专题七
非谓语动词
考向预测
非谓语动词是动词用法中最为复杂的部分之一，它不仅有时态的变化、语态的不同，而且还要格外注意它所表达的逻辑关系，这些都已经成为非谓语动词用法的难点。
近年来，高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。
另外，对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。
知识与技巧的梳理
考点1 非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。
①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)
③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)
2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常
见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.
他陷入深深的思考中，没有听到声音。
【典例】
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.
A. used B. having used C. using D. use
【答案】C
【解析】句意：像古代的水手，鸟能利用太阳和星辰来找到它们的路。using是伴随状语。
考点2 非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)
(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)
(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)
(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词
(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。
(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。
动词
接动名词作宾语
接不定式作宾语
remember
记得曾做过某事
记得要做某事
forget
忘记曾做过某事
忘记要做某事
try
尝试做某事
努力做某事
regret
对做过的事表示后悔
对要做的事表示遗憾
mean
意味着做某事
企图(打算)做某事
can't help
禁不住做某事
不能帮助做某事
go on
继续做未完成的事
做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
stop
中断正在做的事
中断正在做的事，去做别的事
【典例】
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother good care of at home.
A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee很高兴看见妈妈在家被照顾得很好。his mother和take care of是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选B。
考点3 非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。
You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)
I have something important to say.(动宾关系)
He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)
2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。
a reading room(＝ a room for reading)
3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。
The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.
4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。
The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.
考点4 非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式
1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.
2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。
当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。
We remembered having seen the film.
He came to the party without being invited.
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。
当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。
Having done his homework，he played basketball.
当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。
The problem being discussed is very important.
Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.
【典例】
The NO.5 subway line， in October，2007，has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing．
A．opened B．was opened C．being opened D．to be opened
【答案】C
【解析】根据“has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing”可以推断出The NO.5 subway line已经建成，表示“已经发生的动作”应该用过去分词。
限时训练
（45分钟）
经典常规题
一、 语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】You don't have to run fast or for long___62___(see)the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ___63___ (die) early by running.
【答案】 to see; dying
【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词的不定式作目的状语。句意：你不必跑得太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填to see。第二空考查动名词。句意：你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然可以
通过跑步减少早亡的风险。此处of是介词，其后用动名词。故填dying。
2.【2018·全国II】The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality.
【答案】to improve
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以连接且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。
3.【2018·全国III】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____64____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).
【答案】looking；challenged
【解题思路】第一空考查非谓语动词。动词avoid后要加动名词doing作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。故填looking。第二空考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战。feel为系动词，用过去分词challenged作表语，表示“被挑战”。
4.【2018·全国III】Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____70____ (stay)and watch.
【答案】to stay
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构allow sb to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，不定式作宾补。故填to stay。
5.【2018·浙江】I still remember ___59___ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
【答案】visiting
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构remember doing sth.“记得做过某事”，动名词作宾语。故填visiting。
6.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required _____63___ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
【答案】to process
【解题思路】考查不定式。require表示“要求”， require to do sth表示“要求做某事”，被动形式为be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填to process。
7.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road, ____63____ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _ _64_____ top.
【答案】laying；the
【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lie—lying/lay/lain和lay—laying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。后一空考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl, freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm ___61____ (rest).
【答案】resting
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。spend…(in) doing sth是固定句式，意为“花……做某事”。
二、句子改错
9.【2018·全国I】My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
【答案】sell改成selling
【解题思路】考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
10.【2018·全国II】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.
【答案】the改成a; watching改为watch
【解题思路】第一处考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。第二处考查非谓语动词的不定式。句意：无论我要求多少次要去看（卡通片）。用不定式表示目的。故把watching改为watch。
11.【2018·全国III】Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.
【答案】wait改成waiting; and改为or
【解题思路】第一处考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分分析，本句有谓语为was，而且没有连词，wait与主语是主动关系，所以wait 要用非谓语waiting，表伴随。第二处考查连词。句意：每个人都沉默了，等着看谁会被要求大声朗读他或她的段落。一次只能叫一个人，男女两者是选择关系，故把and改为or。
12.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”
【答案】word改为words；Turning改为Turn
【解题思路】第一处考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。第二处考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知教练的话“加速”“减速”“左转”都是祈使句，根据前文“Speed up！” “Slow down！”也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形开头，故将Turning改为Turn。
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.
【答案】took改为taken；become改为became
【解题思路】第一处考查过去分词。根据逻辑关系可知照片是被拍，故用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋过去分词”，故把took改为taken。第二处考查动词的时态。因为become和前面的entered是并列谓语，故也
用一般过去时。
高频易错题
一、语法填空
（湖北省黄冈市2018届高三上学期期末考试）A group of classmates got together to visit their old teacher. These classmates all had good jobs and made lots of money. They talked ____1____ (happy). The teacher asked them the difficulty they had ____2____ (achieve) their dreams. Then their talk soon turned to complaining about the stress in work and life. The teacher went to ____3____ kitchen and came back with a large pot of coffee and many cups-china ones, plastic ones and glass ones. Some are plain looking, some are expensive and some are lovely. The teacher told them to help ____4____ (they) to the coffee.
When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the teacher said, “Can you notice that all of you took nice-looking expensive cups, leaving ____5____ the plain and cheap ones? You want only the best for yourselves, ____6____ is the source of your problems.”
“What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, ____7____ you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.”
“Now think about this: life is the coffee, and the jobs, money and position in society ____8____ (be) the cups. They are just ____9____ (tool) to hold, and do not change the life. Sometimes, by caring only about the cups, we fail ____10____ (enjoy) the coffee. So don’t let the cups drive you, and enjoy the coffee instead.”
【答案】1. happily 2. achieving 3. the 4. themselves 5. behind
6. which 7. but 8. are 9. tools 10. to enjoy
【解题思路】
1.考查副词。句意：他们聊得很开心。这里用副词happily修饰动词talk。故这里用happily。
2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：老师问他们实现梦想的过程中遇到的困难。这里考查 have difficulty (in) doing sth的结构，故这里用achieving。
3. 考查冠词。go to the kitchen 去厨房。故这里用the。
4. 考查反身代词。句意：老师让他们自己倒咖啡。help oneself自取，自用。这里是让“他们”自己倒咖啡，故用themselves。
5. 考查固定短语。句意：你们所有人拿的都是漂亮昂贵的杯子，留下了普通便宜的杯子，你们注意到了吗？leave behind留下，丢弃，使落后。根据句意可知这里用behind。
6. 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：你们只想要给自己最好的，这就是你们问题的根源。根据句意和结构可知，这里构造了非限制性定语从句，用关系代词指代上面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，故用which。
7. 考查连词。句意：你们真正需要的是咖啡不是杯子，但是你们都去拿了最好的杯子，然后开始看其他
人的杯子。根据句意可知，这里前后句是转折关系，故用but。
8. 考查主谓一致。句意：生活是咖啡，工作，钱和社会地位是杯子。主语是the jobs, money and position in society，根据主谓一致的原则，可知这里用are。
9. 考查名词的数。句意：它们只是握着的工具，不要改变了生活。根据句意可知这里用名词复数形式，故用tools。
10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：有时，因为只关心杯子，我们没有享受到咖啡。fail to do未能（做），没能（做）。故这里用to enjoy。
二、短文改错
（河南省中原名校2018届高三第三次质量考评）
Dear sir/ Madam,
As a Chinese high school student to graduate in this year, I sincerely apply to a chance to study in your university. I’m eighteen but will finish my three years of study in high school soon. I studied Chinese, English, math, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history and other subject, of which science subjects are my favorites. I I’m also good at English. I can communicate fluent with native speakers in English.
Beside, I go in for various out-of-class activities. I like play football, table tennis, and so on. I’m also member of many clubs for music and opera. I’m a volunteer in my neighborhood.
I’m looking forward to hear from you. And please contact me by e-mail: lihua@qq.com.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【答案】1.删去this前的in 2. apply后的to改成for
3. but 改成 and 4. studied 改成 study
5. subject 改成 subjects 6. fluent 改成 fluently
7. Beside 改成 Besides 8. play 改成 playing
9. member前加 a 10. hear 改成hearing
【解题思路】本文是作者想要去读大学的一封申请信。
1.考查介词。“今年毕业”直接说graduate this year，所以删去this前的in。
2.考查介词。我真诚地申请去你们大学学习的机会。apply for申请，是固定用法，所以apply后的to改成for。
3.考查连词。我今年18岁并且很快就要完成我三年的高中学习。表示并列关系，所以but 改成 and。
4.考查时态。表示主语现在的状态，用一般现在时，所以studied 改成 study。
5.考查名词单复数。有other修饰，所以用名词复数，subject 改成 subjects。
6.考查副词。修饰动词communicate用副词，fluent 改成 fluently。
7.考查连词。此外，我参加了各种各样的课外活动。Beside 改成 Besides。
8.考查非谓语动词。Like doing喜欢做某事，是固定用法。Like后接动名词作宾语。play 改成 playing。
9.考查冠词。a member of……中的一员，是固定用法。member前加 a。
10.考查非谓语动词。look forward to后面接动名词作宾语，所以hear改成 hearing。
精准预测题
一、语法填空
（2019届湖北省十堰市第二中学高三上学期检测）I'm not sure _____1_____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____2____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the ___3___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____4____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____5____(challenge).
My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___6___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching ___7___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____8____(they) alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal ____9____(mean)me no real harm. He was just saying: "I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder!" Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____10____ (stay)and watch.
【答案】1. who 2. the 3. loudest 4. looking 5. challenged
6. scientist 7. for 8. them 9. meant 10. to stay
【解题思路】
1.考查宾语从句。句意：我不确定谁更害怕,我或者突然凭空出现的大猩猩。根据句意可知，这里表示“谁”，故填who。
2.考查冠词。句意：出乎意料的是，我和大猩猩面对面，她开始大声尖叫。此处at the top of her lungs为固定短语，表示“用尽全力”，故填the。
3.考查最高级。句意：他叫得最响。此处由“of all”可知要用最高级，故填loudest。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处avoid后要接动名词作宾语，故填looking。
5.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处过去分词作表语，表示被动，故填challenged。
6.考查词性转换。句意：我是研究猿类和猴子等动物的科学家。根据句意可知，此处要填表示人的名词，故填scientist。
7.考查介词。句意：我在寻找我观察到的这三只西部低地大猩猩。此处search for为固定短语，表示“寻找”，故填for。
8.考查代词。句意：当我和大猩猩吓到彼此时，我很高兴发现它们还活着。此处作find的宾语，代替前面的大猩猩，故填them。
9.考查动词时态。句意：由于大猩猩天性温和，这种巨大的动物对我并没有真正的伤害。此处作谓语与本段的时态一致，故填meant。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意：他的消息一发出，他就让我留下来看。此处不定式作宾补，allow sb to do sth为固定短语，表示“允许某人做某事”，故填to stay。
二、短文改错
（武威一中2019届秋季学期阶段性考试高三年级英语）
Dear Mr .Smith,
I'm Li Hua, the Chinese student taking summer courses in your university. Everything is going smooth. I enjoy all the courses here but one offering by Professor Martin. I have difficulty understand him in class. He has a very strong accent, that makes it hard for me to follow him in class. I have told that I can go to the learning center for help. I wonder if I could come in Wednesday or Friday. I had no class and can come for help and suggestion. Please let me to know which time is OK with you.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】1.the改成a 2.smooth改成smoothly
3. offering改成offered 4.understand改成understanding
5.that改成which 6.told前加been
7. in改成on 8. had改成have
9.suggestion改成suggestions 10.去掉know前的to
【解题思路】
1.考查冠词。句意：我叫李华，是一名在贵校上暑期班的中国学生。此处为泛指，故把the改为a。
2.考查词性转换。句意：一切都很顺利。此处修饰动词go，所以要用副词，故smooth改为smoothly。
3.考查非谓语动词。句意：除了马丁教授的一门课外，我喜欢这里所有的课程。此句过去分词作定语修饰one，表示被动，故把offering改为offered。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处have difficulty（in）doing为固定结构，表示“做某事有困难”，故understand改为understanding。
5.考查定语从句。句意：他的口音很重，这使我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处代替前面整个句子的意思，故that改为which。
6.考查被动语态。句意：我被告知我可以去学习中心寻求帮助。这里I和told之间是被动的关系，故把have told改为have been told。
7.考查介词。句意：我想知道我星期三或星期五能不能来。此处星期的前面要用介词on，故把in改为on。
8.考查动词时态。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。文章通篇用一般现在时，而且描述客观事实，故这里要用一般现在时，故had改为have。
9.考查名词复数。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。此处suggestion为可数名词，故suggestion改为suggestions。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意：请告诉我什么时间可以。此处let为使役动词，其后接省to的不定式作宾补。故know前的to省略。
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