专题三
代词
考向预测
高考对代词的考查主要是在具体、特定语境下灵活运用代词。特别是不定代词one,the one,ones,the ones与指示代词this,that,these,those,it的用法区别,代词的肯定与否定、全部与部分的用法以及反身代词的惯用语。解答此类试题需要注意:在解题时一定要明确考点,对比分析,对症下药,尤其是要掌握好容易混淆的代词的辨析。
知识与技巧的梳理
代词在近年高考试题中出现频率很高,每年至少测试一道题。在语法填空中主要考查代词的不同词形的变化,短文改错中主要考查代词的指代一致问题。
考点1:both,all,either,each,every,neither,none的用法
1. both,either,neither用于两者。both意为“两者都”;either意为“两者中的任何一个”;neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。如:
Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩中哪个都很聪明。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
2.all,none,each,every用于多者。all意为“全部都”,指可数的东西时为复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;none意为“全都不,任何一个都不”,指可数的东西时可为单数或复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;each和every意为“每一个”,为单数,两者都能作定语用,但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。
All of the students are there.所有学生都在。
All (of) the milk is there.所有牛奶都在。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have an edictionary. /Each of the students has an edictionary. /The students each have an edictionary. 每个学生都可有一本电子词典。
【典例】
It’s an eitheror situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do ________.
A.others B.either
C.another D.both
【答案】D
【解析】句意:这是一种二选一的情况,我们今年要么买一辆新车,要么去度假,但两者不可兼得。空格处表示部分否定,应用not ... both,故选D。
考点2:复合不定代词的用法
由some,any,no,every加上body,one,thing构成的不定代词,叫复合不定代词。
1.some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句,意为“某人或某物,重要的人或事”。如:
Somebody is waiting outside.
I have something for you.
She thinks she’s something since she won the prize.(获奖之后,她觉得自己了不起了。)
2.any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中,意为“随便某个人或物,无论什么人或物,什么人或物都可以”。如:
Does anybody else want to go?
There isn’t anything in the box.
If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!
有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如:
Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.
You can take anything you like.
3.no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。如:
I know nothing about it.
There is nobody here.
4.every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物,每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。如:
Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.
She does everything to help her mother.
Her son is everything to her.(对她来说儿子就是一切。)
【典例】
This project requires close teamwork. ________ will be achieved unless we work well together.
A.Nothing B.Anything
C.Something D.Everything
【答案】A
【解析】句意:这个项目需要密切的合作,除非我们通力合作,否则一事无成。根据句意可知此处应用表示否定意义的词语,故选A。
考点3:the other,other,another,others,the others的区别
the other/
other
the other可单独使用,特指两个人或物中的“另一个”;也可修饰名词表示“另外的……”。other不能单独使用,只能修饰名词,表示泛指意义。
another
可单独使用,也可修饰名词,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词”形式,表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/
the others
others只能单独使用,表示泛指意义,意为“其他的人或事物”,常与some一起出现;
特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。
He is willing to help other people / others.
Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other students/The others have not.
Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball.
We need another five chairs/five more chairs.
【典例】
Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is ________.
A.another B.the other
C.one another D.one
【答案】A
【解析】句意:回收是保护环境的一种方法;而重复使用是另一种。another表示“(三者及三者以上的)另一个”;the other表示“(两者中的)另一个”;one another“相互”;one“一”。
考点4:none,no one,nobody,nothing的区别
none
既可指人,也可指物;侧重数量,通常指三者或三者以上的人或物;后可接of短语;作主语时谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句。
—How much money do you have?
—None.
no one/
nobody
只能指人;是泛指概念,常用来回答由who引导的疑问句;不与of短语连用;作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
—Who is in the room?
—Nobody. / No one.
nothing
只能指物,且表泛指概念;常用来回答由what引导的疑问句。
—What are you doing now?
—Nothing.
考点5:替代词的用法和区别
it
替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物。
—Have you found your pen?
—No, I haven’t found it.
one/ones
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念,相当于a/an+单数名词。其复数形式为ones。
I think this book is better than the one I read last time.
These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.
that/those
that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词,是同类替代,但并非同一个,可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those,相当于the ones。
The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.
【典例】
The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ________ on the small ones.
A.one B.this
C.that D.it
【答案】C
【解析】句意:大街上的绿灯比小街上的绿灯亮得时间更长。that在此处替代前面提到的traffic,以避免重复。one泛指可数名词单数;this通常指代下文要提到的事情;it指代上文出现的同一事物。
限时训练
(45分钟)
经典常规题
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国卷I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】which/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。本空前有“made”,后有“showed”,需要用连词连接两个谓语。“showed”前缺少主语,根据句意,主语为“study”,故该空既为连词,又充当句子主语,还指代“study”,应为关系代词which或
that。
2.【2018·全国卷I】If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ____70____ a try.
【答案】it/running
【解题思路】考查代词。固定搭配give it a try意为“试一试”。根据语境,这里是指“试着跑步”,“give”后的宾语即为“running”,故答案可为it,亦可为running。
3.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】which/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。此处用that或which代指先行词“soil-testing program”在从句中作主语。
4.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 68. (they) alive.
【答案】them
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。此处含“find”的宾补用法。设空处应为动词find的宾语,故填them,find sb./sth. +adj.为固定结构,意为“发现某人/某物怎么样”。
5.【2018·浙江卷6月】Many westerners 57 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 58 can be to eat out.
【答案】57. who/that;58. it
【解题思路】57.考查关系代词引导定语从句的用法。此空没有给出参考词,首先可以考虑虚词——介词、冠词、连词,此处句子后方有cook(V.烹饪),分析句子结构可知此句应为复合句中的定语从句,先行词为“westerners”,在句子中充当主语成分,所以此处答案为who或that。58.考查代词it 的用法。结合句意可知句中真正主语为to eat out,所以此处用形式主语it。
6.【2018·浙江卷11月】One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause 61 (they) to stay awake almost all night.
【答案】them
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。cause sb. to do sth.意为“使某人做某事”,这里“cause”后为宾语,故“they”要改为宾格them。
7.【2018·天津卷】Kate, ______sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
【答案】whose
【解题思路】考查关系代词。根据句意可知:Kate去澳大利亚工作了,当我上大学的时候,我和她的姐姐住在一个房间。sister和先行词Kate之间构成的是所属关系,故填whose。
8.【2018·北京卷】She and her family bicycle to work, ______ helps them keep fit.
【答案】which
【解题思路】考查关系代词引导定语从句的用法。句意为“她和她的家人骑自行车去上班,这使得他们保持着健康的身体。”,根据从句可以看出从句缺少主语,空格指代上面那句话,所以用which。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 67.________ every day.
【答案】it
【解题思路】考查代词。it指代伦敦地铁。
二、短文改错
10.【2018·全国卷I】The first time I went there, they were found living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.
【答案】another改为other
【解题思路】考查不定代词。another指三者或三者以上中的另一个,修饰单数名词;other指其他的,修饰复数名词,此处后为“animals”,应改为other。
11.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
【答案】us改成me
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。此处句意为“他们对我说......”,故将us改为me。
12.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】I had done myself homework, but I was shy.
【答案】myself改成my
【解题思路】考查形容词性物主代词用法。此处在“homework”前应该是用形容词性物主代词,表达“我的”,形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语为常考语法知识,而不是用反身代词myself,故把myself改为my。
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.
【答案】all改成both或去掉all
【解题思路】考查代词的用法。根据语境可知,张家夫妇仅有二人,用both指代。
14.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
【答案】your 改成my
【解题思路】考查代词。整篇文章都是在说“我”的事情,而且根据前面me可知此处还是指“我的”高中生活。
高频易错题
一、语法填空
【2019届山西大学附属中学高三上学期11月月考】In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, 41. is the result of the 42. (compete) from online bookstores. But the success of Sisyphe Bookstore, one of the 43. (big) privately-owned bookstore chains in China, may serve44. a great
example.
45. (found) in 1993, Sisyphe started to transform and upgrade its business in 2009 to seek its profitability. Now, it not only devotes itself to 46. (sell) books, but combines the functions of bookstore, café and sale of 47. (create) cultural products. Sisyphe opens its bookstores in shopping malls in order to take advantage of the large number of consumers of shopping malls to sell its books, and it also 48. (able) people to enjoy spending time reading and drinking coffee. In return, bookstores have improved the cultural atmosphere of shopping malls, so 49. is mutually beneficial to have such cooperation.
So far, the government 50. (offer) tax reduction for bookstores to encourage the development of physical bookstores. Perhaps it is early to say the boom of physical bookstores has come, but definitely, we see the turning point to them.
【答案】
41.which 42.competition 43.biggest 44.as 45.Founded
46.selling 47.creative 48.enables 49.it 50.has offered
【解题思路】本文为说明文。在过去的几年里,网络书店的竞争导致中国超过一半的书店倒闭。但是,作为中国最大的私营连锁书店之一的Sisyphe书店却是成功的。这是因为Sisyphe的转型升级业务,它在购物中心开设书店是为了利用购物中心的大量消费者来卖书,同时也让人们享受到阅读和喝咖啡的乐趣。
41.考查定语从句。句意:在过去的几年里,中国超过一半的书店倒闭,这是网络书店竞争的结果。分析句子“In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, _____ is the result of the ______(compete) from online bookstores.”可知,本空指代前面的句子“In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down”,英语中可指代前面的句子,在定语从句中,要用关系词“which”。因此本空填which。
42.考查名词。分析句子可知,本空前有定冠词“the”,可知,此空为名词,因此要用动词“compete”的名词形式“competition”。故填competition。
43.考查最高级。分析语境可知此处句意是指“作为中国最大的民营连锁书店之一的Sisyphe书店的成功”。根据前面的“one of the….”可知,要用最高级,故本空要填biggest。
44.考查固定搭配。句意:西西里书店的成功就是一个很好的例子。serve as…为固定搭配,意为“充当,担任”,因此本空填as。
45.考查非谓语作状语。句意:Sisyphe成立于1993年,2009年开始转型升级业务,谋求盈利。分析句子可知,“found”的逻辑主语是“Sisyphe”,二者是被动关系,根据时间状语“in 1993”可知,要用过去分词,即founded。所以填Founded。
46
.考查固定搭配。句意:现在,它不仅致力于卖书,而且结合了书店、咖啡馆和创造性的艺术产品的销售功能。devote…to doing sth.,其中的to为介词,所以to后要用动词的ing形式。因此本空填selling。
47.考查形容词作定语。分析句子可知,动词“create”在句中修饰名词“cultural products”,修饰名词要用形容词,故填形容词 creative。
48.考查谓语动词。句意:西西弗在购物中心开设书店是为了利用购物中心的大量消费者来卖书,同时也让人们享受到阅读和喝咖啡的乐趣。分析句子可知,本句考查谓语动词。由本句的时态可知,要用一般现在时,而根据主语“it”,可知,本空要用动词able的动词为enable,故此空填enables。
49.考查语境及形式主语。句意:所以这样的合作是互利的。分析句子可知,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式“to have such cooperation”,英语中常用不定代词“it”作形式主语,因此本空填it。
50.考查谓语动词的时态。句意:到目前为止,政府已经对书店实行减税政策,以鼓励实体书店的发展。根据“so far”(到目前为止)可知,本空要用现在完成时。本句的主语是“the government”,与谓语动词“offer”是主动关系,故填has offered。
二、短文改错
【2019届山东省济南外国语学校高三上学期高考模拟(二)】Last Sunday I went to a animal hospital to help the doctors there. I arrived at the hospital early in the morning, and there were already much work to do: giving the pets food and water, and even giving them kisses on the heads.
At first, they looked at me with frightening eyes. A doctor say to them, “Don’t worry, and everything will be OK.” I washed a dog’s hurt leg. I worked careful to make sure I didn’t hurt him. I wished he could know we were just trying help him. It was a long day and the work made me tired, and I was very happy. I knew I loved animal. And the animals knew I loved him. They enjoyed about my care with love!
【答案】
1. 第一句:a 改为an
2. 第二句:were改为was
3. 第三句:frightening改为frightened
4. 第四句:say改为said
5. 第六句:careful改为carefully
6. 第七句:help前加to
7. 第八句:第二个and改为but
8. 第九句 animal改为animals
9. 第十句:him改为them
10. 第十一句:去掉about
【解题思路】本文为记叙文。本篇短文主要介绍了作者在一个星期天到动物医院去做兽医助理的
工作。在给动物治疗过程中,虽然很累但是作者感到很高兴。
1. 考查冠词。“animal”是以元音开头的名词,所以要用不定冠词an,因此a 改为an 。
2. 考查主谓一致。句中的表语为“much work”,为不可数名词,因此谓语动词要用单数,故were改为was。
3. 考查形容词辨析。句意:起初,他们用害怕的眼神看着我。分析句子可知,本句的主语是动物(they),frightening意为“吓人的,令人恐惧的”,frightened“害怕的,受惊的”。所以要把frightening改为frightened 。
4. 考查谓语动词的时态。根据时间状语“Last Sunday”可知,本文讲述上周的事,因此要用一般过去时,故把say改为said。
5. 考查副词。句意:我认真地工作,确保我没有伤害他。句中的“worked”为动词,修饰动词要用副词,所以要把形容词“careful”改为副词,因此把careful改为carefully 。
6. 考查固定用法。句意:我希望他能知道我们只是在尽力帮助他。try to do…为固定搭配,意为“尽力做某事”。所以在help前加to。
7. 考查连词。句意:这是漫长的一天,工作使我感到疲倦,但我非常高兴。根据语境可知,前后两句是转折关系,而非并列关系,因此第二个and改为but。
8. 考查名词的复数。“Animal”为可数名词。可数名词的复数形式,表示泛指,本句是指“我知道我喜欢动物”,在本句中的动物是泛指,因此把animal改为animals。
9. 考查人称代词的一致性。句意:动物们知道我爱他们。本句的主语是“the animals”,所以做宾语时要用复数形式“them”,因此把him改为them。
10. 考查动词的正确用法。句意:他们享受我对他们的爱的关怀!“enjoy”为及物动词,及物动词直接跟宾语,不能用介词,所以“about”是多余的,故去掉about。
精准预测题
一、语法填空
【长沙市2019届高三年级统一模拟考试】When we read a poem, we often imagine what the poets___41___ (think) when they wrote or what they were doing at the time. These thoughts let us connect with the words better, as if we’d created the poem___42___ (we). Will a poem still mean as much if a compute writes it?
By___43___ (use) algorithms (算法) , computers can now create all kinds of text, including research papers, books, news, stories and even poems. Computer-generated poems might be correct in both grammar and style, ___44___some say they still lack ___45___ (create) and true meaning.
Australian researcher Oscar Schwartz created a website___46___(call) “bot or not”. On his site, you can read poems and guess whether they___47___(write) by a human or a computer. Schwartz recently gave a speech at TedX Sydney, in___48___he stated that some of the website’s poems were able to___49___(foolish) 65 percent of human
readers.
He said that on his website, he hoped people would question the difference between humans and machines, and be able to identify what it is____50____makes us human.
【答案】
41. were thinking 42. ourselves 43. using 44. but/yet 45. creativity/creative/creativeness
46. called 47. were written/are written 48. which 49. fool 50. that
【解题思路】这是一篇议论文。短文介绍了不同人对“人类写的诗歌与电脑写的诗歌具有相同的意义吗?”这个问题不同的看法。
41.考查过去进行时。句意:当我们读一首诗的时候,我们常常想象诗人正在想什么,以及他们当时正在做什么。分析句子可知,本句为“what”引导的宾语从句,主语为“the poets”,谓语为“think”。根据句意,本句为过去进行时。故填 were thinking。
42.考查反身代词。句意:这些想法让我们更好地与这些词联系起来,就好像我们自己创作了这首诗一样。分析句子可知,主语为“we”,根据句意可知,本句是在说就好像我们自己创作了这首诗一样。所以相应的反身代词与“we”一致,所以用“ourselves”。 故填ourselves。
43.考查动名词。句意:通过使用计算程序,计算机现在可以创造各种文本,包括研究论文、书籍、新闻、故事甚至诗歌。by doing sth.“通过做某事”。所以用using。故填using。
44.考查连词。句意:电脑生成的诗歌在语法和风格上可能都是正确的,但有些人说它们仍然缺乏创造性和真正的意义。分析句子可知,空处缺少连词。前后语意转折,所以用连词but/yet。故填but/yet。
45.考查名词/形容词。句意:电脑生成的诗歌在语法和风格上可能都是正确的,但有些人说它们仍然缺乏创造性和真正的意义。“lack”为及物动词后可直接接名词“creativity/creativeness”作宾语,也可接“creative meaning”作宾语。故填creativity/creative/creativeness。
46.考查过去分词。句意:澳大利亚研究员Oscar Schwartz创建了一个名为“bot or not”的网站。分析句子可知,“website”与“call”在逻辑上是被动关系,所以用过去分词called。 故填called。
47.考查一般现在时的被动语态/一般过去时的被动语态。句意:在他的网站上,你可以阅读诗歌并猜测它们是由人写的还是由计算机写的。分析句子可知,本句为“whether”引导的宾语从句,主语为“they”,谓语为“write”,且主谓为被动关系,时态为一般现在时/一般过去时。故填were written/are written。
48.考查介词+关系代词。句意:Schwartz最近在悉尼发表了一次演讲,他在演讲中说,该网站的一些诗歌能够骗过65%的人类读者。分析句子可知,“Sydney”为先行词,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用关系副词where/介词+关系代词。本句是“介词+关系代词”的用法,这里的which指代的是先行词Sydney。故填 which。
49.考查动词。句意:Schwartz最近在悉尼发表了一次演讲,他在演讲中说,该网站的一些诗歌能够骗过65%的人类读者。be able to do sth“能够做某事”为固定用法。所以“to”后接“foolish”的动词“fool”。故填fool。
50.
考查连接词。句意:他说,在他的网站上,他希望人们会质疑人和机器之间的差异,并且能够分辨出是什么让我们成为人类。分析句子可知,本句为强调句式:“it+be+强调部分+主语+谓语。”在句中作“identify”的宾语。故填that。
二、短文改错
【2019届河南省实验中学高三上学期第三次模拟考试】My father’s friend Henry used to be a teacher at a medical school and he was very strict to his students. The students were afraid of him though he was seldom pleased with the answers they gave. Once a student seated before him, and Henry required him to describing a certain illness, his description of which turned out to be OK. Then Henry asked about the cure for the illness, but the student gave the right answer. “How much will you give the patient?” “A full spoon’s!” Suddenly the student realizes that there was anything wrong. He said anxiously, “I’ve made the mistake: a full spoon is too many, and he can take only five drops.” “It’s too late; your patient has been died,” Henry said coldly.
【答案】
1. 第一句第二个to改成with
2. though改成because
3. student后加was
4. describing改成describe
5. but改成and
6. realizes改成realized
7. anything改成something
8. the改成a
9. many改成much
10.has后been去掉
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了爸爸的朋友亨利曾经是一名医学老师,他对学生的要求非常严格,本文就列举了一个他严格要求学生的例子。
1.考查固定搭配。句意:他对学生要求非常严格。be strict with表示“对……严格要求”,故to改为with。
2.考查连词。句意:学生们都怕他,因为他对他们的回答很少满意。此处表示因果而非让步关系,故though改为because。
3.考查时态和固定搭配。句意:有一次,一名学生坐在他前面。be seated表示“坐下”,Once表明应该用一般过去时,故student后加was。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意:亨利要求他描述一种疾病。require sb. to do表示“要求某人做某事”,故describing改为describe。
5.
考查连词。句意:然后亨利问了关于这种疾病的治疗方法,学生给出了正确的答案。此处表示顺承而非转折关系,故but改为and。
6.考查时态。句意:突然,学生意识到有什么不对。事情发生在过去,应该用一般过去时,故realizes改为realized。
7.考查代词。句意参考上题解析,学生意识到有不对的地方,故anything改为something。
8.考查冠词。句意:我犯了一个错误。此处泛指一个错误,故the改为a。
9.考查too much和too many的区别。句意:一满勺的量太多了。根据前面的“How much” 可知,此处表示不可数名词,“too much”修饰不可数名词,“too many”修饰可数名词,故many改为much。
10.考查语态。句意:太迟了,病人已经死了。此处强调“死亡”这个动作刚刚发生,patient 与die之间是主动关系,不用被动语态,故has后been去掉。