专题六
动词的时态和语态
考向预测
动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，是高考的必考点。应特别注意以下几点：
要把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态间的差异；准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息；要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维。
高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时等等。
学习时要注意总结规律，灵活使用，特别要注意一些时态的特殊用法。高考主要以单项填空、语法填空、短文改错等形式考查，动词的时态和语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。
2019年高考时态和语态还将是高考中的重点和难点所在。
知识与技巧的梳理
动词时态和语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴，构成了英语语法的基本框架，几乎所有动词的考查都必须要借助于时态和语态来完成。试题在考查时态和语态的同时，还兼顾其它语法内容的测试，比如各种从句、强调、倒装等，其交叉式和复合式的特点尤为明显。
考点1 一般现在时与现在进行时
1．一般现在时
（1）考查表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件
【典例】
—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
【答案】A
【解析】飞机起飞的时间是时间表上的安排，所以无论将来什么时候发生都用一般现在时，答案应是A。
（2）考查表示特征、能力或现在的情况或状态
【典例】
This machine . It hasn’t worked for years.
A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working
C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working
【答案】C
【解析】机器闲置了很多年。所以现在的状况也是不运转的，用一般现在时表示现在的状态，故答案为C
【典例】
The house belongs to my aunt but she here anymore.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live
C. had lived D. doesn’t live
【答案】D
【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时，故不住在这里也应该是现在的情况，答案应为D。
（3）考查表示普遍真理、事实
【典例】
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called
C. had been called D. has been called
【答案】B
【解析】尽管我们横渡太平洋是几个月前的事情，但是海洋的名称是存在的事实，所以用一般现在时，答案是B。
2．现在进行时
（1）考查表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事
【典例】
I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.
A. will be repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【答案】C
【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时态，所以现在汽车正在被修理，故答案选C。
（2）考查表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作、即将开始或结束的动作
常用的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。
【典例】
Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.
A. takes off B. is taking off
C. has taken off D. took off
【答案】B
【解析】答案是B。用进行时表示飞机即将起飞。
从历届高考题可以看出，命题者在选项的设置中注重对一般现在时和现在进行时区别的考查。这两种时态的区别见下：
一般现在时：习惯性、永久性、客观事实
现在进行时：暂时性、重复性、感情色彩
考点2 一般过去时与过去进行时
1. 一般过去时
主要考查表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况
【典例】
It’s said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and education.
A. were being designed B. have designed
C. have been designed D. were designed
【答案】D
【解析】句中的“the early”说明以前欧洲扑克牌的设计是为了娱乐和教育，用一般过去时说明过去某个特定时间发生的动作或情况，答案是D。
【典例】
My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked
B. would work
C. would be working
D. has been working
【答案】A
【解析】此题中的“two years ago” 说明是发生在过去的事情，所以答案是A。
2．过去进行时
（1）考查表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，强调未完成
【典例】
—Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
【答案】C
【解析】从对话中不知道Sam有没有完成作业，但今天上午他正在做，正确答案为C。
（2）考查表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作
【典例】
—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我刚刚完成手头的工作，将要去洗澡，所以答案是D。
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别如下：
一般过去时：完成性
过去进行时：未完成
考点3 现成完成时与现在完成进行时
1. 现在完成时
（1）考查表示所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果
【典例】
Although medical science control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are retouring.
A. achieved
B. has achieved
C. will achieve
D. had achieve
【答案】B
【解析】尽管句中未出现时间状语，我们从句意可以判断医学已经控制住了一些危险的疾病，所以答案是B。
（2）考查表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在的动作
【典例】
My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served
【答案】D
【解析】此题中的时间状语“all his life” 说明我的朋友从过去到现在一直在奥委会工作，答案应是D。
【典例】
My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【答案】C
【解析】句中的时间状语so far和现在完成时连用，意为“到目前为止”，所以答案是C。
1. 现在完成进行时
主要考查表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能继续延续下去的动作
【典例】
Now that she is out of a job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. has considered B. has been considering
C. consider D.is going to consider
【答案】B
【解析】因为失业，Lucy一直考虑重返校园，但是到现在还没做出决定，所以答案为B。
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别如下：
现在完成时： 完成性 强调动作的结果
现在完成进行时：未完成性 动作在不久前持续进行的情景
考点4 主动表示被动的三种情况
1. 不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。
常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。
2. 一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。
常见动词是：look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
请同学们看下面一道题：
【典例】
The roast duck_______ delicious and a lot_______ in two hours.
A. was tasted； was sold
B. tasted； was sold
C. was tasted； sold
D. tasted； would sell
【答案】B
【解析】根据所给情景，“taste”应为连系动词，英语中连系动词不用被动语态，所以第一空填tasted，后半句意为“烤鸭两小时内被卖掉很多”，所以答案为B。
3. 五个“发生”： happen, take place, occur to, break out，come about等。
【典例】
______is well known to everyone, the Olympic Games _______ every four years.
A. It; are held B. As; take place
C. That; happen D. As; break out
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查定语从句和表示“发生”等词的用法。A项it 不对，are held正确，改成以下句子正确：It is well known to everyone that the Olympic Games are held every four years. C、D项中That与break out不妥，B项中“as”引导的定语从句修饰“the Olympic ... “整个句子，“take place”相当于“are held”，所以答案为B。
限时训练
（45分钟）
经典常规题
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life walking, cycling or swimming.
【答案】 is; than
【解题思路】考查动词时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。 考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的more effective可知此处填than。
2.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】Since 2011, the country （grow）more corn than rice.
【答案】 has grown
【解题思路】考查动词时态。since加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。
3.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ___ ___ (start) a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】started; that/which
【解题思路】考查动词时态。本句是“when”引导的定语从句，由于时间是2005年，故用过去时。故填started。考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代“program”并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
4.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】 True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.
【答案】 meant
【解题思路】考查动词时态。分析本句的句子成分可知，本句缺谓语，再根据总体时态可判断要用一般过去时。故填meant。
5.【2018·浙江卷】While regularly eating out seems to (become) common for many young people in recent
years, it’s not without a cost.
【答案】 have become
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据时间状语“in recent years”可知用现在完成时，“seems to”后用动词原形，故填have become。
6.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
【答案】are removed
【解题思路】考查被动语态。此处意思是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉后”。分析可知“fat”， “salt”和“remove”之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。
7.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
【答案】were used; fairly
【解题思路】考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力，根据上下文语境，可知此处要用一般过去时；考查副词。副词修饰形容词。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
【答案】managed
【解题思路】考查动词时态。描述地铁发展演变过程用过去时态。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Sarah ________ (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
【答案】has been told/was told
【解题思路】考查动词时态和语态。“tell”后接双宾语，因此可判断此句用被动语态；再根据后面句子的时态可判断用现在完成时或一般过去时。
10.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】But at the moment, school ________ (come) first.
【答案】comes
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据“at the moment”可知这个句子应用一般现在时，而且主语是单数，故用comes。
11.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson and her husband ________ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says. She never replaced it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got ________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden.
【答案】 searched; swept
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语意可知，他们过去曾搜遍了整个厨房，故填searched;
考查过去分词。此处是“get done”结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。
二、短文改错
12.【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】During my last winter holiday, I find a change there.
【答案】find改为found
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据前文中的“During my last winter holiday”可知时态为一般过去时，故将find改为found。
13.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】 I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
【答案】are改为were
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据上下文语境，可知此处要用一般过去时，故把are改为were。
14.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.
【答案】begin改为begun
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语境可知，句子用过去完成时，过去完成时的构成是had done，所以begin要改为begun。
15.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
【答案】goes改为went
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语境可知，句子用一般现在时。
16.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
【答案】came改为comes; students后加to
【解题思路】考查动词时态。此处指“当夏天来临时”，用一般现在时; 考查固定结构。invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事。
17.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】I had grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.
【答案】had改为have
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据本句中的时间状语“in the past few years”可知这个句子用现在完成时。
高频易错题
一、语法填空
【山西省实验中学2018届高三第一学期期中考试】As less people choose to make sugar paintings, the traditional Chinese folk craft might have become a 41． (distance) memory in some ways. However, a 38-year-old craftsman, Li Jianzhong, is committed to 42． (keep) the art of sugar painting alive.
Li worked as a miner for more than ten years. After 43． mine closed down, Li turned 44． housing decoration, until he 45． (force) to give that up due to a finger injury. Earlier this year, he discovered sugar painting, something he really had an interest in.
Since there was no sugar painting craftsman in his village, he studied by 46． (he) through large quantities of videos and information on the Internet. Li loved painting when he was young, and he found it easy to learn the skill in sugar painting. He soon mastered the skill and could make a 47． (vary) of sugar paintings. A sugar painting is made with 48． (melt) brown or white sugar. Craftsman 49． (normal) paint animals and flowers on a stone board with the syrup(糖浆). When the sugar cools down, 50． appears is a piece of sugar art.
【答案】
41．distant 42． keeping 43． the 44． to 45． was forced
46． himself 47． variety 48． melted 49． normally 50． what
【解题思路】
41．考查词性转换。空处修饰名词memory，故填形容词distant（遥远的，久远的）。
42．考査非谓语动词。一位38岁的手艺人李健忠致力于继承糖画艺术。“be committed to”中的“to”是介词，此处应用动名词，故填keeping。
43．考査冠词。上文提到他做过十多年矿工，故此处表示他所在的矿井关闭以后，为特指，故用the。
44．考查介词。他转而去做房屋装修的工作了。 turn to“转而做，转向”。 故填 to。
45．考查时态和语态。直到他因为手指受伤而被迫放弃（装修房屋的工作）。此处讲述过去的事情，故用一般过去时，且句子的主语和force之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填was forced。
46．考查代词。由于他的村子里没有糖画手艺人，因此他自学（制作糖画)。by oneself是固定用法，表示“独自地，全靠自己地”，study by oneself“自学”，故填himself。
47．考查词性转换。他很快掌握了这项技术并能制作出各种各样的糖画。a variety of“各种各样”，故填variety。
48．考查非谓语动词。糖画通常用褐色或白色的融化了的糖做。糖是被融化的，故用过去分词作定语，故填melted。
49．考查词性转换。手艺人们通常用糖浆在石板上画动物和花。修饰谓语动词用副词，故填normally。
50．考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“所……的东西”，故填what。
二、短文改错
【广东省佛山市南海区南海中学七校联合体2018届高三考前高考冲刺交流】With the summer vacation is drawing near, my classmates are all trying very hardly to get train tickets to go home except me. I have a different plan for the upcoming vacation. I have made up my mind to spend the first two weeks of the vacation travel alone in Sichuan and Guizhou and then work part-time in the city centre library for rest of the vacation. Since I won’t go home, my parents are going to visit myself on campus. When they coming here, I will show them around my university and the city as well. I am thinking of buying them some nice gifts, it will be a big surprising for them. My parents mean a lot to me. I think it is high time that I do something special to express my thanks to them for that they have done for me.
【答案】
1. 第一句中的is去掉，或者With 改为As
2. 第一句中hardly改为hard
3. 第三句中的travel改为travlling 或者traveling
4. 第三句中的rest前加上the
5. 第四句中的myself改为me
6. 第五句中的coming改为come
7. 第六句中的it 改为which
8. 第六句中的surprising 改为surprise
9. 第八句中的do改为did 或者do前加上should
10. 第八句中的第二个that 改为what
【解题思路】
1. 本句可以把is去掉，就形成了with复合结构做状语；也可以把with改为as，形成了as引导的状语从句。句意：随着暑假的到来，同学们都抢着买回家的票，只有我除外。
2. 考查副词。副词“hardly几乎不…”表示否定含义；而“hard努力地，艰难地”；本句并没有否定的含义，所以要使用hard表示同学们都在努力购买回家的票。
3. 考查固定短语。短语spend some time doing sth.花时间做某事；其中“doing”的前面省略了“in”。句意：我决定前两周独自一人在四川和贵州旅游，暑假的其余时间我预备打工兼职。
4. 考查固定短语。短语the rest of…剩余的…，其他的…；该短语中定冠词the修饰rest of….，表示强调。句意：暑假的其余时间我预备打工兼职。
5. 考查代词。本句中人称代词的宾格“me”作为动词“visit”的宾语。而“myself”是一个反身代词，语意不配。句意：因为我没有回家，我的父母要到学校里看我。
6. 考查时态。在时间状语从句里，用一般现在时代替将来时，主句使用一般将来时。本句中的“coming”是非谓语动词，不能单独做谓语，应该改为come。
7. 考查定语从句。代词“it”不能引导定语从句，所以应该改为“which”指代先行词，引导非限制性定语从句。
8. 考查名词。形容词surprising令人惊讶的，通常后面要接名词，而本句中有a big后面要接名词，所以使用名词形式surprise。
9. 考查虚拟语气。句式It is high time sb. should do/did sth.是某人做某事的时候了。从句中应该使用一般过去时或should+动词原形。所以可以把do改为did 或者do前加上should。
10. 考查宾语从句连接词。本句中what引导宾语从句，并在句中做动词do的宾语，that引导名词性从句时，不能在句子中充当句子成分。
精准预测题
一、语法填空
【山东省山东师范大学附属中学2019届高三第五次模拟考试】The Han people have its own spoken and written language-Chinese. Chinese belongs to the Han-Tibetan language family. It is the 41． (common) used language in China and among the largest languages in the world.
Written Chinese came out in 42． (it) earliest form approximately 6,000 years ago. The Chinese characters 43． (use) today, also called “Hanzi”, developed from those used in bones and tortoise shells more than 3,000 years ago. There are about 56,000 characters, of which only about 3,000 are in common use.
Mandarin is a category (种类) of Chinese 44． (dialect) spoken across most of northern and 45． (southwest) China. The term “Mandarin” can also refer to Standard Mandarin, which 46． (base) on the Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing. It is officially considered to be the standard for the People’s Republic of China.
Why do most non-Chinese speakers choose to learn standard Mandarin Chinese? Mandarin is understood by most Chinese people. As mentioned above, it is China’s national language. 47． you are interested in basic communication, scholarly research, or 48． (pursue) a career in China, standard Mandarin is 49． necessary tool for communication. And it often serves 50． a bridge for communication.
【答案】
41． most commonly 42． its 43． (being) used 44． dialects 45． southwestern
46． is based 47． Whether 48． (are) pursuing 49． a 50． as
【解题思路】
41．考查副词最高级。句意：它是中国最常用的语言，也是世界上最大的语言之一。此处是副词修饰动词，再根据句意和空格前的the，应该用副词的最高级，故答案为most commonly。
42．考查形容词性物主代词。句意：大约6000年前，书面汉语出现了最早的形式。形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故答案为its。
43．考查现在分词一般式的被动式或过去分词作后置定语。句意：今天使用的汉字，也叫“汉字”，是由3000
多年前刻于骨头和龟壳的汉字发展而来的。此处characters和use之间是被动关系，结合句意可知句子用现在分词一般式的被动式或用过去分词作后置定语，故答案为(being) used。
44．考查名词复数。句意：普通话是中国北方和西南大部分地区使用的一种方言。此处用名词复数，故答案为dialects。
45．考查形容词。句意：普通话是中国北方和西南大部分地区使用的一种方言。形容词修饰名词，故答案为southwestern。
46．考查一般现在时态的被动语态。句意：“普通话”一词也可以指标准普通话，这是基于北京的普通话方言。在定语从句中先行词“Mandarin”作句子主语，第三人称单数形式，且和base之间是被动关系，结合句意此处用一般现在时态的被动语态，故答案为is based。
47．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。此处是Whether...or...“无论......还是......”引导的让步状语从句，故答案为Whether。
48．考查现在进行时态。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。结合句意可知，此处表示现在正在进行的动作或状态，用现在进行时；前面可以省略be动词，故答案为(are) pursuing。
49．考查不定冠词。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。结合句意可知，tool用单数，故答案为a。
50．考查固定搭配。句意：它经常作为沟通的桥梁。固定搭配：serve as“担任，充当”，故答案为as。
二、短文改错
【湖北省荆门市2019届高三元月调考】A Chinese scientist, Mr. He Jiankui claimed that he has successfully
created the world’s first genetically-edited babies. In a interview, Mr. He said he had edited the genetic substance, or
DNA, of twin girls born a few weeks early. Though Mr. He’s claim was immediately condemned by some scientists as
unsafe and unethical, but he defended his work. He said the gene editing, that was to help protect the babies from their
future infection of HIV, the virus responsible with AIDS, was perfectly safe. Many scientists working in genetics say he
believe any experiments performing this way are dangerous.
In the United States and other country, this kind of gene editing is strictly banned. What scientists are worried
about
that such changes to a person’s DNA may harm his/her other genes and lead to deadly diseases.
【答案】
1. has → had
2. a→ an
3. early→ earlier
4. 去掉but
5. that→ which
6. with → for
7. he→ they
8. performing→ performed
9. country→ countries
10. about后加 is
【解题思路】
1.考查时态。此处表示的动作发生在“claimed”之前，属于“过于的过去”，应使用过去完成时。故has 改为had。
2.考查冠词。“interview”是元音音素开头的词，应使用不定冠词an。故a改为an。
3.考查副词。earlier副词“早地；早先的时候”。时间段与“earlier”一起使用，表示以过去或将来某一个时间点为准的一段时间以前。a few weeks earlier“几周前”。故early改为earlier。
4.考查让步状语从句。though/although等引导让步状语从句时，不能与but/and/or连用。故去掉but。
5.考查非限定性定语从句。此处为非限定性定语从句，先行词是“the gene editing”，关联词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词“which”引导。故that改为which。
6.考查介词。固定短语：responsible for“是……的原由；为……负责”。故with改为for。
7.考查代词。此处指代主语“Many scientists”，且在宾语从句中做主语。故he改为they。
8.考查过去分词。此处与“experiments”构成逻辑动宾关系，应使用过去分词，表被动。故performing改为performed。
9.考查名词复数。此处指“其他的国家”，不是一个国家，应使用名词复数。故country改为countries。
10.考查系动词。句意：科学家所担心的是，一个人的DNA的这种变化可能会损害他/她的其他基因，并导致致命的疾病。分析句意及句子结构可知，“What scientists are worried about” 是主语从句，that引导的是表语从句，缺少系动词。故about后加 is。
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