2016学年第一学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷
高三英语试题 2016.12
高三英语试卷(听力略）
Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Please mind the silence
Despite being used by 1.34 billion people each year, traveling on the Tube in London can actually be quite lonely. An unwritten rule encouraging silence, mixed with classic British reserve,
means that (21) you’re packed into an enclosed space with hundreds of other people,
the morning commute (上下班）can leave you feeling somewhat isolated.
One London resident, however, is trying to change this.
“You get on the Tube here and ifs completely silent and ifs weird," says Jonathan Dunne, 42,
an American living in London, who has, ironically, started (22) worldwide dialogue after
giving out badges (黴章）with the slogan “Tube chat?” last month, encouraging commuters in London to get talking to one another. “I handed out 500 badges during rush hour in a city of 8
million, expecting many refusals and most of them (23) (throw) away, but after about 24
hours it completely snowballed,” he says.
Dunne and his “Tube chat” campaign (24) (feature) in media across the world ever
since, seeing TV interviews in Sweden, Brazil and the UK, as well as countless website, newspaper and magazine appearances.
Although Dunne says he’s received mostly positive feedback, not everyone agrees with his
sentiment. Londoner Brian Wilson responded with a campaign of (25) own, handing out
500 badges with the words “Don’t even think about it” on them.
“I (26) hardly stand the idea of having to talk to strangers on the Tube on my way to
work,” he told the BBC. Michael Robinson, 24, a student from London, agrees. “Being on the Tube
is the only peace and quiet some people get on their journeys to and (27) work. It doesn’t
need to be spoiled by people coming up and chatting to you,” he says. While London has its seemingly antisocial set of regulations to follow, not everywhere lacks a sense of community.
Does Dunne hope that some of this community spirit (28) (mirror) in the UK
following his campaign? “People assume that I just walk up and talk to strangers, (29) I
don’t, but it’s been a great way to meet people you would never have normally spoken to,” he says. “On Monday, Oct 10, the curator (馆长）of the London Transport Museum had me over for tea.”
So if you ever end up (30) (use) public transport in the West, why not say hello to the
person next to you? Just make sure to check for a badge first.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only
A. overtook
B. promising
C. likelihood
D. ridiculous
E. shared F. controlled
G beliefs
H. reasonable
I. trend
J. tracked
K. demonstrated
once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
The rise in stories describing events that never happened, often involving fake people in fake
places, has led to Facebook and Google’s (31) to deal with them. But are we really so easy to
fool? According to several studies, the answer is yes: even the most obvious fake news starts to become believable if it’s (32) enough times.
In the months running up to the US election there was a swrge(大浪）in fake news. According to an analysis by Craig Silverman, a journalist, during this time the top 20 fake stories in circulation (33) the top 20 stories from 19 mainstream publishers.
Paul Horner, a creative publisher of fake news, has said he believes Donald Trump was elected because of him. “My sites were picked up by Trump supporters all the time…His followers don’t fact-check anything - they’ll post everything, believe anything,” he told the Washington Post.
Silverman previously (34) rumours circulating online in 2014 and found that shares
and social interactions around fake news articles dwarfed (使...相形见绌）those of the articles that
exposed them. According to Silverman, fake news stories are engineered to appeal to people’s
hopes and fears, and aren’t (35) by reality, which gives them the edge in creating shareable
content.
You might think you’re immune to falling for these lies, but a wealth of research disagrees.
Back in the 1940s, researchers found that “the more a rumour is told, the more (36) it
sounds”. They suggested this means that a rumour born out of mild suspicion can, by gaining currency, shift public thinking and opinion.
This false impression of truth was (37) practically in 1977 when researchers in the US
quizzed college students on the actuality of statements that they were told may be true or false. The researchers found that simply repeating the statements at a later date was enough to increase the (38) of the students believing them.
Last year, Lisa Fazio at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and her team found that students become more likely to believe a statement that they know must be false if it is repeated.
“Our research suggests that false news can and likely does affect people’s (39) . Even if
people are conscious that a headline is false, reading it multiple times will make it seem more trustworthy,” Fazio says.
Reassuringly, the team found that a person’s knowledge still has a large influence over their
beliefs, but it’s still a worrying (40) given that falsehoods appear repeatedly in our
newsfeeds every day.
II. Reading Comprehension Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there arc four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Two key climate change indicators — global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent — have broken numerous records through the first half of 2016, according to NASA analyses of ground-based observations and satellite data. Each of the first six months of 2016 set a record as the warmest (41) month globally in the modern temperature record, which (42) 1880,
according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. The six-month period from January to June was also the planet's warmest half-year on record, with a(n)
(43) temperature 1.3 degrees Celsius (2.4 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the late
nineteenth century.
Five of the first six months of 2016 also (44) the smallest respective monthly Arctic
sea ice (45) since regular satellite records began in 1979, according to analyses developed
by scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland. The one (46)_____,
March, recorded the second smallest for that month.
(47) these two key climate indicators have broken records in 2016, NASA scientists
said it is more significant that global temperature and Arctic sea ice are continuing their
decades-long trends of change. Both trends are ultimately driven by rising (48) of
heat-trapping carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The extent of Arctic sea ice at the peak of the summer melt season now typically (49)
40 percent less area than it did in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Arctic sea ice extent in
September, the seasonal low point in the annual cycle, has been (50) at a rate of 13.4
percent per decade.
"While the El Nino event in the tropical Pacific this winter (51) the gaining global
temperatures from October, it is the basic trend which is producing these record numbers," GISS Director Gavin Schmidt said.
(52) El Nino events have driven temperatures to what were then record levels, such as
in 1998. But in 2016, even as the effects of the recent El Nino wear off, global temperatures have
risen well beyond those of 18 years ago (53) the overall warming that has taken place in
that time.
The global trend in rising temperatures falls behind the regional (54) in the Arctic, said
Walt Meier, a sea ice scientist at NASA Goddard.
"It has been a record year so far for global temperatures, but the record high temperatures in the Arctic over the past six months have been even more extreme," Meier said. "This warmth as well as unusual weather (55) have led to the record low sea ice extents so far this year."
41. A. resistant
B. respective
C. resolved
D. remote
42. A. makes sense of
B. keeps up with
C. dates back to
D. goes ahead of
43. A. average
B. ordinary
C. common
D. temporary
44. A. confirmed
B. witnessed
C. involved
D. conducted
45. A. standard
B. content
C. amount
D. extent
46. A. datum
B. example
C. month
D. exception
47. A. While
B. When
C. After
D. As
48. A. combinations
B. reductions
C. concentrations
D. applications
49. A. includes
B. covers
C. approaches
D. indicates
50. A. increasing
B. changing
C. declining
D. moving
51. A. ended up with
B. gave rise to
C. broke away from
D. resulted from
52. A. Frequent
B. Natural
C. Disastrous
D. Previous
53. A. in return for
B. in case of
C. in spite of
D. because of
54. A. warming
B. falling
C. gathering
D. changing
55. A. forecasts
B. varieties
C. patterns
D. illustrations
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Late one autumn day at the aquatic center (水上运动中心）in Ancenis, France, something went quietly, horribly wrong. An 18-year-old named Jean-Francois LeRoy was a regular, coming often in the early evenings to swim in the 25-meter pool. Drownings are often difficult to spot. Most are near-silent incidents where the victim quickly sinks out of view. On this particular day maybe the lifeguards weren't paying as close attention as they should have been. Certainly they believed the tall athletic LeRoy was not a high-risk swimmer.
But on this evening LeRoy was practicing apnea(屏气）swimming—testing how far he could swim underwater on one breath—and at some point, without making any visible or audible disturbance on the water's surface, he lost consciousness. The guards failed to notice as he stopped swimming and sank to the bottom of the deep end of the pool. With his arms crossed over his head and his feet twitching (抽搐),he was unconscious and drowning. It would lake him as little as four minutes to die.
Although the human lifeguards witching the pool were unaware, 12 large machine eyes deep underwater were watching the whole thing and taking notice. Just nine months earlier the center had installed a state-of-the-art electronic surveillance system called Poseidon, a network of cameras that feeds a computer programmed to use a set of complex mathematical procedure to distinguish between normal and distressed swimming. Poseidon covers a pool's entire swimming area and can distinguish among dim reflections, shadows, and actual swimmers. It can also tell when real swimmers are moving in a way they're not supposed to. When the computer detects a possible problem, it instantly activates a beeper to warn lifeguards and displays the exact incident location on a monitor. The rest is up to the humans above the water.
Sixteen seconds after Poseidon noticed the large, sinking lump that was Jean-Francois LeRoy, lifeguards had LeRoy out of the pool and gave him first aid. He started breathing again.
After one night in the local hospital, he was released with no permanent damage. Poseidon had saved his life.
56. People sometimes fail to detect accidents in the swimming pool because .
A. lifeguards neglect their duties B. drowning men don’t struggle in water
C. there is no electronic surveillance system installed
D. drownings often occur quietly and quickly
57. Which of the following statements in NOT true?
A. Lifeguards will give way to Poseidon system.
B. Poseidon system can locate drowning incidents.
C. Poseidon system can pick out unusual swimmers.
D. Lifeguards will count on Poseidon system.
58. The purpose of this passage is to .
A. publicize a machine which can watch out for swimmers in distress
B. tell people what may happen in a swimming pool
C. warn swimmers not to swim underwater alone
D. advertise an aquatic center equipped with state-of-the-art devices
B
The first animals on earth were never able to achieve much in the world because they lived in the sea, which provided limited oxygen, and they had no backbone. For ages there were many kinds of these animals living in the sea and on land. They differed widely from each other and included such creatures as insects and worms. They had no brain, and therefore none of these animals without a backbone has ever been of much importance. They are wonderfully made but differ so widely that it is really impossible to arrange them in a simple order. However, those who study the different kinds of backboned animals find they can all be arranged in a simple way. More importantly, it is possible to show which class evolved first, which last, and so on.
The five great classes of backboned animals are: fishes, amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals. A common amphibian is the frog which is able to live in water and on land. A mammal feeds its young by giving milk. There are very great differences between a fish, a frog, a horse, a bird and a man; yet they all have a backbone.
A great step was taken when some creatures swam ashore. Perhaps it all began when the frog developed. Even today, a baby frog, the tadpole, begins as a fish, having gills (鳃),but then becomes a frog with lungs. The frog even develops feet and hands similar to ours in bone structure. Ages ago the first frog laid down the plan of the kind of limbs(肢）which all backboned animals, including humans, have bad, though some of them, like the bird, do not keep this kind of five-fingered limb all their lives.
When the frog has grown from a tadpole to a backboned animal with four limbs, breathing air by means of lungs, it is very like certain of the next class of backboned animals-- the reptiles. The larger reptiles living on earth for many year ago were dinosaurs. Some of the smaller ones grew stretches of skin between their outspread fingers to form wings. We do know, from fessilized (化石的）remains, that the first birds were flying reptiles with sharp teeth. What a strange world it must have been during these times!
59. The author believes that animals without backbones ______.
A. had no brain so they did not survive B. were difficult to classify
C. have been important creatures D. are easily placed in order of arrival
60. From the article we can know ______.
A. animals had a backbone but no brain B. insects came from worms
C. animals came from insects D. the time order of species
61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A. The first bird developed from a flying fish.
B. The horse belongs to the amphibian family.
C. The hand of a frog has four fingers and a thumb.
D. All the animals have got backbones inside their body.
62. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. How Backboned Animals Evolved B. How to Classify All Living Things
C. The Life Cycle of a Frog D. How the First Bird Flew
C
Until 1964 most forms of gambling were illegal in the United States. Since then, however, more and more stales have legalized gambling in order to raise income. The U. S. gambling industry has gone from an attitude of “prohibition” to one of “promotion”, as all but five states have now legalized gambling as a solution to their depressed economies.
Most states in the United States now depend on incomes from state lotteries (博彩）and use them for good causes, such as improving public education, maintaining slate parks, and developing environmental programs.
State governments maintain that the voluntary contribution of funds through state lotteries is preferable to increase state sales or income taxes, and the residents of states using the lottery system tend to support this. The gaming industry has also benefited some of the nation's poorest citizens: Native Americans. The U. S. government ruled in 1988 that slates could not tax the revenues earned by gambling on Native American reservations. Having taken advantage of this ruling an open cosmos (赌场）on their reservations, many Native Americans moved from a life of poverty to a life of wealth.
Although there are many advantages to legalized gambling, there has also been a good deal of criticism of state-supported gambling. As states increase their support of state lotteries, they seem to encourage commercial gambling in all its forms. About 50 percent of the U. S. population plays the lottery, according to a study by the University of Chicago. This trend has led to an increase in habitual gambling. More than 5 million Americans suffer from gambling addiction. Those most at risk of becoming addicted include the poor, young people between twelve and eighteen years old, and women over the age of fifty, who are looking for some entertainment. As a result, many of them will end up in prison or even homeless. The promise of winning big fortune has created big problems.
Perhaps the most important concern is the moral issue of legalized gambling. The lottery is the only form of gambling that is essentially a government control. Critics ask whether gambling is a proper function of government. Should the government be the spokesman for the expansion of gambling? Critics say state advertising of lotto emphasizes luck over hard work, instant happiness over careful planning and entertainment over savings. The traditional work ethic (道德准则) is being devalued by the pipedream of striking it rich, and this is sending confusing messages to young people.
In 1996, Congress created a commission to conduct a legal study of the social and economic
impacts of gambling in the United States. After two years of study, the Commission recommended an end to the expansion of legalized gambling and a ban on Internet gambling. Some feel this will severely hurt the gambling industry. Others fear that it is not enough and are asking the government to take a tough stand against gambling.
61. According to the passage, we know that .
A. any forms of gambling were banned before 1964 in the USA
B. the economical problems led to the rise of gambling industry in the USA
C. all American stales have legalized gambling since 1964
D. only five states have now legalized gambling because of the depressed economies
62. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. State lottery system helps to raise money to improve people's public welfare.
B. Gambling industry helps to change the American way of life.
C. Gambling industry helps to improve the life of some poor Native Americans.
D. State lottery system helps to increase state sales or income taxes.
65. What is the author most concerned about?
A. The expanding of the gambling industry.
B. The suffering of the gambling-addicted people.
C. The moral problems brought about by the legalized gambling.
D. The disadvantage of Internet gambling.
66. In Paragraph 5, the word “pipedream" means .
A. wonderful idea B. creative idea C. unworkable plan D. practical plan
Section C
Drectons: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.
A. When children today play Angry Birds, they won't wonder why the birds are so ill-tempered.
B. Hollywood is actually such a power featuring its creativity, imagination and efficiency in giving rise to its entertainment products.
C. It led the way for a number of other equally silly, equally addictive games to invade cell phones everywhere.
D. Lego, by putting forward education solutions, is now striving to help kids to stand up to a problem and solve it.
E. Never mind that these games made absolutely no sense from a narrative viewpoint.
F. In its efforts to feed the audience’s curiosity, Hollywood may in fact be killing it.
Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need
A few years ago, a Finnish app took the mobile gaming world by storm. Its set-up was simple and its idea illogical: Angry Birds was little more than a shooting game, with birds instead of bullets and green pigs in place of targets. __________67 Shortly after Angry Birds took off, audiences
found a new distraction in Fruit Ninja, a game where the object was to chop falling produce. Then there was Candy Crush, where players could save a candy kingdom by matching like-colored bonbons.
________68 That was their charm, after all: They were knowingly ridiculous or illogical, an attack into mindless amusement. In games like Angry Birds, players found an escape from reality. All they had to do is resign themselves to the logic of the game, a world of simple cause-and-effect: Slingshot a bird, kill a pig, score points.
Fast forward to 2016, and there's now an Angry Birds movie, here to fill you in on all the details you never wished to know. The birds have been given personalities, motives and back-stories, and so have the evil green pigs. Meanwhile, the game's nonsense had to be made sense of due to a necessary plot for a movie. Logic replaced illogic. Angry Birds is not alone in having its gray areas sketched in for the big screen. Hollywood has made an industry of answering the questions no one ever thought to ask; to the point of even giving a brand of toy blocks its own story in 2014’s The Lego Movie. Countless secondary characters have also been pulled from the sidelines and given their own opportunities to show on the screen. That includes the forgetful blue fish Dory from 2003’s Finding Nemo. _________69 Viewers no longer have the luxury of imagining back-stories for their favorite characters, or debating the open-ended questions in a film5s source materials: An endless flow of prequels(前传)， sequels(续传）and spin-offs（衍生产品）fill in those blanks for them.
________70 They'll know. Everything will be determined for them: According to the movie, the main bird Red gets picked on for his bushy eyebrows, and that leaves him feeling isolated and, well, angry. In some ways, Hollywood has taken on the role of fan fiction writers, by expanding and exploring every corner of its fictional universes. But when these universes expand too widely, what will be left to imagine?
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the ma/n point(s) of the passage /n no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are we born with a preference for certain kinds of faces? Or is it just something that people learn, without realizing it? To find out, psychologist Judith Langlois and her team at the University of Texas in Austin worked with young children and babies.
The researchers showed each baby photos of two faces. One face was more attractive than the other. The scientists then recorded how long the infants looked at each face.
Babies spent longer viewing the attractive faces than the unattractive ones. That meant they preferred the pretty faces. These findings suggest that people prefer pretty faces very early in life. However, it’s still possible that we learn that preference. After all, Schein, who worked with Judith, points out, “By the time we test infants, they already have experience with faces.”
That experience can make a difference. Research conducted at the University of Delaware found that babies’ brains are better at processing faces from their own race. So infants quickly come to prefer these faces, Schein says.
It’s well-known in psychology that familiar things are more attractive, says Coren Apicella. She is a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. “Perhaps average faces are more attractive because they seem more familiar.”
Indeed, her research backs this up. Apicella and Little worked with two groups of young adults: British and Hadza. The Hadza are hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, a nation in East Africa. Apicella chose them for her experiment because they had not been exposed to Western culture and standards of beauty.
She showed people from both groups two images and asked which was more attractive. One image was an average of five British faces or five Hadza faces. The other was an average of 20 British faces or 20 Hadza faces. People of both cultures preferred the face that was more average —that is, compiled from 20 faces instead of five. The British participants found both Hadza and British faces beautiful. The Hadza, in contrast, preferred only Hadza faces.
“The Hadza have little experience with European faces and probably do not know what an average European face looks like,” Apicella concludes. “If they don't know what it looks like, how can they prefer it?”
Her findings show how biology and the environment work together to shape our values. “The preference for average itself is biologically based,” Apicella says. But people must first experience other faces to learn what an average face should look like.
Translation
Drectons: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 我以为你会和我一起乘高铁去北京。（think)
73. 每月她都会留出一部分钱以备不时之需。（incase)
74. 站在山顶，极目远望，大自然的壮美让我们惊叹不己。（amaze)
75. 被称为“发展屮国家”并不一定是坏事，只有这样我们才能永远在发展的路上前进，追 求更为高远的目标。（It)
II. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition i^ 120-150 words according to the instructions gi^ven below in Chinese.
如今在上海街头，共李单车(ride-sharing)忽然流行起来。你班同学最近就共李单车这一 新兴节物展开了热烈的讨论。请根据下表提示用英语写一篇短文，介绍你班讨论的怙况，并 谈谈你的看法。
(文屮不得出现考生姓名、学校等任何真实信息）
大部分同学充满信心
少数同学不看好
1、 方便出行，不受堵车影响；
2、 经济实惠：
3、 减少碳排放，有利环保；
4、 骑行有利健康。
1、 手机应用运行不稳定，不利计费；
2、 郊区箝盖面不大；
3、 许多人不文明使用，导致车辆受损严重，不 便使用。
参考答案
21. even though/ if
22. a
23. to be thrown
24. have featured
25. his
26. can
27. from
28. will be mirrored
29. which
30. using
31-40：
BEAJF/HKCGI
41-45：
BCABD
46-50：
DACBC
51-55：
BDDAC
56-58：
DAA
59-62：
BDCA
63-66：
BBCC
67-70：
CE FA
Summary Writing
Babies’ preference to attractive faces indicates that people begin to prefer pretty faces at an early age. Researches also show that average faces are more attractive because they are more familiar to people. Meanwhile, people’s experience with faces matters a lot. The more people experience with certain faces, the more preference they will have to the average of these faces.
72. I thought you would go to Beijing with me by high-speed rail.
73. She sets aside some money monthly in case of need.
74. Standing at the top of the mountain and looking as far as the eyes can see, we are amazed at the magnificence of nature.
75. It is not necessarily a bad thing to be called “developing country”, since only in this way can we stick to the road of developing forever for higher goals.
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