专题九
定语从句
考向预测
定语从句是高中英语三大类从句中最难的一类，其难点主要在于很多学生在学习时分不清先行词，不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词。因此在学习定语从句时，务必搞清定语从句的概念、关系词的正确选择和使用情况等。
2019年高考定语从句的考查还将是对关系代词和关系副词的考查。对定语从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力。
知识与技巧的梳理
定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。
考点1：关系代词一览表
关系词
先行词
从句
成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate.
that
人，物
主语
宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语
宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语
宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词
when
时间
时间
状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点
地点
状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因
状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
【典例】
In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. its C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。
【典例】
China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_______ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
【答案】D
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。首先that不能引导非限制性定语从句，who在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语和宾语，指人，而whom也指人，却只能做宾语。which引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者宾语。关系词代指前面的中国
日报，在定语从句中做主语。该句意思为：中国日报有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。故选D。
考点2：that与which，who，whom的用法区别
A. that和which的用法区别:
在定语从句中，关系代词which和 that都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：
只能用that而不能用which的情形
(1)当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none,及some-, any-, no-, every-,与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：
There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。
(2)当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the only problem that we can’t work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。
(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。
(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：
Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。
(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：
This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。
(6) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。如：
Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？
B．只能用which而不能用that的情形
（1）当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。如：
The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.我上周买的那个铅笔盒，现在不见了。
（2）关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如：
The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。
(3) 先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。如：
I don’t take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。
C. who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解
在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。
(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？
(3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。
(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。
(6) 在there be 句型中名词的定语从句多用于who(whom)。如：
There are students in our class who/whom you have met.我们班有些学生你没见过。
(7) 当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’ s brother who just graduated from a university.
刚才你看到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高那个运动员来自山东。
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生。
(3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？
(4) the same as与the same that
the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(
暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)
考点3 关系副词引导的定语从句
1、关系副词一览表
关系副词
when
时间
时间
状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点
地点
状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因
状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
【典例】
Mozart’s birthplace and the house _________ he composed The Marc Flute are both museums now.
A. where B. when C. there D. which
【答案】A
【解析】where引导了定语从句，并且在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为the house。
【特别提示】
在英语中有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where引导定语从句（介词+which）。常见的有：situation/case/point/circumstances/stage等。
① I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。
② He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane．他发现自己陷入了危险的境地，他有可能会失去对飞机的控制。
【典例】
It’s helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是a situation,指物，表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where,选D。
考点4 “介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句
1．概述
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which。whom既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：
(1)介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice．曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
① Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels．=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，of which three were English novels．上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。
② He wrote a book，the name of which I’ve completely forgotten．他写了一本书，书名我完全给忘记了。
③ The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors．那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生。
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan．中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized．我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用whose)
2．关系代词的选择
用于“介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which，即介词+which/whom。
【典例】
You can only be sure of ______ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.
A. that; what B. what;/ C. which;/ D. /; that
【答案】B
【解析】 很明显，第一空前没有名词或代词。这是介词后的宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少have的宾语，指物，用what。第二个空前有不定代词，我们把它代入从句中，可以作get的宾语，说明是宾语从句，用关系代词that,它在定语从句中作宾语可以省略，所以答案是B。
限时训练
（45分钟）
经典常规题
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】that \which
【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。
2.【2018·全国II】When the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers— and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】that/which
【解题思路】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
3.【2018·浙江】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ______ can be to eat out.
【答案】who/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。
4.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health.
【答案】which
【解题思路】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的to have too much of both。故填which。
5.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ______ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
【答案】who；to prove
【解题思路】第一空考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语，故填who。第二空考查动词不定式。want to do sth为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。
6.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got ________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _______ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
【答案】swept；where
【解题思路】第一空考查过去分词。此处是get done结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。
第二空考查定语从句。此处先行词是the garden，在从句中充当地点状语，故填where。
二、短文改错
7.【2018·全国I】They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
【答案】which改成in which或where
【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond
是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】 In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
【答案】interesting改为interested；that改为which
【解题思路】考查形容词用法。张家夫妇对种菜感兴趣；考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.
【答案】picture前加this/the；they →that/which
【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰；考查定语从句。分析句子可知，前面的倒装句“Around me in the picture are the things…”是一个单句，而后面的“…they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.”也是一个单句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这里变为定语从句更为合理，故把they改为that/which。
高频易错题
一、语法填空
（河南省中原名校2018届高三第二次质量检测）When you are thirsty, you can drink some green tea. It tastes good and it’s very healthy. The Chinese 1 (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times, and they use 2 to treat everything from headaches to depression. They have 3 (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years.
Nowadays, there is scientific evidence of the health benefits of green tea. According to one study___4___ (publish) in a cancer research journal, drinking green tea ___5___(reduce)the risk of some types of cancer in Chinese men and women 6 nearly sixty percent. USA researchers have also found that green tea may prevent the 7 (grow) of cancer cells. There is also new evidence 8 green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies. It is especially effective at getting rid of the bacteria on your ___9__ _(tooth)and keep them healthy!
According to the Chinese proverb, “It is___10___ (good) to go without food for three days, than without tea for one.” So, in brief, you should definitely try a cup of green tea. It seems that it can only do you good.
【答案】
1. have known 2. it 3. actually 4. published 5. reduces
6. by 7. growth 8. that 9. teeth 10. better
【解题思路】
本文向读者介绍了绿茶。从远古时代起，人们就开始了解绿茶的好处，并用它来治疗从头痛到抑郁的各种问题。今天，根据科学研究发现绿茶有益于健康，绿茶可以减少某些癌症发生的机率，抑制细菌的生长等。
1. 考查时态。根据“The Chinese___1___ (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times”中的“since”可知，应该用完成时。故填“have known”。
2. 考查代词。“they use ___2___ to treat everything from headaches to depression” “it”代指前面的“green tea”。故填“it”。
3. 考查副词。“They have ___3___ (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years”“他们实际上一直用绿茶作为一种药物已经有4000多年了”。故填“actually”。
4. 考查被动语态。“According to one study___4___ (publish) in a cancer research journal”“根据一项被出版的杂志《癌症研究》”。故填“published”。
5. 考查主谓一致。“drinking green tea ___5___ (reduce) the risk of some types of cancer”“绿茶可以减少癌症的风险”，动名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填“reduces”。
6. 考查介词。“in Chinese men and women ___6___ nearly sixty percent”“中国男性和女性患病的几率降低了60%”。故填“by”。
7. 考查名词。“green tea may prevent the ___7___ (grow) of cancer cells”“绿茶阻止癌细胞的生长”，这里用名词作宾语，故填名词“growth”。
8. 考查定语从句。“There is also new evidence ___8___ green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”“也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助破坏我们体内的细菌”。“that”指代后面的“green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”。故填“that”。
9. 考查复数形式。“getting rid of the bacteria on your ___9___ (tooth)”“去除牙齿上的细菌”“tooth”的复数形式是“teeth”。故填“teeth”。
10. 考查比较级。“It is ___10___ (good) to go without food for three days”“三天不吃东西是更好的”“good”的比较级是“better”。故填“better”。
二、短文改错
(四川省南充市2018届高三第一次适应性考试)The environment pollution was more and more serious today. We have no clean water to drink it because of water pollution. And when trees cut down, some animals disappear. There is more and more dirty smoke in the air. People’s health has been great affected by air, noise and water pollution. Many people have died of diseases causing by pollution. In order to live the better life, it’s time for us to protect our world. We should recycle, reduce and reuse things, what saves money and reduces pollution. Use things so long as possible. Don’t use plastic bag. Besides, we must plant more trees and stop people cutting it down. We hope our world will be more and more beautiful.
【答案】
1.第一句：was改成is
2.第二句：去掉it
3.第三句：trees后加are
4.第五句：great改成greatly
5.第六句：causing改成caused
6.第七句：the改成a
7.第八句：what改成which
8.第九句：so改成as
9.第十句：bag改成bags
10.第十一句：it改成them
【解题思路】
1.句意：今天环境的污染越来越严重。可知句子用一般现在时态，故把was---is。
2.句意：因为污染我们没有干净的水喝。动词不定式做后置定语，并且动词不定式与所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。故把it去掉。
3.句意：树被砍倒的时候，一些动物消失了。when引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时态的被动语态，trees是从句主语，故在trees后加are。
4.副词修饰动词，故把great-greatly。
5.句意：很多人死于因污染引起的疾病。过去分词做后置定语，故把causing-caused。
6.句意：为了过上一个更好的生活。故把the-a。
7.前面是整个句子作先行词，后面的非限制性定语从句用which引导，故把what-which。
8.固定搭配：as…as possible尽可能，故把so-as。
9.句意：不要用塑料袋。根据句意可知用名词复数形式，故把bag-bags。
10.句意：我们一定要种更多的树，并且阻止人们砍伐它们。故把it---them。
精准预测题
一、语法填空
（山东德州市2018届高三第一次模拟考试）Kids who use media in unhealthy ways may have problems ___1___relationships, conduct and other emotional symptoms, lead author of a US new study warned.
A study of the University of Michigan (UM) ___2___ (release) recently on its website found that how children use the devices, rather than how much time they spend on them, ___3___ (be) the strongest predictor of emotional or social problems connected with screen ___4___ (addict).
The study revealed that ___5___ matters most is whether screen use causes problems in other areas of life or has become ___6___all-consuming activity.
Some of the warning ___7___ (sign) include: if screen time interferes with daily activities, causes conflict for the child or in the family, or is the only activity ___8___brings the child joy. Though much research ___9___ (exist) on adolescents and screen use, this is considered as the first tool to measure how addicted children are to screen media. It will be a ___10___ (value) tool for parents, clinicians and researchers.
【答案】
1. with/in 2. released 3. is 4. addiction 5. what
6. an 7. signs 8. that 9. exists 10. valuable
【解题思路】本文为说明文，文章论述了当今孩子们用不健康方式使用媒体的现状及解决办法。
1.考查介词。此处表示在人际关系、行为和其他情感症状方面有问题。指“在…方面”用介词with/in，故填with/in。
2.考查动词。句中主语study和动词release是被动关系，此处是过去分词作定语，指被发布的研究结果，故填released。
3.考查主谓一致。宾语从句中的主语how children use the devices是句子,谓语动词与之一致用单数，故填is。
4.考查名词。此处指对屏幕上瘾，在句中作宾语用名词。故填addiction。
5.考查代词。此处引导宾语从句中的主语从句，指最要紧的东西，用代词what引导。故填what。
6.考查冠词。句中名词activity是可数名词，此处表示“一种全消费的活动”，all开头是元音音标，表示“一”用an，故填an。
7.考查名词。sign是可数名词，此处由some修饰用复数，指一些警告标志，故填signs。
8.考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是activity指物，由the only修饰用关系代词that引导，故填that。
9.考查动词。主语much research是不可数名词，谓语与之一致用第三人称单数，故填exists。
10.考查形容词。此处修饰名词tool用形容词，指一种宝贵的工具。故填valuable。
二、短文改错
（2018届宁夏银川市第二中学高三三模考试英语试题）When I was still young in my high school, my mother dragged me to play basketball to lose weight. However, it was turned out to be a bitter failure because I devoted my time on study. One day, a friend of mine, Tom, contacted me and suggested that we started to swim. Without any hesitation, I agreed because he and I all thought that it was coolest thing in the world. I couldn’t forget the day on that I was thrown into the cold water. Fortunately, I survived. Honest speaking, I had a hard time recovered from the shock. Then my friend teaches me to hold breath underwater. Finally, I succeeded. Now realizing that taking exercises is beneficial to my health, I develop a strong taste for swimming, which becomes a part of my life.
【答案】
1. 去掉was
2. on 改成 to
3. started 改成 start
4. all 改成 both
5. coolest前面加the
6. that 改成 which
7. Honest 改成 Honestly
8. recovered改成 recovering
9. teaches 改成 taught
10.exercises改成exercise
【解题思路】本文为记叙文，讲述了作者为了减肥去进行体育运动从而爱上运动的故事。
1. 考查谓语动词的时态。句意：当我还在读高中的时候，妈妈拖着我去打篮球减肥。然而，结果证明这是一个惨痛的失败。turn out to be意为“证明是，结果是，最后是”，不能用于被动语态，故要把was去掉。
2. 考查固定搭配。句意：结果是一次惨痛的失败，因为我把时间都花在学习上了。 devote…to…，为固定搭配，意为 “把……投入到……”，因此把on改为to。
3. 考查虚拟语气。句意：有一天，我的一个朋友联系我，建议我们开始游泳。suggest作为动词“建议”时，从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可省略。固本句中要用（should）start，should省略。因此要把started改为start。
4. 考查代词辨析。句意：我同意了，因为我们俩都认为这是世界上最酷的事情。分析句意可知，本句中的“我们”指的是“我和我的一个朋友”，两个人，“两者都”为both，而all为三者及以上的“都”，故本句中把all改为both。
5. 考查最高级的构成。句意：…这是世界上最酷的事情。本句中使用的是形容词的最高级，形容词的最高级前要加the。故在coolest前加the。
6. 考查定语从句。句意：我忘不了我被扔进冰冷水里的那一天。在定语从句中，如果把介词提到关系代词前，关系词不能that，只能用which。
7. 考查副词。句意：老实说，我很难从震惊中恢复过来。分析句子可知，本句中的honestly speaking为固定搭配，不能用形容词，故把Honest改为Honestly。
8. 考查非谓语。分析句子可知I have a hard time (in) doing sth为固定搭配，意为“做某事有困难 ”，相当于have trouble doing sth.。故本句中的recovered 改为recovering。
9. 考查谓语动词。句意：然后我的朋友教我在水下屏住呼吸。分析句子可知，本文讲述的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时，因此teaches改为taught。
10. 考查固定搭配。句意：现在意识到参加体育锻炼对我的健康有益。take exercises
为固定搭配，意为“锻炼，运动”，因此exercises改为 exercise。
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