that time.
Text 3: W: Where’s John, do you know, Bill?
M: Oh, he’s gone to hospital. His classmate Dick had a car accident and John went to visit him.
Text 4: W: Carl does not pay attention to anybody. You are wasting your time in persuading him.
M: He is old enough to make up his own mind, but it is really hard to persuade him.
Text 5: W: So you missed the meeting?
M: Not exactly. I got there half an hour before it finished.
W: Oh, I see.
Text 6: M: What a beautiful necklace!
W: It was my grandmother’s.
M: She gave it to you as a birthday gift?
W: No, she gave it to me before she passed away.
M: I see. That’s a beautiful vase. Is it from your grandmother too?
W: No, it comes from China. My husband went to China on business last month and bought it for me.
Text 7: M: Hello, I want to ask you how to draw money.
W: There’s a quite long line in front of the bank windows. Please use this machine.
M: How to use it?
W: Please plug your bank card here, and then operate it by steps.
M: What can I do if the card doesn’t come out after I plug it?
W: It doesn’t happen generally.
M: What can I do if only 100 yuan comes out after I withdraw 500 yuan?
W: Sir, please take it easy.
M: If I withdraw 500 yuan, 5,000 yuan comes out; Haha, how nice!
W: Sir, please don’t lose yourself into daydreams. There’re many people waiting here.
Text 8: M: Is there any place in the hotel where we can amuse ourselves?
W: If you want to take a walk, you can go to the garden. It is very relaxing there.
M: That sounds good. But is that the only place to go?
W: No, sir. There is a recreation center on the ground floor. You can play table tennis and go bowling.
M: I don’t plan to play sports. I’d like a place to relax myself.
W: Yes, sir. There is a music teahouse where you can enjoy both classical music and modern music, while having some Chinese tea or other drinks.
M: Oh, great. Thank you very much.
W: It’s a pleasure.
Text 9: W: How much is this piano, please?
M: 1,000 dollars.
W: My god! That’s a fortune!
M: But you must realize that this is the most famous brand.
W: But it’s too dear for me.
M: That’s the best piano in our store.
W: I just want to get one for my daughter to learn how to play the piano.
M: Then how about this one made in New York? It’s priced at only 620 dollars.
W: I hope its quality is guaranteed.
M: Oh, yes, Madam. As ours is a well-known store, our goods are always dependable.
W: Can you make it any cheaper? It is the first time that I have visited your store.
M: For the first time, I will make it an even figure, 600 dollar.
W: Thank you. By the way, can you have it delivered?
M: Yes, of course, Madam. We will deliver it free of charge.
Text 10:
W: When asked about their impressions of their university life, many students expressed disappointment. So Professor Smith, could you explain how it happens?
M: Well, after their highly controlled high school lives, the students were having difficulty adjusting to the free time in the university. When asked to describe their high school lives, many of them say they got up at six in the morning and studied until ten at night. Most of this time was spent at school, doing piles of homework to help them prepare for the university entrance exams. Once they entered the university, the students are not expected to devote all their waiting hours to study. They should also take an active part in school activities. Therefore, they should learn to divide their time outside of the class between sports and clubs. They should also spend some time watching TV and chatting with their roommates. These activities are useful in helping them enrich their life experiences and thus prepare for their future. To those unhappy students, my advice is to get used to it and learn to make decisions for themselves.
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